Estoniya folklor arxivi - Estonian Folklore Archives

Estoniya folklor arxivi

Estoniya folklor arxivi (. Ning bo'linmasi Estoniya adabiy muzeyi )
O'rnatilgan	1927 yil 24-sentyabr; 93 yil oldin (1927 yil 24-sentyabr)
Manzil	Tartu, Estoniya
Koordinatalar	58 ° 22′26.2884 ″ N 26 ° 43′3.6948 ″ E / 58.373969000 ° N 26.717693000 ° E / 58.373969000; 26.717693000Koordinatalar: 58 ° 22′26.2884 ″ N 26 ° 43′3.6948 ″ E / 58.373969000 ° N 26.717693000 ° E / 58.373969000; 26.717693000
To'plam
Hajmi	31 folklor to'plamlari qo'lyozmasi jami 1500000 sahifaga, taxminan 62000 ta fotosuratlar to'plamiga fotosuratlar, 188000 dan ortiq qism va 1700 video lenta va filmlarni o'z ichiga olgan ovozli arxiv [1]
Boshqa ma'lumotlar
Direktor	Risto Jarv [va boshqalar ]
Veb-sayt	folklor.ee/era/ava.htm
Xarita

The Estoniya folklor arxivi (EFA) - Estoniyadagi markaziy folklor arxivi. Arxiv hozirgi kunda Estoniya adabiy muzeyi^[2] ammo u 1927 yilda tashkil etilgan Estoniya milliy muzeyi.^[3] Arxivning hozirgi rahbari doktor. Risto Jarv [va boshqalar ].^[4]

Tarix

1928 yilda tashkil etilgan Estoniya folklor arxivi Estoniyaning markaziy folklor arxivi va tadqiqot muassasasiga aylandi. Tartuda joylashgan arxivlarning asosiy maqsadi tadqiqotlarni osonlashtirish, tadqiqotlarni keng ko'lamda boshlash va Estoniyada dala ishlarini tashkil qilish uchun avvalgi barcha mavjud to'plamlarni birlashtirish edi.

Jamg'arma va dastlabki yillar

Arxivlarning asl to'plamlari estoniya folklor kollektsioneri tomonidan to'plangan estoniya folklorining qo'lyozma hisobotlari va hisobotlariga asoslangan edi. Yakob Xurt (1839–1907).^[3] Estoniya folklorlari tomonidan ilgari to'plangan Boltiqbo'yi nemislari, adabiy xobbi yoki havaskor lingvistik faoliyat sifatida.^[5] Yakob Xurt turli tashabbuslarni birlashtirdi va Estoniyada yashovchilarni folklor asarlarini yig'ishga undadi.^[6] O'z folklorlarini to'plash va folklor to'plamlari orqali o'z tarixini yaratish milliy uyg'onish.^[5] Yakob Xurtning ishi natijasida 1400 dan ortiq kollektsionerlar tomonidan yuborilgan qo'shiqlar, maqollar, topishmoqlar, afsonalar, xalq ertaklari va boshqa folklor materiallari bo'lgan 114 696 sahifadan iborat qo'lyozmalar to'plami mavjud. Xurt qo'lyozmalarni tizimlashtirdi va yig'ilgan materialni yig'ish joyi va formatiga ko'ra jildlarga ajratdi.^[6] Xurt vafotidan so'ng uning to'plami "omboriga" o'tkazildi Finlyandiya adabiyoti jamiyati Xelsinkida o'sha paytgacha Estoniyada bunday material uchun tegishli saqlash sharti yo'q edi. Finlyandiya folklorshunosi Kaarle Krohn (1863-1933) harakatning tashabbuskori bo'lgan.^[3]

J. Xurt kollektsiyalarini qaytarish bo'yicha munozaralar 1924 yilda Estoniyada folklor arxivlarini tashkil etish g'oyasi bilan boshlangan. Estoniyalik folklorshunos Oskar Loorits (1900-1961) bu g'oya ortida turgan olimlardan biri edi. Estoniya arxivi Finlyandiya Adabiyot Jamiyati misolida yaratilgan va ilhomlangan Latviya folklorining arxivi mintaqada birinchi bo'lib 1924 yilda tashkil etilgan. 1927 yil 24 sentyabrda Estoniya folklor arxivi .ning mustaqil bo'linmasi sifatida tashkil etildi Estoniya milliy muzeyi va unga Oskar Loorits boshchilik qilgan. Arxivchilar ilgari to'plangan materiallarni qayta ishlashga, ularni tadqiq qilish uchun tayyorlashga e'tiborlarini qaratdilar va folklor to'plamlarini yig'ish va nashrlarni to'plashni boshladilar.^[5] Arxivlar kollektsiyalari Sovet istilosidan oldingi 13 yil ichida ancha o'sdi. Qo'lyozmalarga qo'shimcha ravishda ovozli yozuvlar va fotosuratlar to'plamlari tashkil etildi. To'plangan folklor materiallarining geografik taqsimoti hisobga olingan - avvalgi to'plam ishlarini to'ldirish maqsadi bo'lgan. Arxivlar Estoniyadagi ozchiliklar guruhlari va qarindoshlar folklorini hujjatlashtirishni boshladi Fin-ugor xalqlari, kollektsiyalar maydonini kengaytirish.^[7]

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

1940 yilda Estoniya folklor arxivi davlat adabiy muzeyining folklor bo'limi sifatida qayta tashkil etildi. Fashistlar Germaniyasining istilosi davrida (1941-1944) qayta tashkil etish yana sodir bo'ldi. Folklor bo'limi o'z to'plamlari bilan tarkibiga kirdi Tartu universiteti, va Davlat adabiy muzeyi mavjudligini to'xtatdi. Oskar Loorits Arxiv direktori lavozimidan chetlashtirildi. 1943 yilda kollektsiyalarni yo'q qilishdan qutqarish uchun ular butun Estoniya bo'ylab turli joylarga ko'chirildi. Sovet Ittifoqi 1944 yilda Estoniyani yana bosib oldi, shu tariqa Folklor bo'limi yana bir bor Davlat Adabiyot muzeyiga qarashli bo'ldi va kollektsiyalar o'zlarining eski depozitlariga qaytarildi. To'plamlarni qayta ko'rib chiqish va tsenzurasi Sovet ishg'olining birinchi qismida (1940-1941) yuzaki bo'lgan, ammo bu 1945 yildan keyin Sovet repressiyalari aniq bo'lgan davrda o'zgargan.^[7]

Sovet istilosi davri

1944 yilda Estoniya fashistlar tomonidan muhokama qilindi Sovet armiyasi. Biroq, aslida bu faqat bitta bosqinchini boshqasini almashtirish bilan bog'liq edi. Sovetlar Estoniyani tarkibiga kiritdilar Sovet Ittifoqi va tashkil etilgan Estoniya SSR qulaganiga qadar qolgan SSSR 1991 yilda. Sovet istilosi mamlakatdagi siyosiy, ijtimoiy va madaniy hayotning barcha darajalariga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Estoniya folklor arxivi - o'sha davrda davlat adabiy muzeyining folklor bo'limi deb o'zgartirilgan - istisno emas edi. Hukmronligi ostida Sovet mafkurasi ba'zi bir muhim o'zgarishlar yuz berdi. Sovet mafkurasiga moslashgan holda folklorga yondashuv, yig'ish dinamikasi va arxiv ishlari. Bundan tashqari, ba'zi arxivchilar 1940 yillarning oxirlarida qatag'on qilingan.

The Sovet folkloriga bo'lgan munosabat va milliy o'ziga xosliklar qaysidir ma'noda qarama-qarshi bo'lgan; u bir tomondan millatchilikni bostirgan bo'lsa, boshqa tomondan har bir respublikaning milliy va madaniy avtonomiyasi huquqiga da'vogar bo'lgan ma'lum Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasining milliy madaniyatini qo'llab-quvvatladi. Masalan, bu turli xil folklor ansambllari sonining ko'payishida, rasmiy san'at va davlat targ'ibotida xalq motivlarini jalb qilishda, xalq an'analarini saqlashda va boshqalarda ko'rinib turardi, shu bilan birga folklorni o'rganish rejimga mos keladigan usullar bilan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Umuman olganda, din va e'tiqod kabi mavzular qoldirilgan holda, ishchilar sinfiga va quyi ijtimoiy qatlamlarga alohida e'tibor berildi. Stalin davrida Sovet folklorining kontseptsiyasi yuksak darajaga ko'tarildi. Finnik, Skandinaviya, Germaniya yoki Boltiqbo'yi ta'sirini tasvirlash o'rniga, rus an'analarining ta'siri ta'kidlandi. Burjua estoniyalari va nemis mulkdorlarining raqamlarini kinoya qilishga ruxsat berilganda, yangi ijtimoiy tuzum va Sovet rahbarlariga hamdlar aytildi. Sovet ritorikasini kuchaytirgan mavzular, masalan, qahramonlik epikalari, tarixning bir tomonlama qurilishini mustahkamlashga ko'maklashdi. Mehnatkash omma yoki kollektiv xo'jaliklar hayoti nuqtai nazaridan tasvirlangan ijtimoiy sinfning kurashi kabi mavzular rejimni e'lon qilgan zamonaviy tafakkurga havola sifatida qo'yilgan.^[5]

Yangi rejim bilan birgalikda to'plamlarni chuqur qayta baholash amalga oshirildi. Masalan, Yakob Xurt burjua tadqiqotchisi va arxivlar asoschisi deb e'lon qilindi Oskar Loorits hech narsaga yaroqsiz deb topilgan va uning ismi indekslardan o'chirilgan va u har qanday yangi olim asarlari va nashrlarida kamdan-kam tilga olingan. Mavjud to'plamlarning barchasi 1945-1952 yillarda tsenzuraga uchragan va qo'lyozmalar hajmi varaqalar bo'yicha tekshirilgan. Tsenzura usullari jildlardan kesilgan rasmlar, qora siyoh, elim va varaqlarni yorib chiqishni o'z ichiga olgan. Ushbu ishlarning aksariyati folklorshunoslarning o'zlari tomonidan amalga oshirildi va senzurani folklor bo'limi xodimlarining ish rejalariga kirdi. Ba'zi jildlar Markaziy davlat arxivi xodimlari tomonidan nazorat qilingan va o'sha erda tsenzurasi qattiqroq bo'lgan.

Tsenzuraga olingan materiallarning aksariyati zamonaviy jamiyatni eng aniq aks ettirgan janrlarning qo'shiqlari va hazillaridan iborat edi. 1940 va 50-yillarda Sovet g'oyalariga qarshi dushmanlik yoki kinoyali antisovet folklorlari kesilgan yoki siyoh bilan yopilgan. Xuddi shunday behayo folklor ham ko'k hazillar, shov-shuvli qo'shiqlar, topishmoqlar yoki so'zlar kabi tsenzuraga uchragan. Shuningdek, nusxa ko'chirish va indekslash tamoyillariga hukmron davlat mafkurasi ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Masalan, yuqorida aytib o'tilgan Oskar Loorits indekslardan o'chirildi va shu sababli uning materiallarini topish juda murakkab edi. Kabi mavzular bo'yicha yangi va batafsil ko'rsatkichlar tuzildi sinf kurashlari kabi tarixiy voqealar Buyuk Vatan urushi boshqa mavzular esa (masalan Estoniya Respublikasi ) chiqarib tashlandi. Ushbu indeksatsiya arxivda rasmiy oqimdan tashqari har qanday narsani topish imkoniyatiga to'sqinlik qildi.^[8] 1960-yillarda, "Xrushchevning erishi" deb nomlangan davrdan so'ng, Stalin davrining alohida sahifalari va hujjatlari Folklor bo'limiga qaytarildi. Mahalliy KGB xodimlari 1980-yillarning oxiriga qadar to'plamlarning tarkibini muntazam ravishda kuzatib borganligi sababli, asoratlar kelib chiqmasligi uchun material alohida qutilarda saqlangan.^[7]

Sovet davrida 10 dan 15 gacha professional folklorshunoslarning jamoaviy ekskursiyalari o'tkazildi. 1990-yillarga qadar qishloqlarga ekspeditsiyalar asosiy qiziqish uyg'otdi va asosan arxaik folklorga qaratildi. Biroq, folklorshunoslar bosqichma-bosqich zamonaviy masalalarga qaytishdi. Sovet davrining so'nggi o'n yilligida bolalar adabiyoti yangi tadqiqot mavzusi va maxsus to'plamga aylandi RKM, KP. yaratilgan. 1991 yilda Sovet Ittifoqi qulashi bilan kelib chiqishi va ildizlariga qiziqish ortdi, shuningdek xalq e'tiqodlari mavzusi mashhur bo'ldi. Folklor arxivlari eski nomini tikladi.^[5]

Hozirgi kunlar

1995 yilda Estoniya mustaqilligini va Estoniya folklor arxivi institutsional qayta tashkil etilgandan so'ng, Tartu universiteti Adabiyot va folklor bo'limi va Estoniya Fanlar akademiyasining Tallinn Til va adabiyot instituti to'plamlari Estoniya folklor arxiviga kiritildi. . Shunday qilib, 2000 yilga kelib, ilgari turli muassasalar tomonidan saqlanib kelingan barcha yirik folklor to'plamlari Folklor arxivida jamlangan edi.^[3] Bugungi kunda arxivlangan material, birinchi navbatda, folklorshunoslik tadqiqotchilari va talabalari uchun mo'ljallangan. Arxiv xodimlari etnologlarga, madaniy antropologlarga va Estoniyada va dunyoning boshqa joylarida boshqa fanlarni o'rganuvchilarga yordam va maslahat berishadi. Bunday tadqiqotchilardan tashqari, arxivlarning maqsadli foydalanuvchi guruhi odatda eston folkloriga qiziquvchilarning barchasidan iborat bo'lishi mumkin.^[3]

Arxiv xodimlarining tadqiqot natijalari maqolalar va monografiyalar sifatida nashr etilgan, akademik manbalar nashr etilgan. 2000 yilda Sovet hukumati davrida uzoq tanaffusdan so'ng Estoniya folklor arxivlari (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi Toimetused) to'plami nashr etildi. Arxiv, shuningdek, Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae tahrirlangan seriyasida runik qo'shiqlar to'plamini (masalan, Vana Kannel ["Qadimgi arfa") Estoniya cherkovlari va xalq ertaklarining akademik antologiyalarini tayyorlash va nashr etish uchun javobgardir.^[3]

1990-yillarda raqamli texnologiyalarni rivojlantirish bilan bir qatorda raqamli vositalar turli registrlarni yuritishda va matnlar bilan ishlashda yordam berdi. Turli xil raqamli registrlar va ma'lumotlar bazalari yaratildi, raqamlashtirish loyihalari boshlandi va raqamli materiallar sonini ko'paytira boshladi. Shu bilan bir qatorda analog registrlar va kartochkalarni shakllantirish birma-bir to'xtatildi. Biroq, 2000-yillarning boshlarida biroz tartibsiz vaziyat yuzaga keldi - kompyuterlar bilan ishlash osonroq edi, ammo arxivdagi ma'lumotlarni boshqarish va ularga kirish uchun izchil tizim yo'q edi.^[6]

Arxiv tizimining yangi, raqamli konsolidatsiyasi arxivlar jamoasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, registrlar va karta fayllarining ishini arxiv ma'lumot tizimiga keltirdi. Keyinchalik katta hajmdagi raqamli kollektsiyalarni saqlash uchun raqamli omborxona g'oyasi Estoniya Axborot Tizimi Boshqarmasining moliyaviy ko'magi bilan amalga oshirildi (2010-2012). Yaratilgan raqamli arxiv ombor moduli va arxiv ma'lumot modulidan iborat edi - folklor arxivlari uchun, shuningdek, Estoniya adabiy muzeyidagi qo'shni arxivlar uchun.^[6] Raqamli rivojlanish natijalaridan biri - Estoniya Adabiyot muzeyining "Kivike" nomli fayllar omborining paydo bo'lishi.

Folklor arxivi direktorlari

• Oskar Loorits 1940-1942
• Gustav Rank 1942-1944
• Richard Viidalepp [va boshqalar ] 1944-1945
• Xilda Nõu 1950-1952
• Gerbert Tampere [va boshqalar ] 1952-1966
• Ottilie-Olga Kiva [va boshqalar ] 1966-1977
• Ellen Liv [va boshqalar ] 1977-1988
• Urmas Oras 1988-1990
• Janika Oras [va boshqalar ] 1990-1991
• Anu Korb [va boshqalar ] 1991-1998
• Ergo-Xart vestrik 1999-2008
• Risto Jarv [va boshqalar ] 2009-

To'plamlar

Estoniya folklor arxivining kollektsiyalari qo'lyozmalar, fotosuratlar, ovozli yozuvlar, filmlar va videofilmlar, shuningdek multimedia tarkibidagi kichik arxivlardan iborat.

Qo'lyozmalar

EFA tarkibida 31 ta qo'lyozma to'plami mavjud bo'lib, ular 1,5 million sahifani tashkil etadi. Folklorni qo'lyozma shaklida to'plashning eng muhim davri faoliyati bilan bog'liq Yakob Xurt (1838-1907) va Matthias Johann Eisen (1880-1934). J. Xurt 1860-yillarda folklorni to'plashni boshladi, uning to'plami 162 jildli qo'lyozmalarga ega bo'ldi, endi EFAning eng bebaho qismlaridan biri (ushbu to'plamning barcha 114 696 qo'lyozma sahifalari skanerlar sifatida raqamli fayllar ombori orqali mavjud. Estoniya adabiy muzeyi http://kivike.kirmus.ee/ ). Bundan tashqari, Oskar Kallas (1868-1946) estoniya folklorini yig'ishda ham muhim rol o'ynadi. Bilan birgalikda 1904-1916 yillarda estoniya xalq kuylarini tizimli va ilmiy tarzda yig'ish kampaniyasini tashkil etdi. Estoniya talabalar jamiyati. Ushbu to'plamda o'z musiqalari bilan birgalikda jami 13139 xalq qo'shiqlari mavjud.^[9]

Har bir qo'lyozma to'plamining nomi uni to'plagan shaxsning ismiga muvofiq qisqartma bilan ta'minlangan. Masalan, $ E $ to'plamiga ishora qiladi M. J. Eyzen, va H ning qo'lyozmalar to'plamini bildiradi J. Xurt. Ba'zi to'plamlar qo'lyozma sahifalari hajmiga ko'ra H I, H II va H III kabi qo'lyozma formati nomidagi qatorlarga bo'lingan. 2000 yildan beri raqamli qo'lyozmalar ham arxivlandi.^[3]

Fotosuratlar

EFA sub-arxivlari orasida katta fotosuratlar to'plami mavjud. Bu EFAning eng dastlabki to'plamlaridan biri edi. Eng qadimgi fotosuratlar shisha plastinka negativlari; ammo, bular yigirmanchi asrning birinchi yarmida ishlatilmay qoldi. Jami 2016 yilda kollektsiyaga 17993 ta oq-qora fotosuratlar, 8075 ta rangli fotosuratlar va 33137 ta raqamli fotosuratlar kiritilgan bo'lib, bu o'sha vaqtdan beri arxivdagi eng tez sur'atlarda o'sib borayotgan fotosuratlardir.^[10] Qisman fotosuratlar to'plamlari raqamlashtirilib, raqamli fayllar omborida mavjud Estoniya adabiy muzeyi http://kivike.kirmus.ee/. Fotosuratlar to'plamida, shuningdek, tegishli materiallar va landshaftlarni aks ettiruvchi fotosuratlar mavjud xalq an'analari. 2000-yillarning boshlarida barcha to'plamlar, shu jumladan fotosuratlarni raqamlashtirish bilan o'xshash kollektsiyalarni raqamlashtirish jarayoni amalga oshirildi. Nusxalar shu kabi materiallarning xavfsizlik nusxalari bo'lib xizmat qilishi uchun tayyorlandi va saqlandi.^[6]

Ovoz yozuvlari

To'plamga material kiritilgan fonograf yozuvlari, audio lentalar va kassetalar. Birinchi yozuvlar mum tsilindrlari, 1912-1914 yillarda fin folklorshunosi tomonidan qilingan A. O. Väisänen (1890-1969). Asosiy ma'lumot tashuvchilar Ma'lumotlar 1995 yildan beri ishlatilgan va Mini-disklar va 2000 yil boshidan beri xotira kartalari. 1992 yildan Yaan Tamm - Estoniya folklor arxividagi ovoz muhandisi - avvalgi magnitofon yozuvlarini raqamlashtirish ustida ish olib bordi. Qadimgi tovush yozuvlari to'plamlarida eski asboblarda ijro etilgan cholg'u musiqasi yozuvlari mavjud. 20-asrda ovoz yozuvlarida asosan yangi uslubdagi qo'shiqlar mavjud. Raqamlilashtirish davrida ovozli yozuvlar ularni saqlab qolish uchun raqamlashtirildi.^[3]

Filmlar va videolar

Film va video kollektsiyalarda 1377 ta film mavjud, ular filmlar, 1980-yillardagi videokameralar, raqamli materiallardan iborat. Mini DV va xotira kartalari. Ushbu ma'lumot tashuvchilar an'analarini aks ettiradi Estoniyaliklar va boshqa etnik guruhlar. Masalan, video kollektsiya haqiqiy ijro sharoitida ham, xalq musiqasi festivallarida ham olingan musiqiy ijrolarning yozuvlaridan iborat.^[2] Ushbu to'plam 6 seriyadan iborat. Masalan, analog video yozuvlar, raqamli lentalar, fayl sifatida raqamli tug'ilgan yozuvlar va hk.

Multimedia

2008 yilda multimedia to'plami tashkil etildi. Bunga boshqa toifalarga mos kelmaydigan elektron pochta xabarlari va Powerpoint taqdimotlari kabi raqamli materiallar kiradi.^[3]

Etnik ozchiliklar to'plamlari

19-asrda folklor folklorida etnik ozchiliklar - estoniyalik bo'lmaganlar Fin-ugor xalqlari, Boltiqbo'yi nemislari, Ruslar, Shvedlar, Yahudiylar, Rimliklar - asosan havaskorlardan iborat bo'lgan kollektsionerlarning qiziqishi va lingvistik salohiyati yo'qligi sababli juda kam edi. Finno-ugor folklorining holati o'sha davrda qarindoshlik tuyg'usi asosan o'z ichiga olgan bilan taxminan bir xil edi. Finlar.

Vaziyat o'zgardi mustaqil Estoniya. EFAda milliy ozchiliklar kollektsiyasining alohida seriyalari paydo bo'ldi (masalan ERA, Vene - ruslar to'plami; ERA, Saksa - Baltic nemis kolleksiyasi; ERA, Rootsi - Estoniyalik shved kolleksiyasi va boshqalar). O'sha paytdagi folklorshunoslar etnik ozchiliklarni muntazam va puxta yig'ishgan. Oldin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Estoniyaliklar aholining 90 foizini tashkil etdi. Hali ham ruslar, shvedlar, Boltiqbo'yi nemislari va yahudiylar uchun ruxsat berildi madaniy muxtoriyat. Bundan tashqari, bu erda yashagan Ingrian finlar, Ixoriyaliklar, Latviyaliklar, Tartarlar, Rimliklar va boshqalar.

Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, folklor to'plamlari to'xtatildi. Urushdan keyin ish yana boshlandi (ostida Sovet hukumati ), ammo u urushgacha bo'lgan davrga nisbatan farq qiladi. Nemislar va shvedlar asosan mamlakatdan qochib ketishgan. Yahudiylar va rimliklar deyarli barcha o'ldirilgan Nemis istilosi. Rossiyalik ozchilik o'z tarkibini o'zgartirdi. Shu bilan birga paydo bo'ldi Belorussiya va Polsha folklor to'plamlari. Mustaqillikni tiklaganidan keyin Estoniyada ozchiliklar kollektsiyalari ustida ishlash davom ettirildi.^[11]

Estoniyalik bo'lmagan fin-ugor to'plamlari

Estoniyaliklarning fin-ugor tilshunoslik qarindoshlari dastlab folklor to'plamlarida qatnashgan fin tadqiqotchilari tomonidan hujjatlashtirilgan. Estoniyaning sharqiy fin-ugriyaliklarga nisbatan nisbatan oson kirish imkoniyatini hisobga olgan holda bu ajablanarli bo'lishi mumkin Rossiya imperiyasi. Estoniyalik olimlar tomonidan bunday hujjatlarning etishmasligi akademik tayyorgarlikning etarli emasligi va dala ishlarining qimmatligi, ayniqsa uzoqroq bo'lganlar orasida bo'lgan Fin-ugor xalqlari. Ushbu yo'nalishdagi faoliyat bundan mustasno Mixkel Veske o'qituvchisi Fin-ugor tillari da Qozon universiteti, 1886 yildan keyingi yillarda Mari va Mordvin tillari bo'yicha tadqiqotlar olib borgan. Ammo u Estoniya folklor arxivida (EFA) saqlanadigan eston folklorining keng to'plamini to'plagan bo'lsa-da, Veske o'z doirasini kengaytirmadi. Finno-ugriyaliklar Volga mintaqasi Qozonda.

Ersa-Mordvinian Tatyana Danilova nabiralari bilan - Viktor Danilov (1974)

Sovet davrida alohida seriya RKM, Soom-ugri fin-ugor xalqlari materiallari uchun tashkil etilgan. Ushbu seriya fin-ugor xalqlaridan to'plangan materiallarni o'z ichiga olgan taxminan 3000 sahifadan iborat olti jilddan iborat. EFA ovozli to'plamlarida Mordvin folklorining Mixail Tshuvashov va Viktor Danilov tomonidan yozilgan ko'plab lenta yozuvlarini topish mumkin.^[11]

Old Setu to'plami, 1932 yil

Krakovjak Seto, 1936 yil f315

Boltiq fin xalqlari

Tomonidan boshlangan yig'ish kampaniyasi Yakob Xurt jumladan, dala tadqiqotlari Seto mintaqa tomonidan tan olingan Rossiya geografik jamiyati bu uning ekspeditsiyalarini subsidiyalashtirdi. 1920 va 1930 yillarda kichik to'plamlar to'plami ERA, Ingeri Ingrian finlari va. folklor uchun boshlangan Ixoriyaliklar. Folklor uchun ketma-ket Votiyaliklar ERA, Vadja Pol Ariste tomonidan boshlangan.

Baltic Finnic tomonidan ham taqdim etiladi Finlar (ERA, Soomi) va Livlar. Livon kollektsiyasi (ERA, LF) o'z taqdiriga ega. Livoniyalik materiallar qiziqish natijasida to'plandi Oskar Loorits. Ushbu katta to'plam barcha folklor janrlarini qamrab olgan, ammo u xalq e'tiqodlarini eng yaxshi darajada ifodalaydi va lingvistik (asosan leksik) ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Loorits Tartudan qochib ketganida Shvetsiya 1944 yilda u Livonian kollektsiyasini o'zi bilan olib ketdi. Uning o'limidan so'ng materiallar tugadi Finlyandiya Adabiyot Jamiyati yilda Xelsinki, xuddi shu voqea Yarim asr oldin Yakob Xurtning arxivi bilan sodir bo'lganidek va xuddi Xurt holatida bo'lgani kabi, Looritsning materiallari Estoniyaga bir muncha vaqt o'tgach qaytib keldi respublika mustaqilligini tiklash, 1998 yilda.^[11]:16

Rus folklor to'plami

Eng yirik rus folklor to'plami Jahon urushidan oldingi davr Estoniya folklor arxivida shunday deb etiketlangan ERA, Vene.^[7] Estoniya folklor arxivi rahbari Dr. Oskar Loorits Rossiya kollektsiyasi qiyosiy tadqiqotlar o'tkazish uchun muhim materiallarni taqdim etishini ta'kidladi Estoniya folklori. ERA, Vene To'plam 10656 sahifadan iborat bo'lib, 17 jildga bo'lingan.^[11] Materiallarning aksariyati shimoliy-sharqiy va janubi-sharqiy qismlaridan to'plangan Estoniya. Ushbu kollektsiya tarkibiga kiritilgan ko'ngilli ish. Estoniyalik ko'ngillilar ta'lim sohasidan, rus ko'ngillilar esa intellektual muhitdan. Olim talabalar folklor asarlarini Petseri tumani, shuningdek, mintaqalar daryo Narva va Peipsi ko'li. To'plangan materiallarni tartibga solish uchun tilga qarab bo'lingan. Ba'zi hollarda, bu tasnif etnik o'ziga xoslik bo'yicha sodir bo'lgan.

Professor, akademik va Estoniya folklor arxivining xodimi Pol Ariste folklor materiallarini yig'ish orqali o'z hissasini qo'shdi Qadimgi imonlilar Peipsi ko'li qirg'og'idan. U turli rus maktablarida yig'ish kampaniyasini uyushtirdi, shuningdek, unda ishlash holatlarini yozib oldi Rus tili.^[11] Rus folklorini ko'proq miqdorda to'plagan yana bir arxiv xodimi Menda Erenberg edi. Keyinchalik urushdan keyingi davrda ijodiy talaba kollektsionerlaridan biri Vera Voogla rus folklorini yig'di va uni tegishli bo'lgan alohida arxivga topshirdi. Tartu universiteti. Keyinchalik kollektsiya seriyalar qatoriga kiritildi RKM, Vene.^[11]

Belorussiya folklor to'plami

Belorussiya to'plami (ERA, Valgevene) Pol Ariste tomonidan o'qituvchisining tashlandiq kvartirasida topilgan 46 sahifa qo'lyozmalar mavjud Peeter Arumaa, slavyan olimi, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida G'arbga qochib ketgan. Ushbu materiallar orasida beloruslik mahbus Ivan Kachur (Ivan Kachur) ning bobosi va buvisidan eshitgan ertaklari va afsonalarini yozganligi va Arumaa tomonidan bosma manbalardan ko'chirilgan materiallari bor.^[11]:17 To'liq to'plam raqamli omborda mavjud Kivike.

Boltiq-nemis folklor to'plami

1927 yilda Estoniya folklor arxivi tashkil etilgunga qadar, Boltiqbo'yi nemislari ning eng katta guruhi bo'lgan Estofillar folklor to'plamiga o'z hissasini qo'shish. Ikki madaniy uyushma o'z harakatlarini muvofiqlashtirdi: Gelehrte Estnische Gesellschaft (GEG), yilda tashkil etilgan Tartu 1838 yilda va Estnische Literarische Gesellschaft, yilda tashkil etilgan Tallin 1842 yilda.^[11]

Boltiqbo'yi nemis folklor materiallarining aksariyati tasodifiy tarzda to'plangan Estoniya jamiyatini o'rgangan. To'plam nemis tilida to'plangan materiallarga bo'lingan (GEG, DH) va Estoniya (GEG, EH). 1918 yilda Estoniya mustaqillikka erishgandan keyin ham GEG a'zolarining ko'pchiligi kelib chiqishi nemis edi va 1920-yillarning boshlarida juda yaxshi bo'lib qolishdi. Uolter Anderson, Tartu Universitetining folklor professori, 2500 betga yaqin nemis folklorini beshta faylga to'plagan bir qatorda. Ha, Anderson.^[11]

Estoniya folklor arxivi tashkil etilgandan so'ng, yangi to'plamlar nom bilan to'ldirildi ERA. Nemis kollektsiyasi deyiladi ERA, Saksa taxminan 1200 sahifadan iborat uch jilddan iborat.^[11] Qisman ushbu materiallar elektron nashr sifatida nashr etilgan Und Vater und Mutter und Lust und Leben.

Chet el materiallarining katta qismi to'plangan bo'lsa-da, arxivlangan materiallar Boltiqbo'yi nemislari nisbatan kichik, qisman folklorga bo'lgan dastlabki chaqiriqlar eston tilida qilinganligi sababli. Shuningdek, folklor to'playdiganlarning aksariyati Baltic nemis folklorini hujjatlashtirish uchun zarur bo'lgan til ko'nikmalariga ega bo'lmaganligi va ko'nikmaga ega bo'lganlar buni ahamiyatsiz deb hisoblashgan.^[11] Keyingi yig'ish ham to'sqinlik qildi Ikkinchi jahon urushi chunki Boltiqbo'yi nemislari Estoniyadan keyin Molotov-Ribbentrop shartnomasi 1939 yilda imzolangan.

Shved folklor to'plami

13-14 asrlarda Shvedlar Estoniyaning g'arbiy qirg'oq mintaqalarida joylashgan. Shvedlar Estoniyaliklarga o'xshash ijtimoiy mavqega ega edilar va tillarni etarli darajada bilmasliklari sababli ularning folklorlari hujjatlashtirilish ehtimoli kam edi. Bu tashabbusi bilan Estoniya tarkibida folklor to'plamining birinchi davrida bo'lgan Estofillar 1838. 18-asrda ko'plab shvedlar Rossiya hukumati tomonidan ko'chirilib, ko'chib ketishdi Ukraina, ular qaerda hamjamiyatni tashkil qildilar Gammalsvenskby, ammo boshqalari Estoniyaga singib ketgan bo'lishi mumkin. Mustaqil Estoniya Respublikasi davridagi ma'lumotlar ularning 1% aholini tashkil etganligini aks ettiradi. Shvetsiya materiallarini o'z ichiga olgan ikkita fayl yoki taxminan ming sahifa mavjud ERA, Rootsi. Ushbu tendentsiyalar haqidagi ma'lumotlar asosan tomonidan to'plangan Pol Ariste o'z faoliyatini Estoniya va Shvetsiya til munosabatlariga yo'naltirgan. 1927 yilda Ariste birinchi marta Estoniya shvedlariga tadqiqot va folklor hujjatlari maqsadida tashrif buyurdi, masalan, ma'lum qishloqlar ichidagi oilalar o'rtasida ishlatiladigan til kabi lingvistik ma'lumotlarga e'tibor qaratdi. Estoniya shved folklorini ham hujjatlashtirgan Oskar Loorits.

Yahudiy folklor to'plami

Yahudiy jamoalari asosan shahar markazlarida bo'lgan. Yahudiylar va shvedlarga nemislar va ruslar qatori davlat tomonidan madaniy avtonomiya berildi. 1927 yilda boshlangan, 1930 yilgacha yahudiylarning to'plami 385 sahifani to'plagan.^[12] Estoniya folklor arxivida yahudiy jamoalarida 700 ga yaqin sahifa mavjud ERA, Juudi to'plam. Yahudiy kelib chiqishi bo'lgan universitet talabalari (Elias Levenberg, Isidor Levin, S.B.Kaplan, S. Vilenskiy) materiallarning aksariyatini estoniyalik folklorshunos olim bilan birga yozib olishdi. Pol Ariste. Tartu yahudiy maktab o'quvchilarini Yahudiy tili va adabiyoti o'qituvchisi Elias Samuel Levenberg (Elja Levenberg, Elja Lewnberg), yahudiylik universiteti sobiq talabasi qatnashishga undashdi. Tartu universiteti folklor professori Uolter Anderson yig'ish jarayonining bir qismini nazorat qildi. Ushbu materiallarning bir qismi Aristening "Estoniya qo'shiq-repertuaridagi ba'zi bir Yiddish xalq qo'shiqlari" (1932) maqolasida chop etilgan.^[13] Yahudiylarning folklorlari Latviyaning Daugavpils shahrida ham hujjatlashtirilgan Isidor Levin.^[11]

Romanlar folklor to'plami

Rim folklorlari to'plami sarlavha ostida joylashgan ERA, Mustlased va 250 sahifani o'z ichiga oladi. Rimliklar Latviya chegarasi yaqinidagi Janubiy Estoniyada, shuningdek, ushbu mintaqada istiqomat qilgan tatarlar va latviyaliklar bilan birga yashagan. Folklorshunos Pol Ariste va musiqashunos K. Leyxter fonografiya yozuvlarini yozdi va Ariste an'anaviy madaniyatga bag'ishlangan bir qator insholar bilan birga rimliklar ertaklari to'plamini nashr etdi. Paulopriit Voolaine rus tilida to'plangan va keyinchalik eston tilida yozib olingan rimliklar folklorining ikki yuz sahifasini hujjatlashtirdi. Ushbu to'plam asosiy ERA to'plamlarining Ludza-fayllari sarlavhasi ostida, chunki uning asosiy maqsadi Ludza Estoniya folklori bilan taqqoslash edi. Rimlik folklorshunos Medni Pilve 1960 yillarda juda ko'p materiallarni lentaga yozib olgan.^[11]

Latviya folklor to'plami

Latviya to'plami (ERA, Leti) taxminan 1500 sahifani sanaydi, ularning dastlabki qismi chegaradosh mintaqada to'plangan Valga 19 sentning oxirida. Keyinchalik kollektsiyaga Estoniya Latviyaliklarining dala yozuvlari qo'shildi (Kaagvere ko'ngilli Allina Verlis, folklorshunoslar tomonidan taqdim etilgan Sharqiy Latviya) Elmar Päss, Gerbert Tampere, Isidor Levin va hamma joyda Pol Ariste.^[11]:12 ERA, Läti materiallari, Alina Verlis tomonidan yozib olingan Valka mavjud Latviyaning folklor raqamli arxivi.

Estoniya folklor arxivining veb-ma'lumot bazalari

1990-yillarning o'rtalarida Raqamli davr boshlanishi bilan Estoniya folklor arxivi analog indeks va kartoteka tizimini almashtirishga mo'ljallangan birinchi raqamli registrlar va ma'lumotlar bazalarini yaratdi. Ba'zi arxiv materiallari zudlik bilan raqamli o'xshashlarni oldi va raqamli tug'ilgan materiallar to'plamlarga kiritildi.^[6] Ayni paytda, Estoniya folklor arxivida saqlanadigan, 30 ga yaqin tematik yoki janrga asoslangan onlayn ma'lumotlar bazalari mavjud.

Kivike

Fayl ombori va arxiv axborot tizimi Kivike (Kirjandusmuuuseumiey Virtuaalne Kelder iborasining qisqartmasi yoki Adabiyot muzeyining virtual qabrlari) - bu 2010 yilda boshlangan loyihadir. Fayl omborining maqsadi kollektsiyalarni saqlash va ulardan foydalanish imkoniyatlarini oshirishdir. Estoniya Adabiyot muzeyi va uning bo'limlari (Estoniya folklor arxivi to'plamlarini o'z ichiga olgan holda), shuningdek, arxivlangan materiallarni tadqiqotchilar va keng auditoriya uchun onlayn rejimida taqdim etish.^[6]

Dastlab, Kivike asosan Evropa mintaqaviy taraqqiyot jamg'armasi ko'magida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, bu Estoniya madaniyatiga tegishli bo'lgan jami 240 ming sahifa nashrlar va arxiv materiallarini raqamlashtirishga imkon berdi va ushbu materiallarga tizim orqali kirish imkoniyatini yaratdi.^[3] 2012 yilga kelib, birinchi to'plamlar, jumladan Jakob Hurt folklor to'plami (H), Estoniya Talabalar Jamiyati (EÜS) folklor to'plami to'liq raqamlashtirildi. Kivike hanuzgacha rivojlanib kelayotgan loyiha bo'lib, u turli xil fondlar va loyihalar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va qo'llab-quvvatlanmoqda.Kivike raqamli analog arxiv materiallarini, qo'lyozmalar va fotosuratlarni, shuningdek arxivlarga yuborilgan raqamli materiallarni va material haqidagi metama'lumotlarni o'z ichiga oladi.^[14] U barcha qayta joylashtirilgan materiallarning umumiy ko'rinishini taqdim etadi, shuningdek, maxsus tadqiqotlar uchun janrga oid ma'lum ma'lumotlar bazalarini o'z ichiga oladi.^[15] Bundan tashqari, materiallarni Estoniya folklor arxivi tomonidan tuzilgan kalit so'zlar bo'yicha qidirish mumkin.^[14]

Estoniya runik qo'shiqlarining ma'lumotlar bazasi

Runik qo'shiq (regilaul eston tilida) - estoniya folklorida muhim rol o'ynaydigan arxaik xalq qo'shiqlari an'anasi. Runik qo'shiqlar to'plami tarkibiga kirgan Yakob Xurt Estoniya bo'ylab keng ko'lamli folklor yig'ish faoliyati. 2003 yilda Estoniya folklor arxivi tomonidan runik qo'shiqlar uchun ma'lumotlar bazasi bilan ish olib borildi va tadqiqotchilar hamda jamoatchilik uchun arxiv materiallaridan foydalanishni osonlashtirdi. Uning tuzilishi ba'zi arxiv materiallarining ilgari nashr qilingan nashrlariga parallel ravishda tashkil qilingan bo'lib, ular Estoniyaning 101 asosidagi dastlabki tasniflash tizimidan keyin tuzilgan. cherkovlar. Ma'lumotlar bazasi 2010 yilda Arxivning folklor qo'shiqlarini tadqiq qilish guruhi tomonidan onlayn ravishda mavjud bo'lgan. Yordamida ishlab chiqilgan Finlyandiya adabiyoti jamiyati runik qo'shiqlar ma'lumotlar bazasi misolida SKVR.

Ma'lumotlar bazasidagi har bir qo'shiq dastlabki versiyada va yarim tahrir qilingan versiyada ko'rinadi. Dastlabki versiyada asl tarixiy imlo va kollektorlarning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari mavjud. Qo'shiqlarni mutaxassis bo'lmaganlar uchun yanada qulayroq qilish uchun tahrir qilingan versiyalar amaldagi orfografik qoidalarga muvofiq o'zgartiriladi. Ular hali ham dialektal xususiyatlarini va kollektsionerning so'z birikmalarini o'z ichiga oladi. 2016 yil oxiriga kelib ma'lumotlar bazasida 83.547 ta matn mavjud bo'lib, ularni cherkov, kollektor va vaqt (yozib olish), shuningdek sinf, funktsiya, tur va janr bo'yicha qidirish mumkin. Ma'lumotlar bazasi ingliz tilidagi interfeysga ega, ammo barcha materiallar eston tilida.^[16]

"Koobas" tarixshunoslik bazasi

Joyshunoslik - nasrda berilgan joy (ism) ga e'tibor qaratadigan folklor uchun soyabon atama. Unga (mahalliy) afsonalar, e'tiqodlar, urf-odatlarning tavsiflari, tarixiy bilimlar va ma'lum joylarga oid xotiralar kiradi. Ushbu tuzilma runik qo'shiqlarning ma'lumotlar bazasi kabi eski cherkov tizimiga tegishli. Amaldagi qishloq, mintaqa, munitsipalitet yoki GPS-koordinatalari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni meta-ma'lumotlarda topish mumkin. Qo'shimcha nashrlar joylashuvga xos xususiyatlarni hamda uning tarixiy va ijtimoiy sharoitlarini tushuntiradi.

Ma'lumotlar bazasi dastlab 1998 yilda saytda foydalanish uchun yaratilgan va 2012 yilda veb-bazaga aylantirildi. 2016 yil oxirida ma'lumotlar bazasida 28 560 ta yozuv mavjud edi. The digital material is highly dependent on the interests in specific regions by the Archives’ place-lore research group. Although the database also includes recent fieldwork, most of the materials are subject to personal data protection restriction and therefore not publicly accessible.^[17] This database is also part of the cluster database of the Estonian Heritage Board, which compiles archeological and folklore-related information on places.

The database of children’s games “Uka Uka”

The database of children’ games is built on the basis of several campaigns for the collection of children's games and lore. Materials were collected in 1920-1930, 1934-1935, 1992, 2007 and 2013. The collection initiative in 2013 was conveyed into a web-based publication ^[18] and inspired the creation of the online database.

The materials include game descriptions, playing situations, childhood memories connected with playing as well as starting rhymes. The contemporary entries additionally provide information regarding the context, time, place, gender, age and number of players as well as the region they were collected in and data on the collectors. The materials are searchable by name, game type or activity involved. In late 2016, the database contained 2,077 descriptions of games, some of which are accompanied by photos, figures or children's drawings.^[16]

The database of folktales

The database of folktales emerged in 1999 and was released to public use in 2016. It was created by researchers from the Tartu universiteti and the Estonian Folklore Archives. The database is structured in three main categories: tales, storytellers and collectors. There is also a literature database with information on printed publications in relation to the stored tales.^[16] The materials are equipped with metadata, such as archival references, names of the performers and those who recorded them, places and dates of the collection of the materials, and types of folktales according to Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index.

As for 2018, the database has 13000 entries,^[19] but only small amount of texts have been made available online. Some materials are only accessible after being logged-in.

Databases compiled by the Department of Folkloristics

Materials of the Estonian Folklore Archives have been made accessible also via several other thematic databases compiled by the researchers of the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum.

Research and development activities

While the importance of the primary role of the Estonian Folklore Archives as a physical repository of materials may have diminished, as many folklor ma'lumotlar bazalari are already available online, the EFA have maintained their central position largely because of specialised research.^[3] Continuing a long lasting tradition, there is still an endeavour to cover by and large all the subjects and genres of the materials in the Archives through the efforts of researchers and archivists competent within their field. Digital studio, as part of the Archives, supports raqamlashtirish of materials including video and audio records stored in the EFA as well as preparing audio and video material for publication. The research results of the Archive's workers are published mainly as articles and monografiyalar, but academic source publications are also produced.

Tadqiqot mavzulari

Archives’ staff is currently doing research on various subjects, including such topics as ideologies and communities, runic songs, ertaklar, place lore, etnomusikologiya, contemporary and children's folklore, and Estonians in Siberia.^[21] In recent years research on these topics has been funded through grants of the Estonian Research Council through the projects titled "Creation, Transmission and Interpretation of Folklore: Process and Institutions" (2003−2007),^[22] "Folklore and Folklore Collections in Cultural Changes: Ideologies, Adaptation and Application Context (2008−2013)^[23] and "Folklore in the Process of Cultural Communication: Ideologies and Communities (2014−2019).^[24]

Runik qo'shiqlar

EFA researchers work to understand she'riyat, amaliy va tilshunoslik of runic songs (regilaul). Their aim is to uncover the dunyoqarash these songs represent, the ways the songs were performed and collected as well as who were the singers. Researchers of the Archives contribute actively to the academic source publications on runic songs such as Vana Kannel [va boshqalar ] (Old Harp) and participate in complementing the database of Estonian runic songs. By the year 2020, thirteen regional volumes of Vana Kannel have been published - these editions cover runic songs from the parished of Põlva, Kolga-Jaani, Kuusalu, Karksi, Mustjala, Haljala, Kihnu, Jõhvi, Iisaku, Lüganuse, Paide, Anna, Kodavere, and Laiuse. Folklorists of the Estonian Literary Museum are currently compiling editions of songs from Peetri and Kullamaa parishes.^[25]

Since 2000, the Archives has organised biennial runic song conferences that have been open to international communities of researchers in recent years. Papers of the conferences have been developed into collections of articles published in the Archives’ publication series Commentationes Archivi Traditionum Popularium Estoniae. Jurnalning maxsus soni Folklor: Folklorning elektron jurnali with a focus on Finnic runic song traditions, was published in 2014 after the conference on Regilaulu teisenemised ja piirid (Transformations and Borders of Regilaul).^[26]

Members of the runic songs research group are currently Andreas Kalkun [va boshqalar ], Helen Kõmmus, Aado Lintrop [va boshqalar ], Janika Oras [va boshqalar ], Ingrid Rüütel, Liina Saarlo, Mari Sarv and Taive Särg.^[25] Their research questions have concerned regional characteristics of runic songs including lexical and poetical devices, variety of ma'ruzalar va mafkuralar reflected in songs, historical background of songs, relationships between runic songs and other folklore genres, stereotiplar in songs, reflections of jins and singer's life in song texts, aspects of individual and collective creativity as well as the features used by particular singers.

Since 2000, the Estonian Science Foundation has funded a variety of research projects on Estonian runic songs. From 2000-2003, the language and poetics of runic songs were analyzed, with three Master's theses defended, and 33 scientific articles published. From 2005-2008, the ETF's grant project focused on the myths and ideologies of runic songs, with three doctoral theses defended.^[25]

Ertaklar

The fairy tales research group was established in 1999 at the Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore, Tartu universiteti. Since 2010 the group has been hosted by the Estonian Folklore Archives. From the very beginning the research group has focused on fairy tales stored in the Estonian Folklore Archives. The work has been conducted in order to digitalise manuscripts and sound recordings from EFA's collections, to develop typology of Estonian fairy tales and to prepare publications of Estonian fairy tales as well as conduct relevant special research on the topic. The research group also develops database of folktales and organises annual seminars on folktales. Members of the research group are currently Risto Järv (the head of the group), Kärri Toomeos-Orglaan, Mairi Kaasik and Inge Annom. The group is consulted by senior scholars Pille Kippar, Kristi Salve [va boshqalar ] va Ülo Valk [va boshqalar ] as well as by story teller Piret Päär.^[27]

Estonians in Siberia

The EFA's collection on Estonians in Sibir began with an expedition by Anu Korb and Astrid Tuisk in 1991 to the villages of Verkhnii Suetuk [ru ] va Verkhnaia Bulanka [ru ] ichida Minusinsk maydon, Krasnoyarsk o'lkasi, which was largely funded by the Estonian National Culture Foundation and the Cultural Endowment of Estonia.^[28] These were later expanded to further fieldwork in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1992, the Tomsk Region in 1993, the Kemerovo viloyati and the Tomsk Region in 1994, three expeditions to the Omsk viloyati in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively, the Novosibirsk Region in 1998, the Omsk region again in 1999 and 2000 (two expeditions), the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Oltoy o'lkasi in 2000, and the Tomsk Region in 2004, with the help of funding from the Compatriots and “Estonian Language and Cultural Memory”, a national program.^[28] Since 1991, fourteen people, in all, participated in the fieldwork in Siberia: Anu Korb (11 times), Astrid Tuisk (8 times), Ell Vahtramäe (3 times), Aivar Jürgenson (2 times), Andres Korjus (2 times), Kadri Peebo (Tamm) (2 times), Villi Sulger (2 times), Risto Järv (1 time), Indrek Kaimer (1 time), Aado Lintrop (1 time), Pille Niin (1 time), Mari-Ann Remmel (1 time), Mari Sarv (1 time), and Ain Urbel (1 time).

Seen as a rescue collection to preserve folklore in danger of being lost, the collectors amassed files of songs, beliefs and descriptions of Bojxona, folk tales, and firsthand accounts of daily life. In total, by the year 2014 the collection on Estonians in Siberia holds (all numbers approximated) 8,900 pages of handwritten material, 370 hours of audio recordings, 90 hours of video recordings, and 2,200 fotosuratlar.^[29]

Youth-centered contemporary folklore

Young people's and children's activities in daily life became a significant topic for contemporary folklore studies. As a result of large-scale political and social changes, children folklore started to change rapidly in Estonia since the beginning of the 1990s. Therefore, the Estonian Folklore Archives, in cooperation with the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum, started to focus on gathering and analyzing these changes. In the light of this idea, in 1992 and 2007, there were nationwide competitions for schools about children games. For the first time in 2010, data from kindergartens were collected. Thousands of pages and tens of hours of audio and video recordings of folklore data from young people like graffiti, puzzles, proverbs, phrases, traditional tales, customs, games, and more are collected. In these surveys, the background, the impact of globalization, internet culture and the local traditions themselves formed the contemporary approach. Studies in contemporary folklore are published in the series "Contemporary folklore" published by the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum.^[30]

Yig'ish faoliyati

Every year Estonian Folklore Archives receive contributions from volunteers and professional folklor collectors, schoolchildren and university students. As usual in recent years, collected material are recorded on diverse media carriers.

The President's Award for collecting folklore is given annually since 1994 to recognise and acknowledge the best contributors to the Estonian Folklore Archives.

The circle of people, who help to record folklore, has been widening through collecting contests. Contests are dedicated to specific topics. Thus, in 2009 it was “The Finlyandiya of My Memories”,^[31] in 2011 – “Teatetants” (Relay Dance),^[32] in 2012 – “Something Funny Happened to Me”,^[33] in 2013 – competition for children's games collection,^[34] in 2014 – “Stories about Our Homes”,^[35] etc. The participants are mainly elderly people; yet, there are also schoolchildren and youngsters among them. Standartdan tashqari Estoniya, contributions are made in Ruscha, as well as in Estonian dialects (for instance, Võru, which can be also considered as a separate language).^[33]

The availability of the means to conserve digital material has also introduced specificproblems; for example, some collecting campaigns may result in the acquisition of a disproportionally large amount of a certain type of material, possibly causing diminished research interest in this type of material. In 2011, the countrywide campaign “Teatetants” was held to collect traditions of folk dance groups.^[32] In response to the appeal, 189 memory sticks, containing more than 3,000 pages of text and 13,600 photos – in addition to audio and video files – were sent to the Archives. This unprecedented large corpus consisting of an array of different media files was so unusual in the history of the Folklore Archives that after preliminary description, more radical steps had to be taken. Due to the limited human resources and storage conditions, only a quarter of the huge number of photos have been previewed; photos depicting recurring motifs have been grouped and the lists of captions compiled. It was decided that the rest of the material will be left unprocessed; for the time being it is currently waiting to be archived.^[3]

On April 20, 2010 employees of the Estonian Folklore Archives created an institutional Facebook account to increase the efficacy of relevant folklore collection.^[36] The action was inspired by the ash cloud from the Islandiya vulqoni and the impact of this on the life of people all over the world.

Nashrlar

There are several series published by the Estonian Folklore Archives.^[3]

Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae

This is the series of fundamental publications compiled on the basis of the Estonian Folklore Archives' materials by the EFA in cooperation with other folkloristic institutions.

• Initiated in 1876 by Jakob Hurt, the first subseries Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae I: Estonum Carmina Popularia is dedicated to old type Estonian folk songs in trochaic meter (regilaul). Each volume of this series contains folk songs recorded from one parish and until now 13 volumes have been published. These include songs from Põlva (1886), Kolga-Jaani (1886), Kuusalu (1938), Karksi (1938), Mustjala (1985), Kihnu (1997, 2003), Jõhvi and Iisaku (1999), Lüganuse (2009), Paide and Anna (2012), Kodavere (2014), Vaivara and Narva (2018), and Laiuse (2019) parishes.
• The second subseries Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae II: Eesti muistendid is dedicated to Estonian legends thematically divided into five volumes published between 1959 and 2014. The volumes published until now focus on legends about mythical giants (1959, 1963, 1970) and mythological diseases (1997, 2014).
• The third subseries Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae III: Proverbia Estonica presents Estonian proverbs. This fundamental source publication was published in five volumes between 1980 and 1987. In addition to three volumes of texts (I–III) the series contains appendixes that provide information about folklore collectors (IV) and translations into Russian (V:1) and German (V:2).
• The fourth subseries Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae IV: Aenigmata Estonica is dedicated to Estonian riddles. This series was published between 2001 and 2013. The two first volumes contain riddle texts, the third volume provides for readers indexes of folklore collectors and international parallels.
• The fifth subseries Monumenta Estoniae Antiquae V: Eesti muinasjutud is the anthology of Estonian folk tales. Until now in this series have been published two volumes (2009, 2014) that concentrate on fairy tales. These scholarly editions of fairy tale types stored at the Estonian Folklore Archives provide an overview of all types of Estonian fairy tales (the first volume contains stories of ATU 300-480, the second volume ATU 500-749). There are two textual samples of most of the tale types. If there are fewer than ten recordings, one text is selected; if the archive contains more than 75 texts, three texts are included. While selecting textual samples the editors attempted to include those stories that are as complete and as narratively developed as possible. As far as the geographical representation is concerned, texts were chosen from all over Estonia. Furthermore, some textual samples have been derived from the Lutsi Estonian area in Latvia and from Estonian enclaves in Russia and elsewhere.

Commentationes Archivi Traditionum Popularium Estoniae (Eesti Rahvaluule Arhiivi Toimetused)

Commentationes Archivi Traditionum Popularium Estoniae is the Archives’ publication series that was published in 1935–1941 (16 volumes) and was restored in 2000. Since then 19 new volumes have been published, including monographs and collections of articles authored by the employees of the Archives. These works have been published in German, English and Estonian. List of the publications in this series is available on Archives' bosh sahifa.

Pro Folkloristica

The series is created as a space for young researchers participating at the traditional spring conference of young folklorists and ethnologists. Other areas of cultural research, such as history, semiotics, literature and linguistics, are also represented. The source material for the research is archival texts and recordings as well as field materials collected by the authors. In the articles, the context of Estonian folkloristics often serves for novel theories and methods of interpreting source material. Between 1993 and 2017 eighteen volumes have been published in this series.

Estonian Settlements (Eesti asundused)

The series includes publications on Estonian villages in Siberia. Between 1995 and 2017 seven volumes have published in this series.

Recordings from the Estonian Folklore Archives

This series was started in 2001. Up to May 2019 13 volumes have been published. List of the publications in this series is available at http://folklore.ee/kirjastus/?sari=9 and below some volumes (those that have online English versions available) have been listed.

Vol. 3: Anthology of Estonian Traditional MusicThis Anthology of Estonian Traditional Music provides an overview of the earlier Estonian folk music tradition. Estonian Folk Songs and Instrumental Music compiled by Herbert and Erna Tampere and Ottilie Kõiva published in 1970 set with an accompanying song texts was the original edition. In 2003, the enlarged edition Anthology of Estonian Traditional Music was published on CDs with added parallel English translation of the texts. The anthology includes 115 archival recordings from the years 1912-1966. On the page of each song or instrumental piece there is a recording of the piece and abbreviated notation. The songs also have lyrics with added translation into English. At the bottom of the page there is a reference of details concerning each performer, his or her home place, the collector, time of collection as well as the archival reference of the original recording in the Estonian Folklore Archive.

Vol. 5: Songs of Siberian EstoniansThe online collection of songs of Estonians in Siberia is based on a CD anthology Songs of Siberian Estonians published in 2005 at the Estonian Literary Museum. Majority of the songs, dances and instrumental pieces were recorded during the fieldwork of the Estonian Folklore Archives in Siberia during 1991-2000. The most important addition to the anthology is video material introducing the dances of Siberia's Estonians. The material in the publication is sequenced according to villages. The publication contains an introduction and description of sound and video recordings. These recordings correspond to the 2015 set of disks. Songs are arranged alphabetically and can be browsed either according to titles or first lines. Each song contains a further description of the performer's name/residence/year/recording itself/sheet music/lyrics and occasional commentary from the performer.

Vol. 7: Songs of Siberian SetoThe song anthology is a cross-section of the Setos in Siberia and Seto/Estonian/Russian folk songs repertoire. Seto Songs are sung by multiple singers (lead singer and choir in a usual setup) with variant versions. The anthology consists of complete song/lyrics/summaries in a trilingual compilation (Estonian/Russian/English).

Vol. 8: Traditional Music and Customs of SaaremaaThis publication contains a selection of Saaremaa songs/dances/examples of customs. The material recorded and compiled by Ingrid Rüütel and her colleagues in 1961-2012. The recording encapsulates the islander's song lore of the 20th century. Film segments showcase meetings with local song makers/singers/instrumentalist giving an insight to the repertoire.

Etnologiya va folkloristik jurnal

This is a joint publication of the Estonian National Museum, the Estonian Folklore Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum, and the University of Tartu (Department of Ethnology; Department of Estonian and Comparative Folklore). The website of the journal (http://www.jef.ee/) provides full texts of articles.

Tashqi havolalar

• Estonian Folklore Archives Official Web-page
• Estonian Folklore Archives on Facebook

Adabiyotlar