Illustrious HMS (87) - HMS Illustrious (87)

Xuddi shu nomdagi boshqa kemalar uchun qarang HMS Illustrious.

HMS Illustrious (taxminan 1954) (20921205028) .jpg
Xayolparast taxminan 1954 yil
Tarix
Birlashgan Qirollik
Ism:Xayolparast
Buyurtma:1937 yil 13-aprel
Quruvchi:Vikers-Armstronglar
Yotgan:1937 yil 27-aprel
Ishga tushirildi:1939 yil 5-aprel
Buyurtma qilingan:1940 yil 25-may
Ishdan chiqarilgan:1955 yil fevral oyi oxirida
Xizmatdan tashqari:1955 yil fevral
Identifikatsiya:Vimpel raqami: 87[1]
Shiori:
  • Vox non Incerta
  • (Lotincha: "noaniq ovoz yo'q")[2]
Hurmat va
mukofotlar:		Genoa 1795, Bask yo'llari 1809, Java 1811, Taranto 1940, O'rta er dengizi 1940-1942, Malta konvoylari 1940, Diego Suarez 1942, Salerno 1943, Sabang 1944, Palembang 1945, Okinava 1945[3]
Taqdir:Sotilgan hurda, 1956 yil noyabr
Nishon:Bir karnay oldida sho'rlangan oltindan ikkita karnay o'rnating[2]
Umumiy xususiyatlar (qurilganidek)
Sinf va turi:Xayolparast- sinf samolyot tashuvchisi
Ko'chirish:23000 tonna (23.369 tonna) (standart )
Uzunlik:
Nur:95 fut 9 dyuym (29,2 m)
Qoralama:(8,8 m) 28 fut 10 dyuym ()chuqur yuk )
O'rnatilgan quvvat:
Harakatlanish:
Tezlik:30 tugunlar (56 km / soat; 35 milya)
Qator:10,700 nmi (19,800 km; 12,300 mil) 10 tugunda (19 km / soat; 12 milya)
To'ldiruvchi:1,299
Datchiklar va
ishlov berish tizimlari:		1 × 79-toifa erta ogohlantiruvchi radar
Qurollanish:
Zirh:
Samolyotlar:36
Aviatsiya vositalari:1 katapulta

HMS Xayolparast edi qo'rg'oshin kemasi ning uning sinfi ning samolyot tashuvchilar uchun qurilgan Qirollik floti Ikkinchi jahon urushidan oldin. Uning birinchi topshirig'i tugagandan so'ng va ishlash bilan edi O'rta dengiz floti, unda uning samolyotining eng muhim yutug'i bitta italiyalikni cho'ktirish edi jangovar kema va ikki kishiga yomon shikast etkazish Taranto jangi 1940 yil oxirida. Ikki oy o'tgach, tashuvchi nemis tomonidan nogiron bo'lib qoldi sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari va Qo'shma Shtatlarda ta'mirlandi. 1941 yil oxirida safar uyida u bilan to'qnashuv natijasida zarar ko'rgan singil kema Qo'rqinchli, Xayolparast ga yuborildi Hind okeani 1942 yil boshida bosqinni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Vichi frantsuzcha Madagaskar (Ironclad operatsiyasi ). 1943 yil boshida uyga qaytgandan so'ng, kema uzoq muddat ta'mirlanib, qisqa vaqt ichida unga tayinlandi Uy floti. U ko'chirildi Majburiy H uchun Salerno jangi 1943 yil o'rtalarida va keyin yana qo'shildi Sharqiy flot 1944 yil boshida Hind okeanida. Uning samolyoti keyingi yil oldin Yaponiya tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan Gollandiyaning Sharqiy Hindistondagi bir nechta maqsadlariga hujum qildi. Xayolparast yangi tuzilganlarga o'tkazildi Britaniya Tinch okean floti (BPF). Tashuvchi kompaniyaning dastlabki bosqichlarida ishtirok etdi Okinava jangi to'plangan jangovar shikastlanishdan kelib chiqadigan mexanik nuqsonlar shu qadar og'irlashgunga qadar u 1945 yil may oyida uyga ta'mirlash uchun erta buyurtma berildi

Urush u kemada va kemada bo'lganida tugadi Admirallik uni Uy flotining sinovlari sifatida ishlatish uchun o'zgartirishga qaror qildi va o'quv tashuvchisi. Ushbu rolda u 1950-yillarning boshlarida Buyuk Britaniyaning urushdan keyingi dengiz samolyotlarining ko'pchiligiga qo'nish sinovlarini o'tkazdi. U vaqti-vaqti bilan qo'shinlar va samolyotlarni chet elga olib ketish va qaytarish, shuningdek mashg'ulotlarda qatnashish uchun ishlatilgan. 1951 yilda u tartibsizliklarni bostirish uchun qo'shinlarni tashishda yordam berdi Kipr qulaganidan keyin 1936 yildagi Angliya-Misr shartnomasi. U ... edi to'langan 1955 yil boshida sotilgan hurda 1956 yil oxirida.

Fon va tavsif

Dengiz razvedkasi idorasi ning tanib olish chizmasi Xayolparast- sinf tashuvchilar

Qirollik dengiz flotining 1936 yilgi Dengizchilik dasturi ikkita samolyot tashuvchisini qurishga ruxsat berdi. Admiral Janob Reginald Xenderson, Uchinchi dengiz lord va flot nazorati, oldingi qurolsizlarni shunchaki o'zgartirmaslikka qaror qildi Ark Royal dizayn. U aviatashuvchilarni o'zlarining samolyotlari tomonidan oldindan ogohlantirish tizimining biron bir shakli bo'lmasdan muvaffaqiyatli himoya qilish mumkin emasligiga ishongan. Buning etishmasligi tufayli quruqlikdagi samolyotlarning ularga hujum qilishiga to'sqinlik qiladigan narsa yo'q edi, ayniqsa, shunga o'xshash yopiq suvlarda Shimoliy dengiz va O'rta er dengizi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, kema zarar ko'rgandan keyin ham harakatda qolishi kerak va uning mo'rt samolyotlari butunlay zararlardan himoya qilinishi kerak edi. Buning yagona yo'li qurolni to'liq qurollantirish edi angar bunda samolyot boshpana berishi mumkin edi, ammo kemada juda katta og'irlik turg'unlik xavfi tufayli faqat bitta qavatli angarga ruxsat berildi. Bu eski qurolsiz transport vositalariga nisbatan samolyot sig'imini ikki baravarga kamaytirdi va mudofaa qobiliyatini saqlab qolish uchun hujum salohiyatini almashtirdi.[4]

Xayolparast 740 fut (225,6 m) dyuymni tashkil etdi umumiy uzunligi va 710 fut (216,4 m) da suv liniyasi. U nur suv sathida 95 fut 9 dyuym (29,2 m) bo'lgan va u a qoralama balandligi 28 fut 10 dyuym (8.8 m) chuqur yuk. U soatiga 23000 tonnani (23.369 tonna) siqib chiqardi standart yuk tugallanganidek.[5] Uning tarkibi taxminan 1299 zobitlardan iborat bo'lib, 1940 yilda tugagandan so'ng harbiy xizmatga jalb qilingan.[6] 1944 yilga kelib, u butun 1997 ekipaji bilan haddan tashqari ko'p edi. Urushdan keyin uni a ga aylantirish uchun modifikatsiyadan so'ng sinovlar tashuvchisi, uning to'ldiruvchisi 1090 zobit va askarga qisqartirildi.[7]

Kema uchta edi Parsons tishli bug 'turbinalari, har biri oltitadan ta'minlangan bug 'yordamida bitta o'qni boshqaradi Admiralty 3 barabanli qozonxonalar. Turbinalar jami 111 ming ishlab chiqarishga mo'ljallangan edishp (83000 kVt), maksimal chuqurlikda 30 knot (56 km / soat; 35 milya) tezlikni ta'minlash uchun etarli.[8] 1940 yil 24-mayda Xayolparast Dengiz sinovlarini o'tkazdi va dvigatellari 113,700 ot kuchiga (84,800 kVt) etdi. Uning aniq tezligi unga o'xshab qayd etilmadi paravanlar oqimga tushdi, ammo u to'liq quvvat ostida taxminan 31 knot (57 km / soat; 36 milya) ishlab chiqarishi mumkin edi.[9] U maksimal 4850 tonnani (4930 tonna) tashiydi mazut bu unga 10,700 oralig'ini berdi dengiz millari (19,800 km; 12,300 mil) 10 tugunda (19 km / soat; 12 milya) yoki 10,400 nmi (19,300 km; 12,000 mil) 16 tugunda (30 km / soat; 18 milya)[5] yoki 2500 tugmachada (46 km / soat; 29 milya) 6300 nmi (11,700 km; 7200 mil).[6]

753 fut (229,5 m) zirhli parvoz kemasi taniqli "dumaloq tushishlar" tufayli foydalanishga yaroqli uzunligi 620 fut (189,0 m) bo'lgan.[Izoh 1] samolyotning ko'tarilishi va qo'nishida tashuvchining konstruktsiyasidan kelib chiqadigan havo turbulentligi ta'sirini kamaytirish uchun mo'ljallangan va har bir uchida maksimal kengligi (29,0 m). Yagona gidravlik samolyot katapultasi parvoz maydonchasining old qismiga o'rnatildi. Kema ikkita qurolsiz jihozlangan edi ko'targichlar har biri 45 dan 22 fut (13,7 dan 6,7 m) gacha bo'lgan markaz chizig'ida. Angarning uzunligi 456 fut (139,0 m), maksimal eni esa 62 fut (18,9 m) bo'lgan. Uning balandligi 16 fut (4,9 m) edi, bu esa saqlashga imkon berdi Qarz berish Vought F4U Corsair jangchilarning qanotlari kesilganidan keyin. Angar 36 ta samolyotni sig'dirish uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lib, ular uchun 50,650 imperator galon (230,300 l; 60,830 AQSh gal) aviatsiya yoqilg'isi ta'minlandi.[10]

Qurol-yarog ', elektronika va himoya

Ning asosiy qurollanishi Xayolparast sinf o'n oltidan iborat edi tez otish (QF) 4,5 dyuym (110 mm) ikki maqsadli qurol sakkizta egizakdaqurol minoralari, to'rtta homiylar korpusning har ikki tomonida. Qurol minoralarining tomlari baland balandliklarda pastki bo'ylab otishlariga imkon berish uchun parvoz balandligi balandligidan chiqib ketgan. Uning engil zenitga qarshi mudofaasi oltita sakkizli tog'ni o'z ichiga olgan QF 2 asosli ("pom-pom") zenit qurollari, ikkitasi orolning old tomonida va orqasida, ikkitasi esa korpusning port tomonida joylashgan.[11]

Tugatish Xayolparast unga mos kelish uchun ikki oyga kechiktirildi 79-toifa Z erta ogohlantiruvchi radar; u dunyodagi birinchi samolyot tashuvchisi bo'lib, qurilishi tugamaguncha radar bilan jihozlangan.[11] Radarning ushbu versiyasida alohida uzatuvchi va qabul qiluvchi antennalar mavjud bo'lib, yangisini talab qildi boshliq uzatgichni o'rnatish uchun orolning orqa tomoniga qo'shilishi kerak.[12]

The Xayolparast- sinf kemalari 3 dyuym (76 mm) zirh bilan himoyalangan uchish maydonchasiga ega bo'lib, hangarlarning ichki tomonlari va uchlari 4,5 dyuym (114 mm) qalinlikda edi. Angar kemasining o'zi qalinligi 2,5 dyuym (64 mm) bo'lgan va 4,5 dyuymli suv sathining yuqori qismini kutib olish uchun kemaning butun kengligini kengaytirgan. zirh kamari. The suv osti mudofaa tizimi 1,5 dyuym (38 mm) parchalanuvchi bo'linma tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan suyuqlik va havo bilan to'ldirilgan bo'linmalarning qatlamli tizimi edi.[13]

Urush vaqtidagi o'zgartirishlar

1941 yilda ta'mirlanayotganda, Xayolparast's orqa "dumaloq pastga" tekislanib, parvoz maydonchasining foydalaniladigan uzunligini 670 futga (204,2 m) etkazdi.[14] Bu 6 samolyotdan iborat doimiy park parki yordamida uning samolyot komplektini 47 samolyotga ko'paytirdi.[15] Uning engil AA qurollanishi ham 10 qo'shilishi bilan kuchaytirildi Oerlikon 20 mm avtomatik qurol bitta tog'da. Bundan tashqari, angarda ikkita po'latdan yasalgan yong'in pardalari asbestli pardalar bilan almashtirildi.[16] O'sha yili Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytib kelganidan so'ng, uning 79Z toifali radarini a 281 kiriting tizim va a 285 kiriting qurol-yarog 'radarlari asosiy qurilmalardan biriga o'rnatildi yong'inni boshqarish bo'yicha direktorlar.[14] Ushbu samolyotlarni, qurol-yarog 'va datchiklarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun zarur bo'lgan qo'shimcha ekipajlar, texnik xodimlar va jihozlar uning tarkibini 1326 taga etkazdi.[7]

1943 yilda u parvoz maydonchasini foydalanishga yaroqli uzunligini 740 fut (225,6 m) ga uzaytirish uchun o'zgartirilgan va ehtimol "avtoulovlar" qo'shilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Ular samolyot dumaloq g'ildiraklari joylashtirilgan uchish maydonchasidan uzaygan "U" shaklidagi nurlar edi. Samolyot kemada ko'proq samolyot saqlanishiga imkon berish uchun asosiy g'ildiraklar uchish maydonchasi chetiga yaqinlashguncha orqaga surildi. Egizak Oerlikon tog'li moslamalari aksariyat yagona tog'larni almashtirdi. Boshqa egizak tog'lar qo'shildi, shunda may oyiga qadar u jami o'n sakkiz egizak va ikkita bitta tog'ga ega bo'ldi. 281 toifa radar o'rniga 281M zamonaviylashtirilgan va 79M bitta antennali qo'shilgan. Har biri uchun 282 turdagi qurol-yarog 'radarlari qo'shildi "pom-pom" rejissyorlari va qolgan asosiy rejissyorlarga 285 toifa radarlar o'rnatildi. A 272 kiriting maqsadli ko'rsatkichli radar uning ustiga o'rnatilgan edi ko'prik.[14] Ushbu o'zgarishlar uning samolyot hajmini 57 ga oshirdi[17] va uning ekipaji 1831 kishiga o'sishiga sabab bo'ldi.[7]

Bir yil o'tgach, Tinch okeanidagi yaponlarga qarshi xizmatiga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun orolni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri egallab turgan bitta "pom-pom" tog 'sakkizburchagi o'rnini ikkitasi egalladi 40 mm Bofors AA qurollari.[18] Yana ikkita egizak Oerlikon tog'i o'rnatildi va uning qozonlari qayta tiklandi.[18] Ayni paytda uning tarkibida 1997 zobitlar va harbiy xizmatga jalb qilingan askarlar bor edi.[7] 1945 yilga kelib, yıpranma va tashxis qo'yilgan zararli zararlar Xayolparast'Mashinasozlik uning markaziy vintli valida yuqori tezlikda kuchli tebranishlarni keltirib chiqardi. Muammoni davolash uchun pervanel olib tashlandi va mil fevral oyida o'z joyida qulflandi; ushbu tub chora-tadbirlar tebranishlarni kamaytirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ammo ularni yo'q qilmadi va kema tezligini taxminan 24 knotgacha (44 km / soat; 28 milya) kamaytirdi.[17]

Urushdan keyingi modifikatsiyalar

Xayolparast 1945 yil aprel oyida bomba ostida suv ostida jiddiy zarar ko'rgan va keyingi oy ta'mirlash uchun uyga buyurilgan. To'rt oy davom etishi kerak bo'lgan iyun oyida doimiy ta'mirlashni boshladi. RN uni flagman sifatida joylashtirishni, turar joyni ko'paytirish evaziga 4,5 dyuymli qurollarini olib tashlashni va ba'zi Oerlikonlarni bitta ikkita poydevorli AA qurollarini almashtirishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo avgust oyida urushning oxiri RN ga sabab bo'ldi uning ehtiyojlarini qayta baholash. Sentyabr oyida, qaror qildi Xayolparast Bosh sahifa flotining sinovlari va mashg'ulot tashuvchisi bo'lib qoladi va uni ta'mirlash 1946 yil iyungacha davom etgan uzoq ta'mirga almashtirildi. Uning roli o'zgarishi bilan uning komplekti keskin kamayib ketdi va u 4,5 dyuymli qurollarini ushlab qoldi. Uning engil AA qurollanishi oltita "pom-pom" montajidan, o'n sakkizta bitta Oerlikondan va o'n etti va ikkita egizak Bofors tog'laridan iborat edi. Parvoz oldinga uzaytirildi, bu uning umumiy uzunligini 748 fut 6 dyuymga (228,1 m) etdi. Orol ustidagi yuqori burchakli rejissyor amerikalik SM-1 bilan almashtirildi qiruvchi yo'nalish radar, 293M toifadagi ko'rsatkichni ko'rsatadigan tizim qo'shildi va 281M toifa prototipi 960 tipidagi erta ogohlantirish radariga almashtirildi.[18] U foydalanishga topshirilgandan keyingi o'zgarishlarning umumiy summasi uning to'liq yuk ko'tarish hajmini 2520 tonnaga (2560 tonna) oshirdi.[19] 1947 yilda u beshta 8 barrelli pom-pom, 17 ta Bofor va 16 ta Oerlikonni olib yurgan.[18] Uning markaziy o'qiga beshta pichoqli pervan o'rnatilgan edi, ammo keyinchalik tashqi vallaridagi tobora ortib borayotgan tebranish qisman rad etildi. 1948 yilda sinovlar paytida, yana bir marta qayta tiklanganidan so'ng, u maksimal tezlikni 110,680 ot kuchidan (82,530 kVt) 29 tugungacha (54 km / soat; 33 milya) erishdi. Ikki yil o'tgach, u 111,450 ot kuchidan (83,110 kVt) 29,2 ta tugun yasadi.[9] 1948 yildan keyin bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, kemaning engil AA qurollanishi ikkita egizak va o'n to'qqiz dona 40 mm qurol va oltita Oerlikonga qisqartirildi.[18]

Qurilish va xizmat ko'rsatish

Xayolparast 1940 yilda langarda

Xayolparast, uning ismining to'rtinchi kemasi,[20] dan 1936 yilgi dengiz dasturi doirasida buyurtma qilingan Vikers-Armstronglar[21] 1937 yil 13-aprelda.[22] Qurilish uning zirhli plitalarini sekin etkazib berish bilan kechiktirildi, chunki sanoat so'nggi 15 yil ichida buyurtmalarning etishmasligi tufayli nogiron bo'lib qoldi Vashington dengiz shartnomasi. Natijada, uning parvoz kemasidagi zirhiga buyurtma berish kerak edi Vitkovice kon-temir korporatsiyasi yilda Chexoslovakiya.[22] U ... edi yotqizilgan ularning Furness-Barrow ikki haftadan so'ng hovli raqami 732 va ishga tushirildi 1939 yil 5 aprelda. U yaqinda nafaqaga chiqqan Uchinchi dengiz lordining rafiqasi Ledi Xenderson tomonidan suvga cho'mdi.[23] Xayolparast keyin tortib olindi Buccleuch Dock uchun mos keladigan va Kapitan Denis Boyd 1940 yil 29 yanvarda unga qo'mondonlik qilish uchun tayinlangan.[24] U 1940 yil 16-aprelda foydalanishga topshirilgan va qurollanishini hisobga olmaganda, uni qurish uchun 2 million 295 ming funt sarflangan.[25]

Esa Xayolparast 24-aprel kuni uni qabul qilish sinovlariga tayyorgarlik sifatida ko'chirilgan edi tortma qayiq Bassgart ag'darilgan uchta ekipajning yo'qolishi bilan.[26] Tashuvchi dastlabki uchish sinovlarini o'tkazdi Klaydning chirog'i oltitasi bilan Fairey qilichbozi torpedo bombardimonchilari shunday bo'lgan edi kranli oldinroq. Iyun oyining boshlarida u xodimlarni yukladi 806, 815 va 819 otryad da Devonport Royal Dockyard; 806 otryad bilan jihozlangan Blekbern Skua sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari va Fairey Fulmar jangchilar va oxirgi ikki otryad Qilich baliqlari bilan jihozlangan. U boshladi ishlash yopiq Plimut, lekin nemis Frantsiyani bosib olish buni juda xavfli qildi va Xayolparast ishlashni davom ettirish uchun oyning oxirida Bermudga suzib ketdi. Bu 23-iyulga qadar, Klaydga etib kelganida va samolyotidan uchib ketganda amalga oshirildi. Kema ichkariga kirdi Klaydzid ertasi kuni voyaga etmagan uchun; u kirib keldi Skapa oqimi 15 avgustda va bo'ldi flagman ning Kontr-admiral Lumley Lyster.[27] Uning otryadlari kemada uchib ketishdi va u 22 avgust kuni 15 ta Fulmar va 18 ta qilich baliqlari bilan O'rta er dengizi tomon yo'l oldi.[28]

Yoqilg'i quyilgandan keyin Gibraltar, Xayolparast va jangovar kema Jasur qismi sifatida H kuchlari tomonidan O'rta er dengiziga kuzatilgan Shlyapalar operatsiyasi, uning davomida Fulmars beshta italiyalik bombardimonchini va AA qurollari yana ikkitasini urib tushirdi. Endi O'rta er dengizi flotining asosiy qismi, uning sakkizta qilichbozi va tashuvchilardan ba'zilari hamrohligida. Burgut, italiyalikka hujum qildi dengiz samolyoti baza Rodos 3 sentyabr kuni ertalab.[29] Bir necha kundan keyin Misrga Italiya bosqini, Xayolparast portiga hujum qilish uchun 16/17 sentyabr oydin kechasi davomida 15 ta qilich baliqlarini uchirib yubordi Bengazi. 819 otryadining samolyoti oltitasini tashkil etdi minalar portga kirishda, 815 eskadroni esa cho'kib ketgan qiruvchi Borea va jami 10,192 nafar ikkita yuk tashuvchiyalpi reestr tonna (GRT). Yo'q qiluvchi Aquilone keyinchalik minalardan biriga urilib, cho'kib ketgan. Qaytish safari paytida Iskandariya, Italiya suvosti kemasiCorallo ingliz kemalariga muvaffaqiyatsiz hujum qildi.[30] 29 sentyabr kuni Maltaga konvoyni kuzatib borish paytida aviatashuvchi Fulmars Italiyaning yuqori va torpedo bombardimonchilarining hujumlarini tarqatib yubordi va bitta jangchining yo'qolishi uchun bittasini urib tushirdi. Boshqa bir konvoy eskorti missiyasidan qaytayotganda, Qilich baliq Xayolparast va Burgut 13/14 oktyabr oqshomida Leros orolidagi Italiya aerodromiga hujum qildi.[29]

Taranto jangi

Asosiy maqola: Taranto jangi
Burchakning kamon ko'rinishi Xayolparast langarda

Lyster O'rta er dengiziga kelganida Italiya flotiga uning bazasida havo tashuvchisi hujumini taklif qildi. Taranto, chunki Qirollik floti bundan buyon rejalashtirgan Habashiston inqirozi 1935 yil va Admiral Endryu Kanningem, O'rta er dengizi flotining qo'mondoni bu g'oyani 1940 yil 22-sentabrga qadar ma'qulladi. Hujum, mavjud bo'lgan ikkala transport vositasi bilan dastlab, Trafalgar jangining yilligi bo'lgan 21-oktabrga rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo kemada angar olovi Xayolparast 18 oktyabrda oyning keyingi qulay fazasi sodir bo'lgan vaqtga qadar uni 11 noyabrga qoldirishga majbur qildi.[31] Yong'in uchta qilich baliqlarini yo'q qildi va yana ikkitasiga jiddiy zarar etkazdi, ammo ularning o'rnini samolyotlar egalladi Burgut, uning ifloslangan yonilg'i idishlari uning hujumda ishtirok etishiga to'sqinlik qildi.[32]

Ta'mirlash ishlari oyning oxirigacha yakunlandi va u konvoyni Gretsiyaga kuzatib bordi, shu vaqt ichida uning Fulmarlari bitta soyani yiqitdi. CANT Z.506 B suzuvchi samolyot.[33] U 6-noyabr kuni jangovar kemalar hamrohligida Iskandariyadan suzib ketdi Warspite, Malaya va Jasur, ikkitasi engil kreyserlar va 13 ta esminets, Maltaga yana bir karvonni havo qopqog'i bilan ta'minlash uchun.[34] Ayni paytda uning havo guruhi bir nechta tomonidan mustahkamlandi Burgutlar's Dengiz Gladiatorlari 806 eskadroni jangchilarini hamda torpedo bombardimonchilarini to'ldirish 813 va 824 ta otryad.[35] Avvalgi samolyotlar "... doimiy pastki parki sifatida ..."[36][Izoh 2] va ular a CANT Z.501 ikki kundan keyin dengiz samolyoti. O'sha kuni ettinchi kuni Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 o'rta bombardimonchilarni uchta bombardimonchi tutib, ular bitta bombardimonchini urib, boshqasiga zarar etkazgan deb da'vo qilishdi. Aslida ular Italiyaning uchta samolyotiga katta zarar etkazishdi. Filo qidirayotgan Z.501 samolyoti 10-noyabr kuni Fulmar tomonidan, boshqasi esa 11-kuni urib tushirilgan. O'sha kuni to'qqizta SM.79 samolyotining parvozi to'xtatildi va Fulmars bombardimonchilardan biriga zarar etkazganini da'vo qildi, garchi u aslida bazaga qaytolmagan bo'lsa.[37] Uchta qo'shimcha Fulmar samolyotidan uchib ketishdi Ark Royal bir necha kun oldin, ikkala tashuvchi Maltaga yaqin bo'lganida; bu uning kuchini keltirdi[36] 15 ga qadar Fulmars, 24 ta qilich baliqlari va ikkitadan to'rttagacha Gladiatorlar.[35] 10 va 11-noyabr kunlari uchgan Qilichboz, ehtimol yoqilg'ining ifloslanishi sababli uchib ketganidan keyin qulab tushdi va texnik xizmat ko'rsatuvchi brigadalar kun bo'yi barcha yoqilg'i idishlarini to'kib tashladilar va toza benzin bilan to'ldirdilar. Bu hujum uchun atigi 21 samolyotni qoldirdi.[32]

Taranto xaritasi jangi

Endi Buyuk Britaniyaning qo'shimcha kuchlari bilan kuchaytirilgan O'rta dengiz floti ajralib chiqdi Xayolparast, to'rtta kreyser va to'rtta esminets Tarantodan janubi-sharqda 270 km uzoqlikda joylashgan. Kema bir vaqtning o'zida uchirishi mumkin bo'lgan o'nlab samolyotlarning birinchi to'lqini 20:40 ga, to'qqiztasining ikkinchi to'lqini esa 21:34 ga qadar uchib ketdi.[38] Har bir havo hujumida oltita samolyot torpedalar bilan, qolganlari bomba yoki mash'alalar bilan qurollangan yoki ikkala uch oylik oyni to'ldirish uchun. The Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF) a joylashtirilgan edi Qisqa Sanderlend uchar qayiq portdan yoki portdan harakatlanishni qidirish uchun portdan tashqarida va bu soat 17:55 da aniqlandi akustik qidiruvchilar va yana soat 20:40 da himoyachilarni ogohlantirmoqda. Kelayotgan birinchi havo hujumining shovqini soat 22:25 da eshitildi va portni himoya qiladigan zenit qurollari qisqa vaqt o'tgach, portdagi kemalardagidek o'q uzdi. Birinchi to'lqinning torpedo tashiydigan samolyoti jangovar kemaga bitta zarba berdi Conte di Cavour va ikkitasi yaqinda yakunlangan harbiy kemada Littorio Ikkala mash'alali tomchilar neftni saqlash omborini ozgina ta'sir bilan bombardimon qildi. Bomba yuklangan to'rtta samolyot dengiz samolyoti bazasida bitta angarni yoqib yubordi va esminetsga zarba berdi Libeccio portlamay qolgan bitta bomba bilan. Yo'q qiluvchi Fulmin,[39] yoki Conte di Cavour,[40] ikkinchi kemaga torpedani qo'ygan samolyotni urib tushirdi, ammo qolgan samolyot qaytib keldi Xayolparast.[41]

Ikkinchi to'lqinning bitta torpedo tashiydigan samolyoti uzoq masofali tashqi yonilg'i tanki qulab tushganda orqaga qaytishga majbur bo'ldi, ammo boshqalari Littorio yana bir bor va Caio Duilio soat 23:55 da boshlangan hujumda bir marta urishgan. Ikkala olovli tomchilar ham minimal darajada neftni saqlash omborini bombardimon qildilar va bitta bomba korpusning ichiga kirib bordi og'ir kreyser Trento portlatmasdan. Bitta torpedo bombardimonchisi urib tushirildi, ammo boshqa samolyot qaytib keldi. Keyingi tunda samolyot ekipajlarining pessimistik baholari asosida havo hujumini davom ettirish rejalashtirilgan edi, ammo ob-havo yomonligi sababli bekor qilindi. Tomonidan olingan razvedka fotosuratlari R.A.F. yog 'hovuzlari bilan o'ralgan va kemalari yuvilgan uchta jangovar kemani ko'rsatdi. Ikki havo hujumi cho'kish orqali O'rta dengizdagi kuchlar muvozanatini o'zgartirdi Conte di Cavourva juda yomon zarar Littorio va Caio Duilio.[42]

O'rta dengizdagi keyingi operatsiyalar

Iskandariyaga borar ekan, Fulmars kemasi to'rtta CANT Z.506B rusumli samolyotga uchib, uchtasi urib tushirilgani va to'rtinchisi shikastlanganini da'vo qilmoqda, ammo Italiya yozuvlarida 12 noyabrda faqat ikkita samolyot yo'qolgani ko'rsatilgan.[43] Ikki hafta o'tgach, 15 ta qilich baliq Lerosdagi Italiya pozitsiyalariga hujum qildi,[44] bitta qilich baliqni yo'qotish. Ikki kundan keyin Maltadan tashqarida bo'lganida, oltita samolyot jangchilari teng miqdordagi janglarda qatnashishdi Fiat CR.42 ikki qanotli jangchilar, bittasini urib, ikkitasiga zarar etkazish. Jang paytida bitta Fulmarga ozgina zarar yetgan.[45] 16-dekabrdan 17-dekabrga o'tar kechasi, 11 qilich baliqlari Rodos va Orolni bombardimon qildi Stampaliya ozgina ta'sir bilan.[46] To'rt kundan keyin Xayolparast's samolyoti yaqinidagi ikkita konvoyga hujum qildi Kerkennah orollari va umumiy qiymati 7437 GRT bo'lgan ikkita savdo kemasini cho'ktirdi.[47] 22-dekabr kuni ertalab 13 ta Qilich baliq hujum qildi Tripoli port, yong'inlarni boshlash va omborlarga bir necha bor urish.[48] Ikki kundan keyin kema yana Iskandariyaga etib keldi.[49]

1941 yil yanvaridagi hujumlar paytida zarar ko'rgan uning kemasining qo'ng'irog'i

1941 yil 7 yanvarda, Xayolparast avtoulovlar uchun havo qopqog'ini ta'minlash uchun suzib yurish Pirey, Gretsiya va Maltaning bir qismi sifatida Ortiqcha operatsiya. Ushbu operatsiya uchun uning jangchilari uchta Fulmarlardan iborat bo'linma tomonidan mustahkamlandi 805 otryad. 10-yanvar kuni ertalab uning qilichbozi Italiya konvoyiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatmasdan hujum qildi. Keyinchalik ertalab beshta Fulmarning uchtasi Jangovar havo patrul (CAP) uchta SM.79 samolyotini past balandlikda ishlatib, bitta o'q uzilganini da'vo qilmoqda. Biri Fulmarga shikast etkazdi va tashuvchiga qaytishga majbur bo'ldi, qolgan ikkitasi jang paytida o'q-dorilarni va yoqilg'ini tugatib, erga tushdi Hal Far Maltadagi aerodrom. Qolgan juftlik bir juft torpedo tashiydigan SM.79 samolyotini ishg'ol qildi, bu esa yetarlicha shikast etkazdi va u qo'nish paytida qulab tushdi. Ular qurol-yarog 'bilan kam ta'minlangan va o'zlarining mavqeiga ega bo'lmaganlar, chunki ular Italiya samolyotini 80 km uzoqlikda quvib chiqarishgan Xayolparast. 24-36 oralig'ida, 12:35 da tashuvchi to'rtta almashtirishni boshladi Junkers Ju 87 Stuka Birinchi guruhning sho'ng'in bombardimonchilari / Dive Bomber Wing 1 (I. Gruppe /Sturzkampfgeschwader (StG) 1 ) va Ikkinchi guruh / Dive Bomber Wing 2 (II. Gruppe /)StG 2 ) boshchiligidagi hujumlarini boshladi Pol-Verner Xozel.[50] Dastlabki 250 yoki 500 kilogrammlik (550 yoki 1100 funt) bomba orqaga ko'tarilishning old tomoniga urilib, dvigateli ishlamay qolgan Fulmarni yo'q qilib, ko'tarish qudug'ida baland portlaganida, yana bir juftlik uchishga urinayotgan edi; boshqa samolyot havoga ko'tarilib, sho'ng'inidan chiqib ketayotganda Stukalarni jalb qildi.[51]

Ushbu hujumda kema yana besh marotaba urilgan, ulardan biri zirhsiz ko'tarilgan ko'taruvchiga kirib, uning ostida portlab, uni va uning atrofidagi tuzilmani yo'q qilgan. Bitta bomba orolga eng yaqin bo'lgan "pom-pom" tokchasini urib yo'q qildi, boshqasi esa eng old port "pom-pom" tog'idan o'tib, portlay olmadi, garchi u olovni boshlagan bo'lsa ham. Bitta bomba oldinga yo'naltirilgan port uchish maydonchasining tashqi chetiga kirib bordi va suvdan taxminan 3 metr balandlikda portladi va qo'shni korpus konstruktsiyasini teshiklari bilan tozalab tashladi, bu esa ba'zi bo'linmalarda toshqini va yong'inni keltirib chiqardi. Eng zararli zarba - bu katta bomba, orqaga ko'tarilishning pastki qismidagi zirhdan o'tib, angar maydonchasidan 10 metr balandlikda portlagan. Portlash natijasida kuchli yong'in boshlandi, orqa yomg'ir purkagich tizimi vayron bo'ldi, oldinga ko'targich halqa singari egilib, yong'in pardalari halokatli bo'laklarga bo'lindi. Bundan tashqari, angar pastki qismida teshik ochilib, quyida joylashgan uchta pastki maydonlarga zarar etkazildi. Stukalar ham sog'indilar Xayolparast kichik bomba va toshqinlarni keltirib chiqargan ikkita bomba bilan. Tez orada ta'mirlangan bo'lsa-da, transport vositasining orqa qismidagi bir nechta zarbalar uning boshqaruv mexanizmini nokaut qildi.[52][53]

13 Ju 87-larning 13:20 da qilgan yana bir hujumi kemani yana ko'tarilgan quduqqa urdi, bu uning boshqaruvini yana nokaut qildi va tezligini 15 tugunga (28 km / soat; 17 milya) kamaytirdi. Ushbu hujumni kemaning oltita Fulmarsi ushlab oldi, ular bomba tashlaganlaridan keyin qirg'oqqa qayta qurollanib, yonilg'i quyishdi, ammo sho'ng'in bombardimonchilaridan faqat ikkitasi o'q-dorilar tugamaguncha zarar ko'rdi. Faqatgina dvigatellari yordamida boshqaradigan tashuvchi, u kirmasdan oldin yana bir necha bor hujumga uchragan Grand Makoni "s dengiz suvi soat 21:04 da, hali ham yonmoqda. Hujumlar natijasida 126 zobit va erkak halok bo'ldi, 91 kishi yaralandi. Hujum paytida to'qqizta qilich baliq va beshta Fulmar yo'q qilindi. Pilot tomonidan boshqariladigan yana bitta qilich baliq Leytenant Charlz Lamb, bomba urishni boshlaganda va erga tushishga uringan edi xandaq yonilg'i tugaganida; ekipajni esminets qutqarib qoldi Juno. Britaniyalik jangchilar beshta Ju 87 samolyotini urib tushirgan deb da'vo qilishdi, flotning zenit otishmasi esa yana uchtasini talab qilmoqda. Nemislarning yozuvlari uchta Stukaning yo'qolganligini ko'rsatmoqda, boshqasi favqulodda qo'nishga majbur bo'ldi.[52][53]

Orqaga ko'tarilishning qoldiqlari kemaning parvoz zirhidan o'tib ketgan yagona bomba ochgan tuynuk orqasidagi tutundan ko'rinadi.

Maltada uning boshqaruvi ta'mirlanayotganda Xayolparast 16 yanvar kuni 17 tomonidan yana bombardimon qilindi Yunkers Ju 88 o'rta bombardimonchilar va 44 ta Stukas. 806 otryadining uchuvchilari avvalgisidan ikkitasini urib tushirganini va yana bir juftga zarar etkazganini da'vo qilishdi, ammo 500 kglik bomba uning orqa ko'taruvchisidan uchib o'tadigan kemaning ichiga kirib, kapitanning kabinasida portlatildi; bir nechta boshqa bomba kemaga urilib ketishi mumkin edi, ammo ozgina zarar etkazdi. Ikki kundan so'ng, Malta aerodromlarida eksa havo hujumini to'xtatgan uchta Fulmarning biri tirik qolgan holda urib tushirildi. Faqat bitta Fulmar 19 yanvarda xizmat ko'rsatgan, o'sha paytda tashuvchiga bir necha bor hujum qilingan va u urib tushirilgan. Xayolparast Ushbu hujumlar paytida zarba berilmagan, ammo bir necha marta o'tkazib yuborilgan va natijada ularning portlashlari natijasida paydo bo'lgan zarba to'lqinlari darhol 5 darajaga olib keladigan darajada qopqoqni qoplagan. ro'yxat, uning port turbinasining quyma temir poydevorini yorib yubordi va boshqa mexanizmlarga zarar etkazdi.[53][54] Dengizchi tarixchi J. D. Braunning ta'kidlashicha, "zirhli kemaning uni yo'q qilishdan qutqarganiga shubha yo'q; boshqa biron bir tashuvchi bunday jazo darajasiga o'xshash narsani olib, omon qolmadi".[55]

Samolyot bortida bo'lmaganida, u 23-yanvar kuni to'rtta esminetslar hamrohligida Iskandariyaga suzib, 10 martgacha davom etgan vaqtinchalik ta'mirlash ishlari uchun. Boyd 18-fevralda orqa admiral lavozimiga ko'tarilib, Lysterni orqa admiral samolyot tashuvchilari sifatida ozod qildi. U o'z bayrog'ini o'tkazdi Qo'rqinchli u oldinroq, 10 mart kuni Iskandariyaga kelganida Xayolparast suzib ketdi Port-Said uning tranzitini boshlash uchun Suvaysh kanali. Nemislar ilgari kanalga minalar qo'yishgan. Minalar va ular tomonidan cho'kib ketgan kemalarni tozalash juda sust jarayon edi va Xayolparast 20 martgacha Suvaysh ko'rfaziga etib bormadi. Keyin kema suzib ketdi Durban, Janubiy Afrika, uning suv ostidagi shikastlanish darajasi u erda quruq maydonchada baholanishi uchun. U 4 aprelda Durbanga etib bordi va u erda ikki hafta qoldi. Kema oxir-oqibat Norfolk dengiz floti hovlisi doimiy ta'mirlash uchun 12 may kuni Qo'shma Shtatlarda.[56]

Xayolparast'bilan to'qnashgandan keyin s ta'zim Qo'rqinchli, 1941 yil 16-dekabr

Uning parvoz maydonchasini tartibga solishda ba'zi bir muhim o'zgarishlar amalga oshirildi, shu jumladan yangi ko'tarilishni o'rnatish va katapultani Amerika tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan samolyotlarda ishlatish. Ta'mirlash paytida uning engil zenit qurollari ham ko'paytirildi.[57] Kapitan Lord Louis Mountbatten 12 avgust kuni kapitan vazifasini bajardi, garchi u 28 avgustga qadar uning bortiga etib kelmagan bo'lsa. U deyarli darhol Amerika jamoatchilik fikriga ta'sir o'tkazish uchun ma'ruza turiga jo'natildi, u oktyabr oyida uyiga chaqirib olinib, kapitan A. G. Talbot tomonidan 1 oktyabrda bo'shatildi.[58] Ish noyabr oyida va Xayolparast sinovlar uchun 25 oktyabrda jo'nab ketdi Yamayka va o'nlab qilich baliqlarini yuklash 810 va 829 otryad. U 9 ​​dekabr kuni uchrashuv bilan Norfolkka qaytib keldi Qo'rqinchli, u erda ham ta'mirlangan va tashuvchilar uch kundan keyin uyga suzib ketishgan. 15/16-dekabrga o'tar kechasi, Xayolparast bilan to'qnashdi Qo'rqinchli o'rtacha bo'ronda. Ikkala kema ham jiddiy zarar ko'rmadi, ammo Xayolparast kamonga ko'tarilgan kamonlarni qirg'oqqa tezligini kamaytirish va oldinga uchish kemasini vaqtincha ta'mirlash kerak edi. U etib keldi Grinok 21 dekabrda va doimiy ta'mirlash 1942 yil 30 dekabrdan fevral oxirigacha amalga oshirildi Kammell Laird ning tersanesi Birkenhead.[59] Mart oyida uning havo guruhini ishlayotganda Grumman Martlet jangchilari (F4F Wildcat-ning inglizcha nomi) ning 881 va 882 otryad, u "ilmoq" ustidan sud jarayonlarini o'tkazdi Supermarine Spitfire qiruvchi, prototipi Dengiz yong'ini.[60]

Hind okeanida

Martletlar, qilich baliqlari va bitta Fulmar 1942 yil 3-may kuni "Ironclad" operatsiyasining mashqlaridan so'ng kamonda turdilar.

The Britaniya Malayasini bosib olish va Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston 1942 yil boshida Yaponiyaning Hind okeaniga yutuqlari uchun eshik ochdi. Vichi Frantsiya tomonidan boshqariladigan orol Madagaskar Hindiston va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasidagi aloqa liniyasini chetlab o'tdilar va inglizlar orolni bosib olishga frantsuzlar qo'shilishidan qo'rqishganidan xavotirda edilar. Frantsuz Hind-Xitoyini Yaponiyaning istilosi 1940 yilda. Buning oldini olish uchun bosqinchi bosqini zarur edi Diego Suares 1942 yil may oyiga rejalashtirilgan. Xayolparast Hindiston okeanidagi Sharqiy flotiga qo'shilish va hujumda ishtirok etish uchun tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun uning ishi 19 martda qisqartirildi. U to'rt kundan keyin suzib, yigirma bitta qilichbozni, to'qqizta Martlet II 881 otryadini va oltita 882 otryadni Martletni,[61] va ikkita Fulmar jangchisi[62] hujum qilish uchun ajratilgan ba'zi odamlarni olib ketadigan qo'shin kolonnasini kuzatib borishdan oldin. 2 aprelda angar yong'ini sodir bo'ldi, natijada 11 samolyot yo'q qilindi va bitta ekipaj a'zosi halok bo'ldi, ammo kemaga jiddiy zarar etkazmadi. Ta'mirlash ishlari amalga oshirildi Fritaun, Serra-Leone Bu erda uning yo'q qilingan samolyotlari Martlet II ning o'n ikkita qo'shimcha jangchilari tomonidan almashtirildi va ko'paytirildi HMS Archer, ikkita Martlet I samolyoti, o'z navbatida, topshirilgan edi Archer, olib kelish Xayolparast'Jami samolyot 47 ta.[63] Fritaunda bo'lganidan keyin, Xayolparast Durban tomon yo'l oldi; sayohat paytida uning xodimlari ham jihozlangan ASV radar o'rniga qilichboz. Menga bitta Martletga buklanadigan qanotlar o'rnatilgan edi.[61]

Xayolparast'samolyotlariga uning singlisi singari, frantsuz dengiz kuchlari qismlariga va kemalarga hujum qilish va bosqin flotini himoya qilish vazifasi topshirildi Yengilmas quruqlikdagi kuchlarni havo bilan qo'llab-quvvatladi. Ushbu operatsiyani bajarish uchun aviatashuvchilar guruhi 25 ta Martlet, 1 ta tungi kurash Fulmar va 21 ta qilichboz, shuning uchun 5 ta Martlet va bitta qilichbozdan iborat doimiy park parkiga ega bo'lishga majbur bo'lishdi.[63] 5-may kuni tong otguncha, u 8 ta Martlet bilan birgalikda 18 ta Qilich baliqni ishga tushirdi. Torpedo ko'targan 6 ta qilichbozning birinchi parvozi muvaffaqiyatsiz hujumga o'tdi avizo D'Entrecasteaux, lekin qurollangan savdo kreyseri XONIMBougainville. Ikkinchi parvoz chuqurlikdagi zaryadlar, dengiz osti kemasini cho'ktirdi Bévéziers Uchinchi parvoz esa hujumdan oldin himoyachilar ustiga varaqalarni tashladi artilleriya batareyasi va D'Entrecasteaux. Uchinchi reysning bitta samolyoti favqulodda qo'nishga majbur bo'ldi va uning ekipaji frantsuzlar tomonidan qo'lga olindi. Kunning ikkinchi yarmida D'Entrecasteaux dengizga chiqishga uringan, ammo u 829 otryadining qilichbozi va qasddan muvaffaqiyatli bombardimon qilingan quruqlikka tushmoq cho'kib ketmaslik uchun. Uchta boshqa qilichboz uni yo'q qildi. Ertasi kuni ertalab 881 otryadidagi Martletlar uchtasini ushlab qolishdi Potez 63.11 razvedka bombardimonchilari, ikkitasini urib, ikkinchisini orqaga chekinishga majbur qilishgan, qilich baliqlari esa qo'pol parashyutchilarni burilish sifatida tashlagan. Bir qo'riqchi qilichbozi dengiz osti kemasini cho'ktirdi Le Eros va yana biri Frantsiya mudofaasini bombardimon qilayotgan kemalar uchun. 7-may kuni ertalab 881-otryadning Martletlari uchtasini ushlab qolishdi Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 razvedka topshirig'idagi jangchilar. Uchalasi ham bitta Martletni yo'qotish uchun otib tashlangan. Yuqorida sanab o'tilgan boshqa yo'qotishlarga qo'shimcha ravishda 882 otryadning Fulmarini erdan qo'llab-quvvatlash paytida urib tushirildi.[64][65] Illustrious ' samolyotlar 209 ta parvozni amalga oshirdi va oltita kemaning qo'nish halokatiga uchradi, shu jumladan to'rttasi Martlets tomonidan.[66]

Jasur otishma mashg'ulotlarini orqa tomonga olib borish Xayolparast. 806 otryadining fulmarlari uchishga tayyorlanmoqda, 881 otryadining Martletlari esa ularning orqasida.

Keyin u Sharqiy flotga rasmiy ravishda tayinlandi va Durbanda qisqa muddatli ta'mirdan so'ng suzib ketdi Kolombo, Seylon va "Kontr-Admiral" samolyot tashuvchilarining, Sharqiy flotining, uning sobiq sardori Denis Boydning flagmani bo'ldi.[67] Avgust oyining boshlarida kema "Stab" operatsiyasida qatnashdi Andaman orollari amerikaliklar bo'lganida yaponlarni chalg'itish uchun Guadalkanal orolini bosib olish Tinch okeanining janubida.[68] Kapitan Robert Kanliff 22 avgust kuni Talbottni yengillashtirdi.[3] 10 sentyabr kuni aviatashuvchi ochilgan amfibiya qo'nish joyini yopib qo'ydi "Jeynni soddalashtirish" operatsiyasi, Madagaskarning qolgan qismini ishg'ol qilish va qo'nish Tamatave sakkiz kundan keyin, ammo jiddiy qarshilikka duch kelmadi va uning samolyotlariga ehtiyoj qolmadi. Ushbu operatsiya uchun u 806 otryadning 6 ta Fulmarini, 881 ta eskadroning 23 ta Martletini va 810 va 829 ta eskadronlarning 18 ta qilichbozini o'z ichiga olgan.[69]

Evropa suvlari

Fairey Firefly prototipi, Blackburn Firebrand prototipi bilan uchib ketmoqda, kemaga tushish paytida, 1943 yil fevral

Sharqiy flot qo'mondoni Admiral Sirning vidolashuvidan so'ng Jeyms Somervil 1943 yil 12-yanvarda, Xayolparast ertasi kuni uyga suzib ketdi. U 31-yanvar kuni o'z samolyotidan Gibraltarga uchib ketdi va besh kundan keyin u etib kelgan Klaydda davom etdi. U prototiplar uchun pastki-qo'nish sinovlarini o'tkazdi Blackburn Firebrand va Fairey Firefly jangchilar, shuningdek Fairey Barracuda 8 fevraldan 10 fevralgacha sho'ng'in / torpedo bombardimonchisi. 26-fevral kuni u Birkenhead-da 7 iyunga qadar davom etgan ta'mirni boshladi, uning parvozi yangi, yangi uzaytirildi radarlar o'rnatildi, uning engil zenit qurollari ko'paytirildi va ikkita yangi ushlagich simlari Orqa ko'targichning orqasiga o'rnatildi, bu uning samarali qo'nish maydonini oshirdi. Qayta tiklashdan so'ng u Martlet Vs va Barrakudalar uchun uchish sinovlarini o'tkazdi. Sinovlarning ikkala to'plami 18 iyulga qadar yakunlandi, shu vaqtga qadar Xayolparast uy flotiga qo'shilgan edi.[70]

26-iyul kuni u bu saralashni boshladi Norvegiya dengizi Operatsiya gubernatori tarkibida va harbiy kemada Anson, Amerika harbiy kemasi Alabama, va yorug'lik tashuvchisi Yakkashox, an attempt to fool the Germans into thinking that Sitsiliya was not the only objective for an Allied invasion. 810 Squadron was the only unit retained from her previous air group and it had been re-equipped with Barracudas during her refit. Her fighter complement was augmented by 878 va 890 Squadrons, each with 10 Martlet Vs, and 894 Squadron with 10 Seafire IICs. These latter aircraft lacked folding wings and could not fit on the lifts. The British ships were spotted by Blohm va Voss BV 138 flying boats and 890 Squadron shot down two of them before the fleet returned to Scapa Flow on 29 July. She transferred to Greenock at the end of the month and sailed on 5 August to provide air cover for the okean kemasi RMSQirolicha Maryam as she conveyed Bosh Vazir Uinston Cherchill uchun Kvebek konferentsiyasi. Once the convoy was out of range of German aircraft, the Xayolparast left the convoy and arrived back at Greenock on 8 August.[71]

Xayolparast steams into Grand Harbour, Valletta, Malta, October 1943

Bilan birga Yakkashox, she sailed for the Mediterranean on 13 August to prepare for the Salernoga qo'nish (Operation Avalanche), reaching Malta a week later. Her air group was reinforced at this time by four more Martlets each for 878 and 890 Squadrons. U tayinlandi Majburiy H for the operation which was tasked to protect the amphibious force from attack by the Italian Fleet and provide air cover for the carriers supporting the assault force. The Italians made no effort to attack the Allied forces, and the most noteworthy thing that any of her aircraft did was when one of 890 Squadron's Martlets escorted a surrendering Italian aircraft to Sicily. Oldin Xayolparast steamed for Malta she transferred six Seafires to the Yakkashox to replace some of the latter's aircraft wrecked in deck-landing accidents. Four of these then flew ashore to conduct operations until they rejoined Xayolparast on 14 September at Malta.[72]

She then returned to Britain on 18 October for a quick refit at Birkenhead that included further improvements to the flight deck and the reinforcement of her light anti-aircraft armament. She embarked the Barracudas of 810 and 847 Squadrons ning No. 21 Naval Torpedo-Bomber Reconnaissance Wing on 27 November before beginning her work up three days later. No. 15 Naval Fighter Wing with the Vought Corsairs of 1830 va 1833 Squadrons were still training ashore and flew aboard before the work up was finished on 27 December.[73]

Return to the Indian Ocean

Xayolparast (o'ngda) va Yakkashox (left) anchored in 1944

Xayolparast departed Britain on 30 December and arrived in Trinkomale, Ceylon, on 28 January 1944. She spent most of the next several months training although she participated in several sorties with the Eastern Fleet searching for Japanese warships in the Bengal ko'rfazi and near the coast of Sumatra. The fleet departed Trincomalee on 21 March to rendezvous with the American carrier Saratoga in preparation for combined operations against the Japanese facilities in the Dutch East Indies and the Andaman Islands. The first operation carried out by both carriers was an airstrike on the small naval base at Sabang at the northern tip of Sumatra (Kokpit operatsiyasi ). The carrier's air group consisted of 21 Barracudas and 28 Corsairs for the operation; Xayolparast launched 17 of the former escorted by 13 of the latter on the morning of 19 April. The American bombers attacked the shipping in the harbour while the British aircraft attacked the shore installations. The oil storage tanks were destroyed and the port facilities badly damaged by the Barracudas. There was no aerial opposition and the fighters claimed to have destroyed 24 aircraft on the ground. All British aircraft returned safely although one American fighter was forced to ditch during the return home.[74]

The Saratoga was ordered to depart for home for a refit by 19 May and Somerville wanted to mount one more attack as she was leaving the Indian Ocean. He chose the naval base and neftni qayta ishlash zavodi da Surabaya, Java (Transom operatsiyasi ), and the distance from the newly renamed East Indies Fleet's base at Ceylon required refuelling at Exmouth Fors ko'rfazi on the western coast of Australia before the attack. The necessity to attack from the south, across the full width of Java, meant that the target was outside the Barracuda's range and 810 and 847 Squadrons were replaced by the 18 Grumman Avengers ning 832 va 845 Squadrons missiya uchun. Early on the morning of 17 May, the ship launched all 18 Avengers, escorted by 16 Corsairs. One Avenger crashed on take-off and an American Avenger was shot down over the target; only one small ship was sunk, and little damage was done to the refinery. The Saratoga and her escorts separated after refuelling again in Exmouth Gulf and the East Indies Fleet was back in Trincomalee on 27 May where No. 21 Wing reembarked.[75]

On 10 June, the Xayolparast va eskort tashuvchisi Atheling put to sea to simulate another airstrike on Sabang as a means of distracting the Japanese while the Americans were attacking airfields in the Mariana orollari and preparing to invade the island of Saipan. For the planned attack on Port-Bler in the Andaman Islands in mid-June her air group was reinforced by the 14 Corsairs of 1837 Squadron; six Barracudas from No. 21 TBR Wing were landed to make room for the additional fighters. On 21 June, the ship launched 15 Barracudas and 23 Corsairs against the airfield and harbour of Port Blair. Two of the Barracudas were forced to return with engine trouble before the attack began and another was shot down over the target. In addition, one Corsair was forced to ditch; the pilot was rescued by a destroyer. Bad weather degraded the accuracy of the Barracudas and little damage was inflicted aside from a few aircraft destroyed on the ground and a few small craft sunk in the harbour. With over 50 aircraft airborne at one point, the British realised that a single deck accident might result in the loss of every aircraft in the air because there was no other carrier available to land aboard. The carrier and her escorts arrived back at Trincomalee on 23 June where 847 Squadron was merged into 810 Squadron a week later.[76]

Her sister ships, the Yengilmas va G'olib arrived at the end of June although only the latter's pilots were combat-ready. Kapitan Charlz Lambe was appointed as the new captain of the Xayolparast on 21 May, but he could not join his new ship until 9 July. Somerville decided to attack Sabang again (Qrimson operatsiyasi ), although the ships of the East Indies Fleet would bombard the port while the fighters from the Xayolparast va G'olib spotted for them and protected the fleet. As the Barracudas were needed only for anti-submarine patrols, the former embarked only nine while the latter ship flew off all her Barracudas. On the early morning of 25 July, Xayolparast launched 22 Corsairs for CAP and to observe the naval gunfire and take photos for post-attack damage assessments. The bombardment was very effective, sinking two small freighters, and severely damaging the oil storage and port facilities. One Corsair was shot down by Japanese flak although the pilot was rescued after ditching. As the fleet was withdrawing, Xayolparast's CAP intercepted and shot down a Nakajima Ki-43 (codenamed "Oscar" ) fighter and a Mitsubishi Ki-21 "Sally" medium bomber on reconnaissance missions. Later in the day her Corsairs intercepted 10 Ki-43s and shot down two of them while driving off the remainder. After arriving in Trincomalee, 1837 Squadron was transferred to the G'olib.[77]

On 30 July, she sailed for Durban to begin a refit that lasted from 15 August to 10 October and arrived back at Trincomalee on 1 November. 810 Squadron and its Barracudas were transferred off the ship the next day and were later replaced by the Avengers of 854 Squadron. For the next six weeks she carried out an intensive flying regime in preparation for the next operations against the Japanese together with the other carriers of the fleet. On 22 November she was assigned to the newly formed Britaniya Tinch okean floti (BPF), commanded by Admiral Sir Bryus Freyzer.[78] U tayinlangan 1st Aircraft Carrier Squadron (1st ACS), commanded by Rear Admiral Sir Filipp Vian when he arrived at Colombo aboard the carrier Tinimsiz. A week later, Xayolparast va Yengilmas sortied to attack an oil refinery at Pangkalan Brandan, Sumatra (Outflank operatsiyasi ); the former's airgroup now consisted of 36 Corsairs of 1830 and 1833 Squadrons and 21 Avengers of 857 Squadron. When the aircraft approached the target on the morning of 20 December, it was obscured by clouds so they diverted to the secondary target of the port at Belawan Deli. It was partially obscured by clouds and heavy qichqiriqlar so the attacking aircraft had only moderate success, setting some structures on fire and destroying several aircraft on the ground.[79]

On 16 January 1945 the BPF sailed for its primary base in the Pacific Ocean, Sidney, Avstraliya. En route, the carriers of the 1st ACS attacked Palembang on 24 January and 29 January (Meridian operatsiyasi ). Xayolparast's air group consisted of 32 Corsairs and 21 Avengers by now and she contributed 12 of her Avengers and 16 Corsairs to the first attack, which destroyed most of the oil storage tanks and cut the refinery's output by half for three months. Five days later, the BPF attacked a different refinery and the ship launched 12 Avengers and 12 Corsairs. The attack was very successful at heavy cost; between the two air operations, her squadrons lost five Corsairs to enemy flak or fighters and one due to a mechanical problem on take-off as well as three Avengers to enemy action. Her Corsairs claimed four enemy aircraft shot down as did one Avenger pilot who claimed victory over a Nakajima Ki-44 "Tojo" fighter. The fleet's fire discipline was poor when it was attacked by seven Japanese bombers shortly after the strike aircraft began landing. The attackers were all shot down, but two shells fired by either Yengilmas or the battleship Qirol Jorj V urdi Xayolparast, killing 12 and wounding 21 men.[80]

Service in the Pacific Ocean

The main strength of the BPF in anchored in San Pedro Bay, April 1945. Xayolparast is the second-closest ship to the photographer in the background left column.

She arrived on 10 February and repairs began when she entered the Captain Cook Dock in the Garden Island Dockyard the next day, well before it was officially opened by the Gloucester gersogi, Avstraliya general-gubernatori on 24 March.[81] By this time the vibration problems with her centre propeller shaft, which had never been properly repaired after she was bombed at Malta, were so bad that the propeller was removed and the shaft locked in place, reducing her maximum speed to 24 knots.[9] On 6 March she sailed to the BPF's advance base at Manus oroli and, after her arrival a week later, Xayolparast va uning singillari Yengilmas va G'olib, as well as the carrier Tinimsiz, exercised together before sailing for Ulithi 18 mart kuni. The BPF joined the American Beshinchi flot there two days later, under the designation Task Force 57 (TF 57), to participate in the preliminary operations for the Okinavani bosib olish (Operation Iceberg). The British role during the operation was to neutralise airfields on the Sakishima orollari, between Okinawa and Formosa, beginning on 26 March. Her air group now consisted of 36 Corsairs, 16 Avengers and two Supermarine morrus flying boats for rescue work.[82]

Kamikaze attack on Xayolparast on 6 April
The only visible damage from the kamikaze hit

From 26 March to 9 April, the BPF attacked the airfields with each two-day period of flying operations followed by two or three days required to replenish fuel, ammunition and other supplies. While the precise details on activities of the carrier's squadrons are not readily available, it is known that the commanding officer of 854 Squadron was forced to ditch his Avenger on the morning of 27 March with the loss of both his crewmen; he was ultimately rescued that evening by an American submarine. On the afternoon of 6 April, four kamikaze aircraft evaded detection and interception by the CAP, and one, a Yokosuka D4Y 3 "Judy" dive bomber, attacked Xayolparast in a steep dive. The light AA guns managed to sever its port wing so that it missed the ship, although its starboard wingtip shattered the Type 272's radome mounted on the front of the bridge. When the 1,000-kilogram (2,200 lb) bomb that it was carrying detonated in the water only 50 feet (15.2 m) from the side of the ship, the resulting shock wave badly damaged two Corsairs parked on the deck and severely shook the ship. The initial damage assessment was that little harm had been done, although vibrations had worsened, but this was incorrect as the damage to the hull structure and plating proved to be extensive. Vice Admiral Sir Bernard Roulings, commander of Task Force 57, ordered the recently arrived Qo'rqinchli to join the task force to replace Xayolparast 8 aprelda. In the meantime, she continued to conduct operations with the rest of the fleet. On 12 and 13 April, the BPF switched targets to airfields in northern Formosa and her sister joined the task force on 14 April. Since the beginning of the operation, her aircraft had flown 234 offensive and 209 defensive sorties, claiming at least two aircraft shot down. Her own losses were two Avengers and three Corsairs lost in action and one Avenger and six Corsairs due to non-combat causes.[83]

A Corsair has bounced over the aft safety barrier and is about to strike the island, 13 April 1945

Qo'rqinchli's arrival allowed Rawlings to order Xayolparast to the advance base in San-Pedro ko'rfazi, ichida Filippinlar, for a more thorough inspection. She arrived on 16 April and the examination by divers revealed that some of her outer plating was split and that some transverse frames were cracked. The facilities there could provide only emergency repairs, enough to allow her to reach the bigger dockyard in Sydney. Task Force 57 arrived in San Pedro Bay on 23 April for a more thorough replenishment period and Xayolparast transferred aircraft, spares, stores, and newly arrived pilots to the other carriers before sailing for Sydney on 3 May. She arrived on 14 May and departed 10 days later, bound for Rozit for permanent repairs. 854 Squadron was disembarked while at Sydney, but the carrier kept her two Corsair squadrons until after arriving in the UK on 27 June.[84]

Urushdan keyingi martaba

On 31 July Captain W. D. Stephens relieved Lambe. The end of the war several weeks later meant that there was no longer any urgency in refitting the Xayolparast in time to participate in the invasion of the Yaponiyaning uy orollari and the Admiralty decided that she would become the Home Fleet training and trials carrier. Her catapult was upgraded to handle heavier aircraft, her flight deck was further improved, and her radar suite was modernized. She began her postrefit trials on 24 June 1946 and flying trials the following month. She relieved Tantana as the trials carrier in August and conducted trials on Firefly FR.4s, Firebrand TF.4s, de Havilland Sea Mosquitoes va de Havilland Sea Vampires over the next several months. Kapitan Ralf Edvards relieved Stephens on 7 January 1947.[85]

Prototip Supermarine Attacker bortda Xayolparast, October 1947

On 1 February, she joined the other ships of the Home Fleet as they rendezvoused with the battleship Avangard, which was serving as the qirollik yaxtasi to escort Qirol Jorj VI as he set out for the first royal tour of South Africa. Over the next several months she conducted deck-landing practice for Avenger and Seafire pilots before starting a short refit on 2 April. After the tour's conclusion on 12 May, she sailed for Scottish waters for more deck-landing practice with the destroyer Raketa u kabi planeguard. On 18 July she rendezvoused with the Home Fleet to participate in manoeuvres before George VI reviewed the fleet on 22–23 July. The King and Queen inspected Xayolparast and her crew, as did Prime Minister Klement Attlei va uning rafiqasi. Afterwards, she was opened for visits by the public before returning to Portsmut. En route she served as the centrepiece of a convoy-defence exercise as the RAF successfully "attacked" the convoy. After summer leave for her crew, she resumed deck-landing trials in September and October,[86] including the initial trials of the prototype Supermarine Attacker jet-powered fighter in the latter month.[87] In November the government accelerated the demobilisation of some National Servicemen and almost 2,000 men serving in the Mediterranean became eligible for release. They had to be replaced by men from the UK so Xayolparast ferried the replacements to Malta, sailing on 21 November and returning on 11 December to Portsmouth.[88]

She was refitted and modernised from January to August 1948. Captain John Hughes-Hallett relieved Edwards on 14 June. The ship was recommissioned in early September. While at anchor in Portland Harbour on 17 October, one of her boats foundered 50 yards (46 m) short of the ship in heavy weather; 29 men lost their lives.[89] Xayolparast resumed her duties in early 1949 and conducted trials and training for Avengers, Fireflies, Gloster Meteors, de Havilland Sea Hornets, Vampires and Seafires. On 10 June Hughes-Hallet was relieved by Captain Eric Clifford. During a severe gale in late October, the ship aided the small coastal steamer SSYewpark that had lost power. The weather was too bad for Xayolparast to rescue the steamer's crew, but she pumped fuel oil overboard to flatten the seas until a tug arrived to rescue the ship on 27 October. On 2 May 1950, she arrived at Birkenhead to commemorate the launch of the new carrier Ark Royal the following day with the Admirallikning birinchi lordidir, Jorj Xoll, 1-Viscount Hall, aboard. A Hawker dengizining g'azabi crashed while landing on 15 May, killing the pilot and two members of the deck crew. The prototype of the turboprop - kuchga ega Fairey Gannet anti-submarine aircraft made its first carrier landing aboard on 16 June. This event was also the first landing of any turboprop aircraft aboard an aircraft carrier.[90]

A Supermarine 510 landing aboard, November 1950

Captain S. H. Carlill assumed command on 24 June and the Xayolparast resumed deck-landing training. On 8 and 9 November the Supermarine 510 research aircraft made the first ever landings by a swept-wing aircraft aboard a carrier. This aircraft was one of the ancestors of the Supermarine Swift qiruvchi. A month later the ship began a four-month refit and hosted the first carrier landing of the de Havilland Sea Venom on 9 July 1951. Later in the month she hosted the Sea Furies of 802 and the Fireflies of 814 Squadrons for Exercise Winged Fleet. Captain C. T. Jellicoe relieved Carlill on 27 August and the ship ferried 10 Fireflies of 814 Squadron to Malta beginning on 1 October. She exchanged them for Firebrands for the return voyage. On 3 November she began loading the 39th Infantry Brigade ning 3-piyoda diviziyasi in response to the riots in Cyprus that broke out when Egypt abrogated the 1936 yildagi Angliya-Misr shartnomasi. She set sail two days later and arrived at Famagusta 11-noyabr kuni. She returned to Portsmouth on 19 November and began loading the 45th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, the 1st Battalion, Sovuq oqim oqsoqoli, va Bedfordshir va Xertfordshir polklari ikki kundan keyin. Xayolparast set sail on 23 November and reached Famagusta on 29 November. She returned to Portsmouth on 7 December and she did not leave harbour until 30 January 1952 when she resumed her customary role as a training ship.[91]

After a brief refit in early 1952, she participated in Exercise Castanets off the Scottish coast in June and hosted 22,000 visitors during Navy Days at Devonport Royal Dockyard in August. On 1 September she hosted No. 4 Squadron and No. 860 Squadrons, Royal Netherlands Naval Aviation Service (RNNAS) for training, as well as 824 Squadron. Between the three squadrons they had 20 Fireflies and 8 Sea Furies when they participated in the major NATO exercise Main Brace later in the month. Jellicoe was relieved by Captain R. D. Watson on 26 September and Xayolparast resumed training until 9 December when her crew was granted leave and the ship began a refit. She next put to sea on 24 April 1953 for trials and did not resume training pilots until the following month. She was reunited with the four other carriers that served with the BPF for the first time since the war for the Coronation Fleet Review ning Qirolicha Yelizaveta II on 15 June at Spithead. The following day, the Fireflies of No. 4 Squadron, RNNAS and 824 Squadron landed aboard for more deck-landing training. During September she participated in Exercise Mariner with three British squadrons of Fireflies and Sea Furies and a Dutch Squadron of Avengers. The ship resumed flying training off the north coast of Scotland in October for two weeks, but she spent most of the rest of the year on trials of the new mirror-landing system that automated the process of landing aircraft aboard. Xayolparast began her final maintenance period at Devonport Royal Dockyard on 10 December. Captain K. A. Short relieved Watson on 28 December. The refit was completed by the end of January 1954 and she resumed her normal role. The ship completed 1,051 deck landings and steamed 4,037 nautical miles (7,477 km; 4,646 mi) by April. She made her first foreign port visit in many years at Le Havr, France, on 20–22 March, where 13,000 people came aboard. After another round of flying operations, she visited Trondxaym, Norway, on 19 June. During 12 days of training in September, she completed 950 daytime and nighttime arrested landings and 210 helicopter landings. She conducted her last landings on 3 December and arrived at Devonport four days later to begin ishdan chiqarish. Xayolparast was paid off at the end of February 1955 and she was towed to Gareloch and placed in zaxira. She was sold on 3 November 1956 and broken up in early 1957.[92] A model of HMS Illustrious in 1940is on display at the Monaco Naval Museum.[93] Another model of Illustrious in her late-war appearance is at the Fleet Air Arm muzeyi yilda RNAS Yeovilton.[94]

Squadrons embarked

An Avenger being prepared to be "bombed up", May 1944, for the attack on Soerabaya, Java
A torpedo being loaded onto a Swordfish
A Seafire being prepared for trials with RATOG kuchaytirgichlar
OtryadSamolyotlar ishlatilganEmbarked (from – to)Izohlar
802Hawker dengizining g'azabiJuly – August 1951–[95]
806Blekbern Skua
Fairey Fulmar
Grumman F4F Wildcat		11 June 1940 – 11 Jan 1941
29 May–19 October 1942		–[96]
810Fairey qilichbozi
Fairey Barracuda		2–8 December 1941
10 March 1942 –
1944 yil 2-noyabr		–[97]
815Fairey qilichbozi
Grumman TBF Qasoskor		11 June 1940 – 10 January 1941
17 September – 14 October 1954		–[98]
819Fairey qilichbozi11 June 1940 – 10 January 1941Tugatildi[99]
829Fairey Albacore
Fairey qilichbozi		2–8 December 1941
7 March – 21 September 1942		Tugatildi[100]
832Grumman TBF Qasoskor3–25 May 1944–[101]
845Grumman TBF Qasoskor3–27 May 1944–[102]
847Fairey Barracuda28 November 1943 – 18 June 1944–[103]
854Grumman TBF Qasoskor1 December 1944 – 18 May 1945–[104]
878Grumman F4F Wildcat8 June–18 October 1943–[105]
881Grumman F4F Wildcat
Fairey Fulmar		15 March 1942 – 18 February 1943–[106]
882Grumman F4F Wildcat22 March–7 September 1942Merged into 881 Squadron[107]
890Grumman F4F Wildcat14 June–19 October 1942–[108]
894Supermarine Seafire II24 July–24 August 1943
20 September–18 October 1943		–[109]
1830Vought F4U Corsair9 December 1943 – 28 July 1945Tugatildi[110]
1833Vought F4U Corsair22 December 1943 – 28 July 1945Tugatildi[111]
1837Vought F4U Corsair10 June 1944 – 27 July 1944Transferred to HMS G'olib[112]

Izohlar

  1. ^ "Round downs" were places at the ends of the flight deck that were faired into the hull; they were generally not usable by aircraft or equipment because they were not level.
  2. ^ Garchi Xayolparast's hangar must have been full, the Sea Gladiator had fixed wings and could not be struck below, as they were too large for the lifts.[36]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Lenton, p. 713
  2. ^ a b Lyon, front endpaper
  3. ^ a b McCart, p. 46
  4. ^ Hobbs 2013, p. 83
  5. ^ a b Fridman, p. 366
  6. ^ a b Hobbs 2013, p. 89
  7. ^ a b v d Lyon, p. 233
  8. ^ Fridman, p. 134
  9. ^ a b v Lyon, p. 235
  10. ^ Brown 1977, p. 44; Fridman, p. 134; Hobbs 2013, pp. 84–85, 90
  11. ^ a b Hobbs 2013, p. 85
  12. ^ Lyon, p. 227
  13. ^ Fridman, p. 137; Hobbs 2013, p. 83
  14. ^ a b v Fridman, p. 147
  15. ^ Jons, p. 109
  16. ^ Fridman, p. 137; Hobbs 2013, p. 90
  17. ^ a b Hobbs 2013, p. 91
  18. ^ a b v d e Fridman, p. 148
  19. ^ Lyon, p. 221
  20. ^ Qarama-qarshilik, p. 170
  21. ^ Fridman, p. 139
  22. ^ a b Hobbs 2013, p. 84
  23. ^ Hobbs 2013, p. 90
  24. ^ McCart, p. 11
  25. ^ Lyon, p. 218
  26. ^ Lyon, p. 218; McCart, p. 11
  27. ^ McCart, pp. 11–12
  28. ^ Brown 1971, p. 242
  29. ^ a b McCart, p. 14
  30. ^ Rohwer, p. 41
  31. ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara, pp. 77–78
  32. ^ a b McCart, p. 15
  33. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987b, p. 80
  34. ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 79
  35. ^ a b Brown, J. D., p. 45
  36. ^ a b v Brown 1971, p. 244
  37. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987b, pp. 82–83
  38. ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 80
  39. ^ Stephen, pp. 41–43
  40. ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 81
  41. ^ Stephen, p. 42–43
  42. ^ McCart, p. 16; Stephen, pp. 43–44
  43. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987b, p. 84
  44. ^ Rohwer, p. 50
  45. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987b, p. 95
  46. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987a, pp. 130–31
  47. ^ Rohwer, p. 52
  48. ^ Gustavsson & Slongo, p. 93
  49. ^ McCart, p. 17
  50. ^ Smit, p. 218
  51. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987b, pp. 104–105, 108–110
  52. ^ a b Brown 1971, p. 246; Brown, J. D., p. 48; Fridman, p. 147; Hobbs 2013, p. 90; McCart, pp. 17, 19; Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987b, pp. 110–111, 114–115
  53. ^ a b v Preliminary Design Branch, Bureau of Ships (22 July 1942). "Bomb Damage to British Naval Vessels: Summary of Damage by Bombs to September 2, 1941" (PDF). ibiblio.org. United States Navy Department. pp. B6–9. Olingan 2 iyun 2014.
  54. ^ Fridman, p. 147; Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987b, pp. 122–123, 126
  55. ^ Brown, J. D., p. 48
  56. ^ McCart, p. 19
  57. ^ Hobbs 2013, p. 90; Lyon, p. 224
  58. ^ McCart, p. 20
  59. ^ Brown 1971, p. 246; McCart, p. 21
  60. ^ Brown 1971, p. 246; Hobbs 2013, p. 90
  61. ^ a b Jons, p. 108
  62. ^ Brown (1971), p. 246
  63. ^ a b Jones, pp. 106–110
  64. ^ Brown 1971; Brown, J. D., p. 76; Shores, pp. 279–283
  65. ^ "Bougainville (5615035)". Miramar kema indeksi. Olingan 4 avgust 2014.
  66. ^ Jons, p. 110
  67. ^ McCart, p. 22
  68. ^ Rohwer, p. 184
  69. ^ Brown, J.D., p. 76
  70. ^ Brown 1971, pp. 250–51; Jekson, p. 441; McCart, p. 23
  71. ^ Brown 1971, pp. 250, 254; McCart, p. 23; Rohwer, p. 260
  72. ^ Brown 1971, p. 254; Brown, J. D., 66–67; McCart, pp. 23–24
  73. ^ Brown 1971, p. 254; McCart, p. 24; Sturtivant, pp. 472–73
  74. ^ Brown 1971; pp. 254, 257; Brown, J. D., p. 80; McCart, pp. 25–26
  75. ^ Brown 1971, p. 257; Brown, J. D., p. 81, McCart, p. 26
  76. ^ Brown 1971, p. 257; Brown, J. D., p. 81; Hobbs 2013, p. 91; McCart, pp. 26–27; Sturtivant, p. 327
  77. ^ Brown 1971, p. 257; Brown, J. D., pp. 81–83; McCart, p. 27; Sturtivant, p. 417
  78. ^ McCart, p. 28; Sturtivant, p. 201
  79. ^ Brown 1971, pp. 257–58; Brown, J. D., pp. 83–84; McCart, p. 29
  80. ^ Brown 1971, p. 258; Brown, J. D., pp. 92–93; McCart, pp. 29–30
  81. ^ Hobbs 2011, pp. 108–09; McCart, p. 30
  82. ^ Hobbs 2011, pp. 127, 130–31; McCart, pp. 30, 32
  83. ^ Brown 1971, pp. 258–59, 261; Hobbs 2011, pp. 134, 136, 142–43, 145, 147; McCart, p. 32
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  85. ^ McCart, p. 34; Teylor, p. 336
  86. ^ McCart, pp. 35–37
  87. ^ Brown, Eric, p. 240
  88. ^ McCart, p. 37
  89. ^ "Pictures: Remembering the 29 men who drowned in HMS Illustrious liberty boat disaster".
  90. ^ McCart, pp. 37–40; Teylor, p. 361
  91. ^ McCart, pp. 40–42
  92. ^ Brown 1971, pp. 263–64; McCart, pp. 42–46
  93. ^ Cordery, Robert (Bob) (24 June 2016). "Ship models in the Monaco Naval Museum: Aircraft and Helicopter Carriers". Wargaming Miscellany. Olingan 30 may 2020.
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  95. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 169–70
  96. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 185–86
  97. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 198, 200–01
  98. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 226–27
  99. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 240–41
  100. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 286–87
  101. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 296–97
  102. ^ Sturtivant, p. 316
  103. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 326–27
  104. ^ Sturtivant, p. 346
  105. ^ Sturtivant, p. 354
  106. ^ Sturtivant, p. 362
  107. ^ Sturtivant, pp. 363–64
  108. ^ Sturtivant, p. 376
  109. ^ Sturtivant, p. 386
  110. ^ Sturtivant, p. 406
  111. ^ Sturtivant, p. 413
  112. ^ Sturtivant, p. 417

Bibliografiya

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