Routledge familiyasi tarixi XV-XVIII asrlar - History of Routledge surname 15th to 18th centuries
Routledge familiyasiga ega odamlar va uning ko'p sonli xilma-xil yozilishi dastlab Angliya Shotlandiya chegarasida yashagan tarixiy yozuvlarda uchraydi. Ushbu 400 yil davomida ko'plab beqaror voqealar har bir chegara oilasining turmush tarziga bevosita ta'sir ko'rsatdi: ijarachi fermerdan uy egasiga, chegara amaldorigacha. Chegarada yashovchilar, oddiy va aristokratlar ham, vaqti-vaqti bilan olib borilgan urushlar, zo'ravon diniy islohotlar va ocharchilik va o'lat davrida yashaganlar. Bunday doimiy stress ostida fuqarolik asosan feodal mulkchilikka asoslangan qishloq xo'jaligi jamiyatini buzdi. Ushbu muddat davomida qonunsizlik hukm surdi Chegara reiver (raider) odatdagi faoliyat sifatida chorva mollarini chayqash bilan shug'ullanadigan Routledge-ga kiritilgan 75 ga yaqin familiyani xarakterladi. Ko'plab Routledge erkaklar va ularning tengdoshlari qilich bilan yashagan va o'lganlar, chunki quyidagi xronologiya tasdiqlaydi. Tarix bu davrlarda boshdan kechirgan har qanday quvonch va zavqni tan olmasdan, ularning yomon ishlari va baxtsizliklarini qayd etdi. Oxir oqibat, ushbu qo'pol va tayyor Routledgeslarning ba'zilari zamonaviy dunyoning barcha qismlarida harakat qilish va rivojlanish uchun omon qolishdi. Quyida keltirilgan iqtibos manbalari ularni hayotlarini belgilaydigan va avlodlarga nasab yozgan qudratli kuchlar doirasida joylashtiradi.
XV asrda marshrut
Shotlandiyaning Roxburghshire shtatidagi Routledge va Duglas
Milodiy 1400 yil. Bugungi kunga qadar Routledge oilalari yashaganligi qayd etilgan Xavik va G'orlar, bilan bir qatorda joylashgan jamoalar Teviot daryosi, ko'pincha Teviotdale deb nomlanadi, Shotlandiyaning janubi-sharqiy qismida, Angliyaning Northumberland va Cumbria grafliklariga qo'shni. Dastlabki hujjatlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ular Duglas oilasining amaldorlari sifatida obro'li lavozimlarni egallashgan, aksariyat okruglarning hukmdorlari. Roksburgshir. Duglasning ikkita asosiy guruhi Shotlandiya siyosati va o'sha kunning ijtimoiy hayotiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi: "qora" deb nomlangan Duglazlar Duglasning graflari va boshchiligidagi "qizil" Duglazlar Angus graflari. Hozirgacha ochilgan hujjatlarga ko'ra, Routledges XV asr boshlarida "qora" Duglaslarning kursant baronlari bilan birlashtirildi.
Xuddi tarixiy yozuvlarda "Roxburgh" joy nomi juda ko'p yozilgani kabi - "Rokysburg" dan "Rocheburch" ga qadar.[1][2] xuddi shu xususiyatlar ko'pgina familiyalarga tegishli bo'lib, Routledge ham istisno emas. "Rutledge" ning odatda qabul qilingan alternativasidan tashqari yana bir qancha xayoliy shakllar paydo bo'ladi, masalan: Rootlige, Rutlage, Routleche, Rutliche, Routleidge, Rouchligis, Rudlege, Rowledge, Routelych, Rutley, Ratlish, Rookledge, Rowtledge, Routleach, Rouchelug, Rotheluge. , Rotheloige, Routlagh, Rowtlugh, faqat bir nechtasini nomlash uchun. ESLATMA: Ushbu xronologiya bo'yicha imlo asl hujjatdagi kabi berilgan.
Routledge, Duglas va Crouk yerlari
Milodiy 1429 yil. Uilyam Routlech, marhumning o'g'li Jon Rutlech, cherkovda joylashgan Crouk erlarining yarmiga bo'lgan huquqlarini iste'foga chiqardi Cavers, Shotlandiya chegaralari Martin Duglas nomidan Jeyms Duglas ismli "sharafli odamga". Hujjatda ta'kidlanishicha, Uilyam ushbu erlarga "birovning mehribonligi" bilan ega bo'lgan Jeyms Routlech, shuni anglatadiki, ushbu mazmundagi "mehribonlik" so'zi erni merosxo'rlik huquqi bilan yoki egasining do'stona ruxsati bilan egalik qilgan Routledge oilalarining oldingi avlodlariga tegishli.[3] Tranzaksiya "Parish cherkovi Kaverisda Tomas Ruterfurd, ser Jeyms Zung [Young?], Kanon, Orchartdagi Jon Skot, kattasi va yoshi va Tomas Runseman ishtirokida, 1429-30 yil 15 yanvarda" amalga oshirildi.[4] ESLATMA: Ba'zi tarixchilar bu sana noto'g'ri ko'rsatilgan deb ta'kidlashadi va 1429 yil emas, balki 1529 yil bo'lishi kerak.
Routledge, Duglas va Birkwood va Burnflat erlari
Milodiy 1433 yil. Dumlas Uilyam, Drumlanrig Lord, Feu Xartiyasini [vassal harbiy xizmat o'rniga pul yoki donni qaytarib beradigan erga feodal egalik qilish] ni berdi. Symon de Routluge Birkvud va Bernflat erlarini tavsiflovchi.[5][6] Ta'kidlash joizki, familiyadan oldin "de" dan foydalanish odatda ma'lum bir joyga ishora qiladi, ammo bunday joy topilmagan bo'lsa, yaqin atrofdagi "Roughley" bo'lmasa. Liddesdeyl. "Hawick Wordbook" ning muallifi Duglas Skottning so'zlariga ko'ra, Roughley - bu 1365 yildan boshlab, "Ermitajning sharqiy qismida, Roughley Bernning yonida" joylashgan "fermer xo'jaligi".[7] Dastlabki hujjatlarning g'alati yozilishini hisobga olgan holda, agar Roughley boshqa o'rta asr hujjatlariga o'xshash Routledge-ning transkripsiyasi yoki dialekt buzilishi ekanligi isbotlanmasa, bahslashish mumkin.
Milodiy 1453 yil. Simon Routledge u Kavillin ser Archibald Duglas, roks, roksburg sherifi oldida Kavillinj Jon Ternbule va Xavik burgerasi Robert Uayt o'rtasidagi qonuniy hujjatga guvoh bo'lgan ikki bayli [baron xodimi yoki shahar sudyasi] edi.[8]
Duglas graflarining yo'q bo'lib ketishi - Bukluch skotchlarining ko'tarilishi
Milodiy 1440 yil. 1400-yillarning o'rtalarida Shotlandiyaning buyuk er egalari orasida rashk va xiyonat avj oldi, er bo'ylab graflar va baronlar yosh shoh Jeyms II (1437-1460) ustidan hukmronlik qilishni rejalashtirmoqda. Ayniqsa, "qora" Duglaslar juda kuchli bo'lib o'sgan va 1440 yilda o'n olti yoshli Uilyam, Duglasning 6-grafligi va uchinchi Dyuk Turen (Frantsiya), aldanib qoldi Edinburg qal'asi faqat yolg'on bahona bilan uni qo'lga olish, sudlash va uning ukasi Dovud bilan birga boshini olish kerak edi.
Milodiy 1452 yil. Graf Duglas yana bir bor vahshiyona yakun topdi Duglasning 8-grafligi (1425-1452), taklif qilindi Stirling qal'asi qirol Jeyms bilan do'stona kechki ovqat uchun. Kechki ovqatdan so'ng qirol Uilyamdan tahdid deb hisoblangan zodagonlar bilan ba'zi ittifoqlarni bekor qilishni talab qildi. Uilyam rad etdi. G'azablanib, shoh xanjarni ushlab, qaysar vassalini pichoqlab o'ldirdi: "" Shunda u tugaydi ", - dedi qirol va u mehmoniga ikki marta pichoq urdi:" Ser Patrik Grey ... agar Duglas bo'lsa, xavfsiz qo'shnisi yo'q. ahvolga tushib qolishgan, kelib, uni bolta bilan urishgan va uning jasadi palataning derazasidan quyidagi kortga tashlangan. "[9]
Milodiy 1455. Duglasning 6-chi va 8-chi graflari o'ldirilganidan g'azab Duglas tarafdorlari o'rtasida ochiq isyonni keltirib chiqardi. Voqealar ushbu o'zgarishda Buccleuch Scotts o'z manfaatlarini ilgari surish imkoniyatidan foydalanganlar. Qarama-qarshi chegara qo'shinlarini yig'ish uchun ser Uolter Skott, uning o'g'li Devid va Kirkurdning qarindoshi Skotts qo'shildi. Jorj Duglas, Angusning 4-grafligi Duglasning "qizil" yo'nalishi boshlig'i bo'lgan va "qora" Duglas amakivachchalariga qarshi qirolni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun o'z sabablari bo'lgan. Umidsiz kurash Arkinxolm jangi 1455 yil 1 mayda (hozirgi Esk daryosidagi Langholm), natijada marshrutga olib keldi Jeyms Duglas, Duglasning 9-grafligi. 1455 yil iyun oyida u va uning merosxo'rlari musodara qilingan deb e'lon qilindi va qirolning tarafdorlari, shu jumladan Angus va Skott Roxburg va Selkirkdagi erlarining katta qismini egallab olishdi.[10] Routledgesning ushbu voqealarga qanday mos tushganiga oid dalillar hali topilmadi, ammo ular o'zlarining feodallari sifatida Qora Duglas fraktsiyasi bilan birga yurishgan deb taxmin qilish mumkin.
Milodiy 1464 yil. 6 fevral kuni, Routlaghlik Simon "Seysin cholg'usi" ga [egalik qilishiga] guvoh bo'lib, "Dilsinstonning lirasi, Roksburg sherifi, bu qismda qirolning patent xatlari bilan maxsus ko'rsatilgan Anislli Jon, Dovglas Arxibaldi bilan o'zaro bog'lanish orqali seysin va merosxo'rlik holatini berganligini tasdiqlaydi. Baronlik podsholigi barcha erlaridan foydalanish uchun tuproq, yog'och va tosh Caverys, Roksburg sherifiyati idorasi bilan birgalikda. Hozirda Dovglaslik Jeyms, Djeyms Skot, Dovglaslik Jorj, Kaverrius qasrida amalga oshirildi. Routlaghlik Simon egquires va boshqalar. "[11]
Milodiy 1484 yil. 19 oktyabrda Simonem Rowtlugh Jeyms Duglasning otasi, Drumlangriglik Uilyam Duglasning merosxo'ri sifatida Xavik baronida bo'lganida, "orqaga qaytish" ga [qaytishiga] guvoh bo'lgan erkaklar ro'yxatida edi.[12]
Milodiy 1508. Devid Routledge, serjando (ehtimol qal'a amaldori uchun lotinlashtirilgan atama) Liddesdeyl lordasi Bottvellning (Graf Adam Adam) ikkinchi grafligi uchun guvoh bo'lgan. Duglazz 1491 yilgacha Liddesdeylda bo'lgan Archibald Duglas, Angusning 5-grafligi (1449-1513), Xepberns ustidan lordlik iste'foga.[13]
Milodiy 1511. Mathew Routledge Hawick shahrida ritsar bo'lgan Drumlanark (Drumlanrig) dan Uilyam Dowglasning "Sasine" (feodal mulkni etkazib berish) guvohi bo'lgan.[14]
Milodiy 1512 yil. Jedburgda 14 yanvar 1512-13 kunlari Devid Routlej "Drumlanrig ritsari va Xavik baronining lordi Uilyam Duglasning Xartikka guvohi bo'lgan. Shotlandiyaning buyuk palatasi Aleksandr Lord Xomga, Xavik baronidagi Bredli erlarini va Roksburgning sherifiyligini bergan va sotgan. Granterda ushlab turilishi kerak. va uning merosxo'rlari Yozning o'rtalarida qizil atirgulning porloq burchini bajarganlar. Guvohlar, Fernneyhirstdan Endryu Ker, Makerstuondagi Endryu Makdovol, Uilyam Meytlend, Uilyam Skot, Devid Routlej va Jeyms Bler. "[15]
Milodiy 1512 yil. Devid Routlesche Kavverisdan Jeyms Duglas tomonidan boshqarilgan seizin [egalik qilish] bo'yicha ko'rsatma [guvohi] Devid Routlesche, Endryu Krenstoun va boshqalar uning sudyalari (sud ijrochilari) Uilyam Krenstunga merosxo'r seizinni berishdi, shu singari, ritsar, umuman Denter (Denxolm) va boshqa har xil erlar uchun granterning dominik erlari bo'lgan o'n funtlik erlar. oldingi qismida, Roxburghning Kavers va Shire baronida, bu erlar meros qilib aytilgan Uilyamga tegishli edi. "[11]
Milodiy 1514 yil. Ingliz reyderlari Xavikka hujum qilishdi, ammo shahar yoshlari ularni yo'q qilishdi. Taxmin qilinishicha Yo'nalishlar, tarixchi Robert Uilson aytganidek, "inglizlarning talon-taroj qilingan partiyasi, keyingi yil Flodden jangi [1513] Teviotni talon-taroj qilish uchun chiqardi ... Floddenning eslashlari odamlarning qasosini yanada kuchaytirdi ... 200 ga yaqin qaysar erkaklar ... ingliz talonchilarini Gavikdan ikki chaqirim pastda, Trovda kutib olishdi, u erda umidsiz to'qnashuv sodir bo'ldi. Bayroq bilan qirqqa yaqin dushman kutilmaganda kutilmaganda ... butunlay qirg'in boshlandi. Bayroqni olib, deyarli bir askar qochib qutuldi. Ushbu rang yoki uning emblemasi shu vaqtdan beri burg mulkining yurishlari atrofida "Common Riding" da olib borilgan. "[16]
Milodiy 1537. Drumlanrigdan Jeyms Duglas yo'qolgan avvalgi o'rnini almashtirish va yer taqsimotini tasdiqlovchi Xavik shahri uchun yangi nizomni buyurdi. Xartiyada ko'rsatilgan Hawick fuqarolari bittasini o'z ichiga olgan Devid Rutlethe yoki Routlach "sakkiz partikrat" olganlar, [bitta zarracha = Shotlandiya akrining to'rtdan bir qismi],[17] hajmi bo'yicha 11 ta zarrachani olgan Uilyam Skottdan ikkinchi o'rinda turadi. Ushbu nizom muhim ahamiyatga ega, chunki u ushbu davrda hukmronlik qilgan mentalitet tufayli "vassal" huquqlar "xavfli" bo'lgan davrda yozilgan. Keyinchalik Hawick korporatsiya bo'lganida, Xartiya mulk huquqining "o'lchovi" ga aylandi.[18]
Routledge va Buckleuchning Skotti
Milodiy 1446. Bukluchlik ser Valter Skott Arkinxolm jangidagi qarama-qarshilikdan taxminan 10 yil oldin hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarilishi uchun muhim bitim tuzgan edi. 1446 yilda u yarmini ushlab turdi Branxolm, Hawick Roxburgh janubi-g'arbiy qismida 3 milya joylashgan Teviotdale ko'chmas mulki. Ser Uolter o'z egalik huquqini Branxolmning boshqa yarmiga Tomas Inglis bilan er almashinuvi orqali kengaytirdi. Skott o'z erlarini Murthoustun [Murtokston] va Xertvodni baroniga topshirdi. Ikkalasi ham Lanarkshir va Inglisdan Roksburg shirasidagi Xavik baronidagi Overxarvod yerlarining to'rtdan bir qismi bilan Todsavxil, Todsavxauch, Goldilendis, Kuxitlav [Oq Utilov] va Kuxitergdagi erlarni oldi.
Routledge, Skott va Branxolm mulki
Milodiy 1447. Ayni paytda boshqa bir tomon Branxholm ko'chmas mulkiga qiziqish bildirgan. Bittasi Symonis de Routluge uning rafiqasi Margaret Kuzin yoki Kuzin orqali "Kusingislend" deb nomlangan qismni egallagan va Skott Teviotdeyldagi yirik mulkdor sifatida o'z mavqeini mustahkamlashni istagan. Qizig'i shundaki, ushbu nizomda sotib olish miqdori haqida hech qanday ma'lumot berilmagan, bu keyinchalik biron bir nusxada olingan nusxa bo'lishi mumkinligi taxmin qilinmoqda.[19][20][21]
Routledge, Scott va Birkwood va Burnflat Estates
Milodiy 1448 yil. Routlugning simoni Hawick uchun "bailie" [munitsipal ofitser yoki magistrat] bo'lib xizmat qilgan va 1433 yildan beri u erda ser Uolter Skott ilgari Margaret va Simon de Routlug tomonidan egallab olingan Branxolm erlaridan tashqari sotib olishga qaror qilgan Birkvud va Bernflat erlarini egallab olgan. Mulkni topshirishning harajatlari, shartlari va shartlari ko'rsatilmagan, ammo shunga muvofiq 1494 yilda sodir bo'lgan voqealar bilan kelishuv o'zaro do'stona munosabatda bo'lmasligi mumkin.[22][23]
Routledge va Liddesdale Shotlandiya, Angliya Bewcastle
Milodiy 1480-yillar. Esa Qirol Jeyms III Shotlandiyalik (1451-1488) o'zining doimiy isyonkor dvoryanlari ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolish uchun kurash olib borgan, uning ukasi Albani Dyuk Aleksandr va surgun qilingan Duglas grafligi Angliyada fitna uyushtirgan. Qirol Edvard IV (1442-1483) o'z isyonlari bilan kurashgan. The Atirgullar urushi Yorkist va Lankastriya fraktsiyalari o'rtasida gavjum Plantaganet Angliya / Shotlandiya chegarasining ikkala tomonida notinch aholi o'rtasida paydo bo'ladigan davriy janglardan qat'iy nazar sulola.
Shu vaqt ichida qirol Edvardning ukasi Richard (1452-1485) Gloucester gersogi va undan keyin Qirol Richard III, 1471 yilda Angliyaning shimoliy hududlarini boshqarish, shu jumladan 1471 yilda Angliya G'arbiy martining boshlig'i va qadimiy qal'a shahri gubernatori lavozimiga tayinlangan. Karlisl, Kumbriya da yaqin qirollik mulklari bilan birga Bewcastle va Nicholforest. Bundan tashqari, Gloucester Shotlandiyada Eskdeyl, Annandeyl, Vauchopedeyl, Klydesdeyl va ayniqsa Shotlandiya hududini o'z qo'liga olishi mumkin bo'lgan taqdirda "bufer davlatini" yaratishga ruxsat olgan. Liddesdeyl ko'plab shafqatsiz chegara reydchilari yashagan joyda. Liddesdeyl va uning dahshatli qal'asi, Ermitaj qasri, Hawikdan 20 mil janubi-sharqda joylashgan. Qariyb ikki asrlik transchegaraviy siyosiy fitna va tartibsizliklarni ko'rgandan so'ng, u erda yashovchilar u yoki bu shohga nisbatan sodiq emas edilar. Chegarachilar, jumladan, ba'zilari Yo'nalishlar, qaysi tomon ularning hozirgi ehtiyojlariga mos kelsa, ularga sodiqlikni va'da qiladi.
Milodiy 1485 yil. Dalil sifatida olingan depozitlar 1538 yilda, a Bewcastle er mojarosi, buni ko'rsating Katbert va Jon Rutlj Angliya uchun Gloucesterning yer sotib olish taklifi bilan aldangan edi, buni Kirkbekmutlik 80 yoshli Jeyms Nobl va boshqalar tasdiqlagan.
. . .Liddisdeyllar Angliyaga kirib, Karlda qirol Richardga qasamyod qilganlarida .60 yil "bipast" ... Ser Richard Ratkliff va yana uch kishi, qirol Richardning komissarlari, Bevastlning barcha erlarini Katbert va Jon Rutlj, Robert Elvald va Jerar Nayxon... shuningdek, aytilgan qal'a va unga tegishli barcha erlar. . .Uning so'zlariga ko'ra to'rt kishi Lord Dakraga yoki boshqa hech kimga ijara haqi to'lamagan, balki "qirolning urushlarini saqlab qolish va chegaralarni saqlab qolish" uchun.[24]
Routledge, Duglas, Scott janjallari
Milodiy 1494. Shotlandiyalik Bucleuch, Duglas va ularning vassallaridan mahrum bo'lgan graflardan keyingi o'n yilliklarda juda yaxshi natijalarga erishgan edi. Duglas va Rutlutning ba'zi avlodlari o'zlarining erlarini yo'qotib qo'yganlaridan g'azablanib kuyishgan deb taxmin qilishadi. Bu shafqatsiz davrlar edi, raqib klanlar nizolarni jazolash bilan, hatto qotil reydlar bilan hal qilar edilar. Shunday qilib, 1494 yilda Buccleuch manor uyi Trowisda (Xavik yaqinidagi joyda) Simon Rutlaj tomonidan bosqin qilingan va yoqib yuborilgan, uning o'g'li Metyu va ularning sheriklari "mollar, otlar va qo'ylarni olib tashlagach, qasrni talon-taroj qilib, uni o'rnatdilar. olov. " Ehtimol, bu bosqinchilar Uilyam Duglasning buyrug'i bilan yoki ehtimol uning marhamatiga binoan borgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ikkala oila ham keyinchalik sud oldida birgalikda paydo bo'lishgan. Ular "Justice Air" ning oldiga kelish uchun chaqirilgan Jedburg va "Hornyshole'dan Duglas Uilyam [Hornshole] shikastlangan tomonni qondirish uchun kafil bo'ldi."
1000 nafar Shotlandiyalik "merks" ga etkazilgan zararni talab qilib, bukluxlik vafot etgan Devid Skottning nabirasi Valter Skott 1494 yil 25-iyunda "beshta ot va dovon, qirq kye va" yo'qolgani uchun "depredatorlar" ga qarshi "dekret" oldi. buqalar, qirq qo'ylar, 40 funt sterlinggacha bo'lgan uy-ro'zg'or buyumlari, ikkita oziq-ovqat mahsuloti, 30 ta tuz martisi, 80 ta tosh pishloq va sariyog 'va ikkita buqa. " Keyinchalik, 11-oktabrda Lordlar Kengashi "Valter Skottga tovarlarning foydasi va 1000 ta merksgacha etkazilganligi va partiyaga ularning qasamyodlarini eshitishlari to'g'risida ogohlantirilishini isbotlash uchun tayinlandi." . (Acta Dominorum Concilii, 338-bet)[25]
Milodiy 1501 yil. Bu vaqtga kelib, hech bo'lmaganda bitta Routledge oilasi nizolarni qasoskor usullar bilan hal qilishni yaxshi bilar edi va agar ularning ismi dalil bo'lsa, ular ehtimol Hawick va Branxolmning barcha erlarini yo'qotib yuborgan Simon Routledge avlodlari edi. Buccleuch Scotts 1400-yillarning o'rtalarida. In Shotlandiya pul mablag'lari Mathei Routlich, Jakobi Routlich, Yoxannis Routlich va Simonis Routlich 25 kishidan iborat bo'lgan, asosan, rezerfordlik erkaklar, ba'zi bir buzg'unchiliklar uchun jarimalar ko'paygan va Cessforddan Valter Ker va Mellostanisdan Genri Xaitlga ayblangan. Ko'rinib turibdiki, Ker va Xeytl, uy egalari sifatida, ijarachilarining jinoyati uchun "kafil" bo'lishlari shart edi. Maxsus jinoyatlar oshkor qilinmaydi, ammo bu davrga xos bo'lgan ko'plab klanlararo janjallardan biri bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin.[26]
Milodiy 1510 yil. Ayrim Routledges-ning Skottlar Bukklyuchga qarshi g'azabini saqlaganligi haqida yana bir dalil kuchli Buccleuch klaniga hujum qilish uchun o'z sabablari bo'lgan bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan Jon Dalgleyshning ayblovi orqali kelib chiqadi. Jon Dalglese [Dalgleish] "xoinlik bilan olib kelinganlik uchun" ayblanmoqda Qora Jon Roucleche va uning sheriklari, Levenning xiyonatkorlari [Line River, Angliya Bekskasl], Branxhamni yoqish va otlar, ho'kizlar, don va boshqa mollarni bid'at qilish [talon-taroj qilish], [??] markisgacha va ... Va u tomonlarni qondirish uchun kafolat topolmagani uchun, u [Jon Dalgleish] qirq kun sherif tomonidan nazorat qilinishi kerakligi to'g'risida hukm chiqarildi; va agar u shu vaqt ichida kafillikni topa olmasa, uni osib qo'yish kerak.[27]
XVI asrdagi marshrut
Milodiy 1510 yildan 1530 yilgacha. Raqobat guruhlari go'dakni nazorat qilish uchun kurashdilar Shotlandiya qiroli Jeyms V (1512-1542) va o'tgan asrda bo'lgani kabi, Duglazzlar ham yakuniy kuchga intilishgan: 1514 yilda, eri Jeyms IV vafotidan bir yil o'tgach, Dowager malikasi onasi, Margaret Tudor (1489-1541), uylangan Archibald Duglas, Angusning 6-grafligi (1489-1557). Ushbu to'qnashuvli nikoh oxir-oqibat ajrashish bilan tugadi, ammo bu orada Shotlandiyaning tinchligiga qarshi kurashishda faqat bitta kuch bor edi. Margaretning fraktsiyasi qo'llab-quvvatladi Jeyms Xemilton, Arranning birinchi grafligi (1475-1529), Angus Margaretning ukasi bilan fitna uyushtirgan ingliz fraktsiyasini boshqargan, Angliyalik Genrix VIII (1491-1547). Genri Shotlandiyaning suverenitetini olishga intilib, yosh Jeymsni qizi Malika Maryamga (1516-1558) uylantirdi. Frantsuzlarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi fraksiya ham qo'l ostida edi Jon Styuart, Albani gersogi (1481-1536) Frantsiyada tug'ilib o'sgan.
Milodiy 1525-1526. 1526 yil yanvar oyida, Branxolme va Buklyuchdan Valter Skott (1504-1552), Arran grafligi va Margaret tarafdorlariga qarshi 150 kishilik partiyani boshqargan. Ushbu harakat biron bir fraktsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlaganmi yoki yo'qmi, aniq emas. Ehtimol, Buccleuch shunchaki ertami-kechmi o'ziga kelib qolishi kerak bo'lgan qirol Jeymsning kelajakdagi foydasi uchun manevralar qilgan bo'lsa, bu holda uning taxminlari to'g'ri bo'lib chiqdi, bu Jeymsning afv etish xati bilan tasdiqlangan. Ushbu stsenariyda Routledges nima yutishi kerak edi, bu har kimning taxminidir, ammo Jon va Archibald Routlage afv qilinadigan ismlarning uzun ro'yxati qatorida "Branxhelmdan Valter Skot, knycht, Primmsiddan Andro Ker, o'sha Ilkdan Jon Krenstoun, Trakvarlik Uilyam Styuart, uning shafqatsizlari Jeyms Styuart ... va afsona bilan bog'liq birinchi narsa. G'alati vaziyatda san'at va bizning yolg'onchilar yig'ilishining bir qismi [va kelishi]. "[28][29]
Marshrut va chegara oqimlari
Milodiy 1520-1530 yillar. Shotlandiya / ingliz chegarasida yashovchi odamlar, o'tgan 200 yillik uzluksiz urushlar davomida o'zlarining ikki tomonlama merosiga shunchalik chulg'angan edilarki, ular qaysi podshohga yoki davlatga sodiq bo'lishlarini deyarli bilmas edilar. Oilaga burch juda muhim ahamiyatga ega edi. Ikki mamlakat o'rtasida tez-tez sodir bo'layotgan jangovar harakatlar paytida yoki xuddi shunday tez-tez, janjal hukmronlari o'rtasida, zodagonlar va oddiy odamlar po'lat dubulg'alarini va cho'chqalarini berib, kichkina, ammo baquvvat otlari chaqirilgandek, "naglarini" egarlab, boshlarini olib ketishadi. u yoki bu tomonda tortishish - faqat har bir kishining o'z maqsadiga mos keladigan darajada.
Tinchlik davrida yoki tinchlik davrida, o'z vatanlariga e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan yoki olov va qilich bilan vayron bo'lgan chegarachilar, jismoniy ehtiyoj yoki o'zini o'zi g'azablantirganligi sababli, chorvachilik bilan tirikchilik qilishgan, odatda dushman hududiga chegara orqali bostirib kirish yoki uyga yaqinroq bo'lish. agar biron bir janjal yoki boshqasini hal qilish kerak bo'lsa. Ekinlarni erga tekkanini ko'rish uchun emas, balki ularni ekish o'rniga, chegara aholisi uchun odatiy ish bo'ldi. Ba'zi 70+ familiyalar, shu jumladan aniq Marshrut ushbu reyd tadbirlarida sport o'yinini uyushtirgan oilalar va sovrin o'lja edi; Ko'chirish yoki chorva boqish mumkin bo'lgan har qanday mol adolatli o'yin edi. Qabul qiluvchilar faqat tashabbuskorlarga ma'lum bo'lgan botqoq va mox yo'llari ustida ot minib chiqishdi. Ertami-kechmi qurbonlar jinoyatchiga aylangan "otashin" mulk va / yoki qasos reydlari boshlandi. Xiyonat, pistirma va ko'r-ko'rona narsalarning barchasi o'yinda o'z o'rniga ega edi, shunda reyd marshrutga aylanib ketishi mumkin edi.[30]
Kulgili ravishda, har ikki mamlakatning siyosiy elitasi qayta olingan familiyalarni o'g'rilar va xoinlar deb atashdi, agar bu hokimiyat deb atalmish o'zlarini ushbu jinoiy toifalarga kiritgan bo'lsa, bu haqiqat bo'lar edi. Tarix shuni ko'rsatadiki, podshohlar zodagonlarga ikkala toj zobitlariga hamjihatlikda yoki faol ravishda talonchilik taktikasini qo'lladilar, ularning barchasi o'z maqsadlarini da'vo qilishlari har qanday vositani oqlashdi. Haqiqatan ham sodir bo'layotgan voqealar ko'p asrlik feodal tuzumining oxiri edi, bu oddiy tug'ilgan aholini u yoki bu zodagon xo'jayinning nazorati ostida ushlab turardi.
Routled oilalari chegaraning ikkala ingliz va shotland tomonlarida, shu qatorda eng mashhur jamoalar, masalan, Shotlandiya tomonidagi Liddesdeyl yoki Bewcastle va Angliya tomonidagi atrofdagi qishloqlarda yashaydilar, ularning barchasi uzoq vaqtdan beri tortishib kelayotgan, qonunga zid bo'lgan qo'shnilar edi. deb nomlangan hudud Munozara qilinadigan erlar, "Sark va Esk o'rtasida Liddel bilan tutashgan joygacha joylashgan" mintaqa, "har ikki millatning qonunsiz odamlari kurorti uchun qulay bo'lgan [kim] ... tinimsiz Chegara tufayli ruhiy tushkunlikka tushgan. Bandittidan yaxshiroq narsaga qarshi urush. "[31]
Routledge va Dacre
Milodiy 1528 yil, 28 fevral. Chegaraning har ikki tomonidagi hududlar uchta "yurish" ga bo'lingan: sharqiy, o'rta va g'arbiy, har bir mart oyi tayinlangan Varden tomonidan boshqarilgan. Liddesdeyl (Shotlandiya) va munozarali erlarni qaytarib beradigan oilalar o'zlari uchun qonun bo'ladigan darajada kuchli bo'lib o'sdi. Qaytgan klanlar orasida eng taniqli bo'lgan Armstronglar 3000 ta qurollangan ingliz va shotland izdoshlaridan iborat qo'shinni, shu jumladan Routledge familiyasining bir qismini o'zlashtira olgani haqida xabar berilgan. Shubhasiz, bu tungi reydlar feodal hokimiyatga bo'lgan hurmatni yo'qotgan. Ham Angliya, ham Shotlandiya rejimi ularni bo'ysundirishni maqsad qilgan. Ushbu paytda Uilyam Dakre, 3-baron Dakr, Angliya G'arbiy mart qo'riqchisi sifatida, Liddesdeyl uning yurisdiksiyasida bo'lmasa ham, Liddesdeyl chavandozlari va ularning do'stlarini qabul qilishga qaror qildi. Dacre, sayohat paytida olib ketilgan va Carlisle qal'asida joylashgan mahbuslar haqida xabar berdi. Ta'kidlash joizki, taxalluslar odatda bir xil ismga ega bo'lgan yaqin oila a'zolarini ajratish uchun ishlatilgan: Dande Nikson, Klementning ukasi; Mayneslik Jon Nikson; Cristol Routlege, Lionning o'g'li; Jeyms Routlej, Geo [rge] Routledge, Donn Rollanning o'g'li; Matho Lytell Gutterholes deb nomlangan; Piter Uithed; Devy Kreyv. Yangi ishlab chiqarilgan: Kristoll Nobill; Jok Nikson, Deif Jok deb nomlangan.[32]
Milodiy 1528 yil, 25 may. Armstrongning hamkasblari tomonidan amalga oshirilgan bir qator qasos va qasoslardan so'ng, qo'riqchi o'rinbosari Kristofer Dacre Shotlandiyalik Routledgesni yo'q qilishga urinishda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan "Kwyskes". Ingliz zobitlari kelgan vaqtga kelib, Elizabeth Dacre eri Lord Dacre-ga yozgan xatida tasvirlanganidek Marshrutlar allaqachon "munozarali maydonning eng chekka qismida" Terras yovvoyi tabiatiga jo'nab ketgan edi. Ularni "o'rmon va moxlarning katta kuchi tufayli" bosib o'tib bo'lmaydi. Shunga qaramay, Dacre "to'rt balli boshni, besh balli qo'yni va qirq darvoza [echkini) olib ketdi va yonib ketgan uylarni qaytarib berdi. Qora hazil Lidisdeyl yonbag'rida yonayotgan o'g'illar. "[33]
Eramizning 1530 yillari. Angliya qiroli Genrix VIII, 23 yildan beri turmush qurganidan keyin o'zini taxtning erkak merosxo'risiz topdi Aragonlik Ketrin, u bilan ajrashishga va badbaxtlarga uylanishga qaror qildi Anne Boleyn - Genrining olti xotinidan ikkinchisi. Shu maqsadda u Rim cherkoviga qarshi chiqdi, o'zini Angliya islohot qilingan cherkovining boshlig'i deb e'lon qildi va katolik monastirlarini tarqatib yuborishga kirishdi va shu tariqa asosan katoliklar yashaydigan shimoliy okruglarida katta tashvish uyg'otdi. Yorkshirdan Kumberlendgacha minglab isyon ko'targan zodagonlar va oddiy odamlar xalq qo'zg'oloniga qo'shilishdi Inoyat ziyoratlari 1536 yil oktyabrda. Sadoqatli va isyonchilar to'qnashuvi butun er yuzida boshlanib, ketma-ket yomon hosil yig'ilishi, don narxining ko'tarilishi, uy egalari va ijarachilar o'rtasidagi shikoyatlar va yomon oilaviy janjallarning turlarini kuchaytirdi. Qo'zg'olonni bostirish bilan ko'plab isyonchilar qatl qilinishga duch kelishdi.
Milodiy 1537. Shunaqami yoki yo'qmi Uilyam Routlej va uning o'g'li Tomas "Lukkins de Levinning" qo'zg'olonchilar tarafdorlari bo'lgan yoki shunchaki eski ta'qibchi Lord Dakraga qarshi odatdagi reiverlar bilan shug'ullanganlar. Ammo 7 iyun kuni ular "Will Armstrang taxallusi Willy Cut, uning ukasi Edm Armstrang, Alan Forster taxallusi Blontwod, John taxallusi Jok Halidaye, John Graye" va 50 ga qadar shotlandiyaliklar bilan birgalikda "Hestedeheshe" dagi suvda qatnashdilar. Qirolning "at Gilsland Bewcastle'dan 10 milya uzoqlikda joylashgan Lord Dacre baronidagi shahar. Ular Tomas va Jon Kreyv va Tomas kenjalarga hujum qilishda va o'ldirishda ayblangan edilar, ular uchun ularga xiyonat qilishda ayblov e'lon qilindi. 5-oktabrda Uilyam oqlandi, ammo Tomas aybdor deb topildi va, ehtimol, xiyonat uchun o'rta asr jazosi qo'llanilgan bo'lsa, osib qo'yish, tushirish, rasm chizish va kvartalga solish jazosi qo'llanilgan bo'lsa, hayotini osib qo'ygan arqonda yoki undan ham yomoni bilan tugatdi.[34]
Routledge va Uorton
Eramizning 1540 yillari. Qarigan va tobora zolim bo'lgan Genri VIII unga mos ravishda Dag'al Vooing siyosati, uning inglizcha mart qo'riqchilariga pora berish, majburlash yoki mavjud bo'lgan har qanday usul bilan ingliz tomoniga minadigan familiyalarni jalb qilish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar berdi - ular chegaraning qaysi tomonida yashamasligidan qat'iy nazar Shotlandiyaning mustaqil bo'lish qarorini zaiflashtirish edi. Angliya. Va, shubhasiz, isyonchilar va noqonuniy shaxslar qaysi tomon to'g'ri jozibadorlik ko'rsatgan bo'lsa, ular uchun kurashgani aniq edi. Shunday qilib, ikki nusxadagi Tomas Uorton, 1-baron Uorton, Angliyaning G'arbiy mart qo'riqchisi, o'z boshlig'i Suffolkka (ingliz dala qo'mondoni) sherigining yaqinidagi "jasoratlari" haqida, shu jumladan bitta "Wille Routlege Ynglishman and and others Ynglish ande Scotismen nomiga xiiijt [16] shaxslar "Jedvort Roksburgga borganlarida, u erda Abbotning makkajo'xori va molxonasini yoqib yuborishdi, keyin o'sha kuni kechqurun uylariga qaytib, Langlendlar Lardasi qo'riqxonasida ko'proq makkajo'xori yoqishdi. uni bitta Routleg aytdi. "[35]
Boshqa bir ekspluatatsiya haqida, 2-noyabrga o'tar kechasi, Uorton shunday deb yozgan edi "Jeyms Routledge, Deyvi Blakbern va Jon Foster "60 ga yaqin ingliz va shotlandiyaliklar bilan Xumzlar erlaridagi" Roulli "deb nomlangan soyda joylashgan" Sonnysayd, Latom va Vofffes "shaharlarini yoqib yuborishdi. U erdan uchta ot va Shotlandiyaliklar o'zlarining ayrimlariga ham "jarohat etkazishgan", ammo "hech kim ortda qolmagan".[36]
Shotlandiya inglizlarning kirib kelishidan shikoyat qilmoqda
Milodiy 1541 yil. Chegaralar bo'ylab reydlar va shikoyatlarni yuborish odatiy holdir, chunki qarama-qarshi nazoratchilar, jabrlangan tomonlar va ayblanuvchi reverslar sulh kunlarida qatnashishlari kerak edi, ular shikoyatlar berilgan, kafillik va jazo choralari ehtiyotkorlik bilan buyurilgan va tez-tez e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan, barchasi bir qator qoidalarga muvofiq. asrlar davomida chegara qonuni sifatida rivojlanib kelgan.
Slavxterislarning [so'yishlarning] uch qismi arzimaydi va Mydlda Martisda amalga oshiriladi [markaziy chegaralar] sen trevilarni [sulhni] qabul qilib olasan ... Komplenis Fernieheist xo'jayini va uning Abbot Roulning puir tennentislari [shikoyat qiladi] Qoida], ustiga Don [ned] Jorj Roultleche, uning ukasi [akasi], Jeym Rowleishche, Reyd Rolland, Jeyms Roulleychega tegishli Todhoillisdan [inglizlar], Uil Grem Gallit (Bellning irodasi, Dovilldan Metyu Frostar, Kudde Grem, Dand Ellot, kalgit Baggott, Uil Grem, Arturis maich, Grem kaliti ser, Jon Richartson, Tomasga xizmat qilgan. Dacre va thair fallowis, bu tay shafqatsizlar Tome Oliver va Uill Kovmanni o'ldirgan.
Alanexauchdan Roblen Skott va Kuxitchisterning puir tennentisi, apon Jawfray Routleische, Blak Jok RowtleischeDowhilllik Ady Frostar, Metyu Frostar uning broderi, Xobbis Roben Frostar, Uild Frostar va uning nasabdorlari, bu tayoqchilar Quhitchistarga kelib tushgan tair brynt [kuygan] va skayer kyni tark etishgan. sigir] va oksin, otlar, merislar va insitlar [jihozlar] va presonarislar [mahbuslar], yana trevilarning vertusi va Expethgaitt-da Wardanis guruhining xizmatkori buzilishi ...
Complenis Gynkeyn Armstrang, Niniane Armstrang, Archibald Armstrang, Berty Armstrang, Aleksandr Armstrang, Tome Noble, Quyntyne Rowtleischva Thair nychtbowris [qo'shnilar], Scottismen, apon Tomas Dakre, Lord Dacre'ye brodre va Wardane deput undir Schir Tomas Whairtoun, Wardane of the West Marchis of Ingland ... va Andro Armstrangni befoir, tuik va drave sifatida o'ldirdi. uzoq xx? ky va oksinning miqdori, xxx? Sheip, x? gait, j? swyne, xfj horse and meris, and udir guides...[37]
England Complains of Scottish Incursions
"Thomas Trumbull, George Rutherford, and other Scotishmen, to the nombre of anne hundreth men, comme to the baly in the realme of Inglond, and cruelly slewe and murdured John Routlege and Robert Nobill, Inglishmen... " Davy Pennango, and other Scotsmen, to the nombre of x personnes with hym, comme to a place in Gilleslande called Brome, and there cruelly slewe and murdured the wif of Andro Routlege, Englishwoman.[38]
Joke Routlege Swears Allegiance to England
Milodiy 1543 yil. King Henry VIII of England lost all patience in persuading the Scots to see value in uniting the two kingdoms. Scotland's "Auld Alliance" with France seemed to be gaining import as French soldiers and money arrived in Scotland. Finally, the death, in 1541, of Scotland's dowager Queen Margaret (Henry's sister) left no incentive for peace, and so began the wretched decade of "Rough Wooing" with Henry determined to subdue Scotland by force. Meanwhile, many Scottish reiving families, having become completely disenchanted with their feudal masters, decided to declare for the English faction. Numerous Armstrongs and one Joke Routlege went to Carlisle to take a solemn oath before Sir Thomas Wharton, in his capacity at that time as Captain of Carlisle qal'asi. They swore that they and their kin would "henceforth" serve the king of England and, as assurance of their loyalty, they "appointed sixteen persons to lie in pledge."[39]
Evidently, Wharton's superior, the Suffolk gersogi, had little faith in oaths made by Scotsmen:
Nowe of late I, the Duke of Suffolk, am advertised that the chief of the Armestranges, and of the Rowteleges, and the Nycsones of Lyddesdale, offred to Syr Thomas Wharton to serve the kinge with an hundreth horse men and an hundreth foote men, and to be sworne the kinges subjects and to dwell in Lyddesdale or in the Batable Ground or where the king will apointe theim in Englonde to dwell, so that they may have their frendes now beinge prisoners in the castles of Carlisle and Alnwik, who were takinge, robbinge and burninge in Englond, to be discharged and set at libertie, and also to put at libertie foure prisoners Englisshe men, which they toke at the burning of Sleyley, whan there kynnesmen were taken. Wherunto Syr Thomas Wharton, to whome they made this offre hath made none other aunswer but that he woll advertise the lorde warden therof, and so aftre make aunswer. Whereunto I have advised my said lorde warden to followe the same aunswer that hertofore hath bene given theim, whereby the Scottes shall not have occasion to saye that we have broken the treux in takinge to maytenaunce there subjectes breakers of the same treux. And besides that thies broken men be of that sorte that no promyse by them made dureth longer then it maketh for there purpose.[40]
Milodiy 1550 yil. Despite Suffolk's opinion of the loyalty of Scots reivers, the Liddesdale Routledges, at least, appear to have been sincere as, from this point on, history regards them as more English than Scottish. No doubt some of the surname Routledge continued living peacefully and without much notice in Scotland, with the exception of certain outlawed cohorts of the Liddesdale and Eskdale reivers, such as one Yo'nalish called "tyn spede," who resided with George Armstrang called "Georgy gay with hym."[41]
Milodiy 1561 yil. While there had been no state-sponsored wars between the two countries since the so-called "Rough Wooing," border feuding continued to plague all attempts at civilizing the people whose very livelihood had so long depended on livestock rustling, protection rackets and hostage-taking. Such was the case on January 30, 1561 when a group of Scottish Elliots captured Tomas Routledge and turned him over to Sir John Kerr, lord of Fernieherst. Neither the underlying cause nor the final outcome of this event are clear but no doubt had something to do with cross-border reiving.[42]
Last of the Reiving Routledges of Scotland
Milodiy 1569 yil. With religious reformation well underway in both England and Scotland, Protestant versus Catholic clashes added religious zeal to civil breakdown among nobility and commoners alike. The reign of England's zealously Catholic Mary Tudor (1516-1558) had come and gone as had that of her Protestant half-brother, Edward VI (1537-1553), who died at the age of 16. Yelizaveta I (1533-1603) , the last of the Tudor monarchs, held the throne of England. Elizabeth's cousin, Shotlandiya malikasi Meri (1542-1587), a devout Catholic, had returned from France to assume her disastrous reign in Scotland. By 1569, she had been forced to abdicate and was on the run. Her Protestant half-brother, Jeyms Styuart, Morayning birinchi grafligi (1530-1570), as Regent of Scotland, assembled a force supposedly to rid border communities of disorderly reivers, including those of the surname Routlaige. But more than one historian concluded that this cleanup foray was a thinly disguised excuse for retaliating against any border family that had rallied against the Protestant party to fight on the side of Queen Mary.[43]
. . .thirty-two of the principal barons, provosts, and bailies of towns, and other chief men, subscribed a band [bond] at Kelso, on the 6th April 1569. Representing the counties of Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles, they bound themselves to concur to resist the rebellious people of Liddesdale, Ewesdale, Eskdale, and Annandale, and especially all of the names of Armstrong, Elliot, Nixon, Liddel, Bateson, Thompson, Irving, Bell, Johnston, Glendonyng, Routlaige, Henderson, and Scotts of Ewesdale. Further, they undertook that they would not intercommune with any of them, nor suffer any meat, drink, or victuals to be bought or carried to them nor suffer them to resort to markets or trysts within the bounds, nor permit them to pasture their flocks or abide upon any lands 'outwith Liddesdale,' unless within eight days they should find sufficient and responsible sureties. 'And all others not finding sureties within said space, we shall pursue to the death with fire and sword, and all other kinds of hostility.'. . . signed [by] Lord Home, Walter Ker of Cessford, Thomas Ker of Fernihirst, and Sir Walter Scott of Buccleuch. NOTE: Printed in Pitcairn's Criminal Trials, from the Original in H.M. Bosh registrlar uyi, Edinburg.[44]
Routledge and Musgrave
Routledges had been living in England since the 1480s, having been awarded land at Bewcastle Cumberland in exchange for military service to Angliya qiroli Richard III. There they remained and proliferated as tenants of the English crown while gradually spreading to other parts of England. Accordingly with their expected military duty, many Routledge men proved themselves ready and willing to bear arms under the command of the Musgraves of Eden Hall, a family of ancient lineage whose men were "trained in service for defence of Her Majesty's poor people."[45] A succession of Musgrave men served as captains or constables of Bewcastle during the 16th to early 17th centuries. The Musgraves and Routledges alike were born and bred to take up arms. Evidence that the sword topped the Routledge sense of duty and pride is displayed on most of their gravestones extant from that era.
Routledge [arms] are found at Bewcastle and Staplton. All the shields...bear or are intended to bear a chevron between a garb and a sprig of willow, and in chief a sword fessways.[47]
Routledge, Musgrave, Dacre
Milodiy 1534. In those turbulent times, it was the legal duty of officials to raise a "hot trod" posse to pursue raiders, and, furthermore, it was the duty of all men within hearing of the alarm to respond. According to Sir William Musgrave, nothing of the sort had happened when, in 1534, a band of Scots from Liddesdale murdered one John Rutlage, a liegeman of Musgrave, without William Dacre, Warden of the English West March, taking reprisals against the perpetrators. Incensed, Musgrave formally accused Dacre with treasonous activities and dereliction of duty. Musgrave claimed Dacre had "machinated" that he, Sir William Musgrave and "all his tenants, might be slain by the Scots, and their houses and chattels destroyed." Dacre was indicted, tried, and subsequently acquitted.[48]
Routledge, Musgrave and the Battle of Solway Moss
AD 1542. The reign of James V of Scotland came to a sorry end shortly after a devastating defeat at the Solvey Moss jangi wherein a Scottish army of some 15-20,000 invaded England's West March and was thoroughly beaten and routed by a hastily assembled English force of 3,000 light horsemen. Many Scots noblemen were taken hostage. A jubilant Sir Thomas Wharton wrote a lengthy letter to Henry VIII triumphantly listing the prisoners to be held for ransom, including the "Earl of Cassill who Batill Routlege has taken, though John Musgrave claimeth a part for the loan of his horse to the said Routlege."[49]
Routledge, Musgrave and Cross-Border Connections
Milodiy 1583. Throughout their tenure at Bewcastle, Musgraves were frequently engaged in self-serving and controversial disputes with other English border officials such as certain persons of the Dacre, Carleton, and Graham families. In 1583, Sir Simon Musgrave, wrote to Queen Elizabeth's principal secretary, Frensis Uolsingem:
I am sore trobled and put in great danger of my lyf by the disordered Graymes [Grahams] and the envious Carletons, who seek my lyfe and lyvinge both by false and untrue dealing and by confederating with Scotishmen to murder me and my son Thomas who, being in Scotland to take revenge of injuries done to the office of Bewcastle. . .was assaulted in English ground by Arthur Grayme and his accomplices to the number of 100 English men and Scottish men. . .[and by] a jury of their own men and appointment of Thomas Carleton. . .found my son guilty of willful murder [and also] forty of my servants.[50]
Contrarily, in 1583, Francis Graham petitioned the same Walsingham complaining that Sir Simon Musgrave and his son Thomas had taken away 160 cows and oxen, and during that fray Thomas had "murdered" one Arthur Graham.
Quite likely Routledge men stood alongside Musgraves in these quarrels as well as partaking in hot-trod reprisals against the Armstrongs, Elliots, Grahams, and other notorious English and Scottish reivers. On one occasion, Sir Simon Musgrave wrote to a friend explaining that his son Christopher had rounded up four notable Armstrong thieves and delivered them to "Her Majesty's gaol at Carlisle where three of them were executed." Since then, Musgrave concluded:
the friends of the said prisoners, to the number of 400 men, have confederated themselves against me, my friends and children, to run upon us with fire and sword, and have put the same in proof by spoiling a man of mine named George Rowtledge. . .This attempt has put all the inhabitants of Cumberland in great fear, for the like has not been done since I was born.[51]
Milodiy 1583. Desperate that the powers in London might understand the difficulties facing him and his under officers, Thomas Musgrave, as Deputy Captain of Bewcastle, wrote to one of Queen Elizabeth's chief counsellors, William Cecil 1st Baron Burghley. First, Musgrave complained that in his official capacity he had endured not only "the loss of my blood and many troblesome travels and dangers, but [also] the loss of my dear frends and companyons which have been cruelly murdered by the rebellious Scottes." Musgrave then followed his opening remarks with complete descriptions of the "riders and ill doers both of England and Scotland," including the "names, dwellynges, and allyaunces" of every family living along the rivers Lydall, Eske, Sarke, and their small tributaries as they proceed to the sea from Scotland to England, including many of the surname Yo'nalish.
. . .John Rutledge of the Cructborne slayne by Scottish riders, Gerry his son; Adam Rutledge of the Netclugh, Anton Rutledge and Andrew Rutledge of the same; Dikes Rowe Rutledge; Jeme Rutledge of the Neuk; Jeme Rutledge of the Baley Head, Thom Rutledge of the same. All these dwell in a place called the Bale, within the Fosters. More Rutlidges dwell down the water of Leven, John Ruttlidge of the Black Dobs, Nicoll Rutlidge his brother; Andrew Rutlidge called Black stafe; Gourthe Rutledge of Sletbeke, Jeme Rutlidge of the same; Will Rutlidge of Comerauke, Riche, John, and Jeme of the same; John Ruttlidge of Troughed, Rich and John Rutlidge of the same, Allan Rutlidge his brother; Willi Rutledge of the Lukknes, and many more I omit for tedyousnes to your honor. . .John Rutlidge of Kemorflat, Will Rutlidge of Kyrkbekmouth dwell within the demayne of Bewcastell. More Rutliges live at the Belbank, namely Clem Rutlidge of the Kyll, Jenkin Rutlidge of Belbanke, Will Rutlidge of Nunsclughe, Gorth Rutlidge of Masthorne, these join upon Gilsland my lorde of Arrundalls land. How be it the furthest part of Lyddisdale and the furthest part of Bewcastell are not distance of xvj [16] miles so as the ryders may by night easily come to anie part of it, do their accustomed evil deeds, and be at their own howses long before daie; . . .Bewcastell goes to 'Souport' [Southport] belonging to William Musgrave where mostly Taylors live, except Will Rutlidge of the Lukins and Will Rutlidge of the Sinke Head.[52]
The Musgraves more or less adhered to a prevailing law of the day that prohibited,[53] except on licence, marriage between English and Scottish borderers. It was, Musgrave said, the entanglements of cross-border marriage alliances that made it near impossible to govern the "lawless" people. Such imposed legalities went largely ignored by many borderers, but evidently not so much by the "Ruttligis." Of the dozens of Scottish Armstrongs, Grahams, and others much aligned by English marriages, Musgrave names only one Routledge, that of Gourth Routlishe daughter of Shetbelt, married to Thome Armestronge of Chengles.
According to Musgrave, "the Ruttligis and their alleyance with Scotland is but little, Buning uchun they are every man's pray." While that curious statement is open to interpretation, it certainly supports the premise that the Routledges living in Cumberland England had, within the past fifty years, distanced themselves from their Scottish heritage and accepted Musgrave-style law and order. These Routledge families were prime targets for every passing Scottish foray partly because of their disdain of Scottish marriage alliances and partly because of their willingness to fight alongside their Musgrave commanders.
Routledge regard for the Musgrave family is further evidenced in three of five Routledge wills testated between 1597 and 1631, which were interpreted by J V Harrison and presented to the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society in 1967.
In his final will and testament, in 1597, John Rowtlidge of the Blackdubs entrusted his "master," Tomas Musgreyv, captain of Bewcastle, with the task of collecting a debt owed by one Marmaduke Stavely. Furthermore, he entrusted Musgrave to be "umpear" [umpire] in case of any disputes to this will.
NOTE: That Rowtlidge loaned Stavely money suggests some sort of relationship between the two men. Stavely is recorded in a 1583 "brief abstract of the musters of light horsemen. . .in Beaucastell" as one of two "gentlemen deputies to Sir Symonde Musgrave," the second gentleman being John Musgrave.[54]
NOTE: A second relationship between Stavely and Routledge families is recorded in the parish registers of St Olave York or St Michael le Belfrey when Anne Stavely of York married Hector Rowtlidge on November 26, 1587.[55]
In his 1597 will, Rowland Rutledge of the Nook wrote about the marriage of his granddaughter Elizabeth Rutledge, that she "shall marrie when it pleaseth my maister Tomas Musgreyv captain of Bewcastle."
1631 yilda, John Routledge of Dapleymoor made Edward Musgrave "supervisor" of his will because of the "good opinion I have."[56]
Mayhem Reigns Over Bewcastle
AD 1580s-1590. Lawlessness escalated and a sort of gangland justice prevailed. Criminal elements of larger clans terrorized more peaceful farmers with protection rackets, and officials went begging for help from England's Queen Elizabeth I and Scotland's James VI. Genri Skrop, Boltonning 9-baron skropi, as Warden of England's West March, wrote to Queen Elizabeth's secretary of the deplorable state of "Beaucastell" with many of "her Majestie's" tenants so "decayed by reason of great spoiles they have sustained by the Lyddisdails" that they were unable to arm themselves in her Majesty's service as was required. To which Burghley callously replied: "The Lord Scrope would be advised to charge all the Queen's tenants who are bound by their leases" and noncompliance would "void" their leases. "By this means the defaults would soon be repaired."[57]
The Calendar of Letters and Papers Borders of England and Scotland chronicles a litany of complaints that went well beyond the sporting activity of livestock rustling to outright mayhem. In 1582, John Rowtledg called Gerardes John was murdered as was Allan Rowtlege of Bewcastle. 1583 yilda, William, Thom, and John Rowtledge were "maimed and hurt in peril of death, wherof one hath his leg cut off." Rowy and Dand Rowtlege of Bewcastle, Dick Rowtledge of Kirkleventon and his son were "maimed and wounded in peril of death." Even relatively defenceless widows were mercilessly targeted, including Margaret Forster, Hecky Noble, a Mrs Hetherington, and Isabell Routledge. One of only two Routledge females found thus far in the historic records, Isabell Routledge was attacked by thirty Elliots who made off with her only horse and six cows.[58]
In December 1583, four Routledge brothers, — George, Thomas, Andrew, and William — "dwellers in Bewcastledale," petitioned Walsingham:
for and in the name of all our neighbours of the barony of Bewcastle, that the Scotts to the number of one hundredth and an half rode a forrowe [foray] against us. . .and drove away from us, by force and hostility, four score head of cattle, and killed Allen Routlage our poor brother. Lorde Scrope, Warden of the Marches, willed us to inform your honour by this token — when you were upon the border that the bloody shirts were shewed — that your honour asked him what might be a fit remedy. And then the Lord Scrope said that soldiers in convenient places upon the border might help. . .May it please your honour to have consideration of your poor supplicants, for they, their wives, bairns [children] and neighbours are beggared and utterly cast away.[59]
Milodiy 1588 yil. Notoriously dubbed the "Bold Buccleuch" for his many daring exploits, Walter Scott, 1st Lord Scott of Buccleuch (1565-1611) mustered up 100 to 200 men and regularly crossed the border with Bewcastle in his sites, prompting English officials to record "Outrages by Buccleuch," two of which involved Routledges.
The captain of Bewcastle and the surnames of the Rowtledges, Nixsons, Nobles and others of Graistangflatt within the office of Bewcastle, complain upon Walter Scott laird of Buckclughe and his accomplices who ran a day foray and reft from them 200 kye and oxen, 300 sheep, and 'gait'.
Captain Steven Ellis and the surnames of the Rowtledges in Bewcastle, complain upon the laird of Bucklugh, the laird of Chesame, the young laird of Whithawghe, and their accomplices to the number of 120 horsemen 'arrayed with jackes, steel caps, spears, guns, lances, swords, and daggers,' purposely mustered by Bucklugh, who broke the house of Wille Rowtledge, took 40 kye and oxen, 20 horse and mears, and also laid an ambush to slay the soldiers and others who should follow the fray, whereby they cruelly slew and murdered Mr Rowden, Nichel Tweddell, Jeffray Nartbie, and Edward Stainton, soldiers, maimed sundry others, and drove 12 horse and meares, whereof they crave redress.[60]
Beginning of the End of Reiving Years
Milodiy 1580 yil. According to muster rolls taken in 1580, Routledge men were living and "fit for service" in both the West and East Marches of England. Cumberlandda, Mathew and John Rowtledge lived in Askerton Lordshippe; Randell Reutledge lived in Lannercost; Thomas, Andrew, and William Reutledge lived in "Watton Parish;" va Lancelote Reutledge lived in Skailby. 1584 yilda, John, Christofer, Thomas, and Rigmone Rutliche were found to be "effective men" living in Kilham, a village in Northumberland located near the border of Roxburghshire Scotland. Many other Routledge men went uncounted in the more unruly districts because, as the officials recorded, the "inhabitants within Eske, Leven, Bewcastell, and Kirklinton" did not muster-up.[61]
AD 1593. A delegation headed by the Earl of Huntington reported on managing and subduing the "bad and most vagrant sort of the great surnames of the borders":
namely, of the Grames, Armstrongs, Fosters, Bells, Nixons, Hethertons, Taylors, Rootlidges with other very insolent members appertaining to them. . .His lordship concluded with himself to call the principal and chief of every branch. . .and to constrain them to enter bond in good security for their own appearance before him when called upon. . .and to make answerable for any matter to be laid to their charge. . .[whosoever refuses] the lord of the manor where the transgressor dwelleth shall. . .seize the tenement and shall utterly expel and put out from the same the wife, children, servants, and friends of the offender.[62]
AD 1595. Again, a plea for help with John and James Rutledge complaining for themselves and other tenants of Bewcastle of the spoils and oppressions committed against them by the Scots, and Lord Scrope unable to defend them for lack of soldiers.[63]
Milodiy 1596. A deadly feud broke out between East March inhabitants of Kilham Northumberland and underlings of Sir Robert Kerr of Roxburghshire. According to "Cessford's Roll of Wrongs," Ninian Rowtlage va Jame Rutledge were among others accused of pillaging the "Guidman of Gaitschaw" and taking "10 score ewes and wodders." In retribution, 15 Davison cohorts went to Kilham and cruelly slew Renian Routledge in the field while he was loading hay, "giving him 20 wounds, and not leaving him till dead." [64]
Milodiy 1599 yil. As the 16th century and Queen Elizabeth's reign drew to a close, and with Scotland's James VI expecting to inherit her realm, life on the borders went on in the usual tit-for-tat revenge reprisals. Various commissioners and wardens tried, with little if any success, to impose "redress" for decades-old bills and countless grievances. In 1596, as if exasperated with all previous attempts to aid the Queen's tenants at Bewcastle, her Privy Council wrote to Thomas Musgrave offering their only advice, to which Musgrave replied: "I received your letter, that if no justice could be had otherwise, I might recover the worth of their goods as I can. Whereon with my kinsmen and friends, I took from John Armstrong of the Hollus, 'the leder of these incurcions, somme vj [six] or vij [seven] score of cattill [cattle]."[65]
While the records quoted thus far in this article may imply that the Routledges and other borderers on the English side were worsted by their Scottish counterparts, a more complete, unbiased, account would imply a rather different story. The evidence is found in a 1593 letter written by West March Warden Scrope to Queen Elizabeth's secretary Burghley. The letter includes a tally of monetary redress demanded by the English West March against the Scottish West March and Liddesdale. Whereas England wanted a total of £9,700, Scotland wanted £41,600. So, Scrope concludes, England was to "answer for" £32,000 more than the Scots. Even assuming gross exaggeration, the figures clearly show that the inhabitants of Liddesdale and the Scottish West March suffered much more than their Bewcastle counterparts.[66]
Routledge in the 17th Century
In 1603 England's Queen Elizabeth I died without issue and her cousin Shotlandiyalik Jeyms VI became James I (1566-1625) of both Scotland and England. Determined to unite the two countries and rid the borders of unlawful activities, James had it proclaimed that, with the exception of "noblemen and gentlemen unsuspected of felony or theft," border inhabitants "shall put away all jacks, spears, lances, swords, daggers, steelcaps, hagbuts, pistols, plate sleeves, and such like - and shall not keep any horse, gelding, or mare, above the price of 50 sterling. . .upon pain of imprisonment."[67]
Routledge on the Move
Church of England records show that some border surnames had tired of the reiving way of life long before the dawning of the 17th century. Routledge families were certainly among those who searched for land and peace away from border strife by the mid-1500s. Numerous baptisms, marriages, and burials are recorded by parish vicars all over southern Britain, albeit with the outlandish spellings typical of the era but nonetheless bearing some proximity to Rutledge or Routledge. Perhaps the earliest available baptismal record is for a Humphrey Rettleg christened in Staffordshire England in 1516.[68]
Many notorious border surnames sought refuge as yeoman tenants on manors near the city of York while others set up trades. Johannes Rowtleache, in 1585, married Alicia Gawthrop at Saint Olave church, York. Ularning o'g'li Georgius Routledge was baptized there in 1589.[69] Quite likely this father and son pair of milners [hat makers] were the same men admitted later on to the "Freedom of York" and thereby allowed to practice trade within city limits. Johannes Rutledge was admitted in 1607 and Georgius Routledge was admitted later on in 1640. Preceding these two were Hector Rowtlidge, a tailor, who had been admitted in 1584, and Edwardus Rutleedge, also a tailor, admitted in 1604.[70]
AD 1605-1625. Unifying Scotland and Britain would take decades to accomplish, and reiving activities continued to plague the newly-termed "middle shires" despite every attempt to pacify truculent borderers and eliminate a way of life inbred during three previous centuries of sporadic warfare and associated depredations. 1605 yilda Tomas Routledge alias Bailiehead of Bewcastle, was on the move, hiding out from local authorities and evidently clinging to the old ways as he was included among the more unruly types that warranted close attention "for the bettering of his majesty's service." A local garrison occupied Thomas' house until such time he made himself "answerable to his majesty's laws."[71]
In 1606, border authorities hatched a scheme to rid the country of the worst malefactors by transporting them to the Ulster plantatsiyasi, a British colony in Northern Ireland seized from Irish owners after the To'qqiz yillik urush. Most of the colonists came from England and Scotland, some of them having been forced to settle there. The Grahams of Cumberland were especially targeted for transportation, along with other "dangerous" reivers. The Bishop of Carlisle, writing to the Earl of Salisburyin 1606, stated that the Routledges, "have been as offensive as the Grames [sic] though not so powerful."[72]
Meanwhile, for those remaining on the English, Scottish borders, life went on as precariously as ever. Thompson's-Walls, Northumberland was a typical farming hamlet near Kilham and the Scottish border where a "sudden quarrel" ended violently for Lancelot Routledge. Fortunately for Lancelot, he received a pardon for "manslaughter" on March 22, 1615. Nothing is said of the victim.[73]
In Scotland, one Robert Routledge of Thorlieshope, a farm located in "Nyukaslton" Roxburghshire [Liddesdale], appears in a long list of free-spirited troublemakers called to the Jedburgh Circuit Court in April 1623, and having not appeared, all were publicly declared "thrie several tymis, outlawis and fugitives.".[74]
Routledge and the Colonial Era
Colonizing the east coastal regions of North America and offshore islands from Nyufaundlend to the Caribbean (West Indies) had been underway ever since explorers Xristofor Kolumb va Jon Kabot set sight of land in 1492 and 1497 respectively. During the 1600s, thousands left their European homelands for life in the New World. They came from all classes of society: from younger sons of the nobility seeking their own fortunes, to religious dissenters, to adventurous opportunists, to unfortunates such as prisoners-of-war and common criminals who were transported into indentured service.
AD 1635. According to a document covering various lists of Britains who went to American plantations between 1600-1700, there was, in July 1635, a Jo Rowlidge, age of 19, among 64 men and 11 women sailing from London to "Virginea" aboard the ship Merchant's Hope, upon having taken oath "touching their conformitie to the Church discipline of England."[75]
AD 1625-1649. These years cover the disastrous reign of Karl I (1600-1649) of England, Scotland, and Ireland, yet another of the Stewart line whose rule ended unhappily. A steadfast believer in the divine rights of kings, Charles sought to assert his authority against the power of Parliament while religious reformers of conflicting views, such as the English Puritanlar va Shotlandiya Kelishuvlar, brought Protestant and Catholic differences to a head. Political and religious turmoil led to the Ingliz fuqarolar urushi (1642-1651) between monarchists and parliamentarians, and Charles' eventual beheading in 1649.
In 1624, a John Rutledge was "Keeper of the North Park, Xempton sudi,"[76] a magnificent royal palace located on the Temza daryosi about 12 miles from London. Perhaps this was the same man acquainted with Ser Allen Apsli, a prominent courtier of the day who, as Lieutenant of the London minorasi in 1626, recommended a John Rutlege for an appointment as Purser of the Sent-Meri.[77] Incidentally, Apsley was also one of the founders of the New England Company,[78] which begs the unanswered question of whether or not a Rutledge was among the first colonizers of New England. Later on, in 1629, a John Rutlish, "purser of the Sent-Meri," found himself arrested by the bailiff of the liberty of St Katharine's [a precinct near the London minorasi ] while doing the king's business of "victualling the St Claude out of his own purse," despite having produced a warrant by the Duke of Buckingham testifying that Rutlege was "his Majesty's servant." Rutlege's petition "prays for payment of 59 pounds and discharge from arrest."[79] Ikkalasi ham Sent-Meri va St Claude appear in a Ingliz flotining dastlabki harbiy kemalari ro'yxati as having been captured from the French fleet.
Routledge and Cromwell − the Commonwealth Era
AD 1642 to 1659. Civil war raged across Britain. By 1648, the so-called United Kingdom was on the brink of devastation what with religious extremists and troops loyal either to the royalists or to the parliamentarians led by Oliver Kromvel spreading terror across all of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Karlisl, the western gateway city to border counties, surrendered to Cromwell in October 1648, and a garrison of foot and horse was established there for "suppressing the insurrections of Moss-troopers " who might take advantage of the unrest to resort to criminal activities that had formerly plagued border regions for centuries past.[80]
Milodiy 1649 yil. A list of Irish-born officers, known as the "49ers," who had served in English armies before the 5th day of June 1649, was assembled for adjudication of their claims for unpaid arrears. Included were a Lieutenant Edvard Rutlid va a Thomas Rutlidge.[81]
Parliamentary forces prevailed in 1651, and Oliver Cromwell assumed government of the Commonwealth of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland under the title of Lord himoyachisi until his death in 1658. His son, Richard Kromvel (1658-1659) succeeded his father's position for less than a year and willingly stepped down in 1659.
Milodiy 1652. Some soldiers who had served the Commonwealth in Ireland were promised land in lieu of pay, and names of those who qualified were duly recorded during earlier Cromwellian Settlements. A Francis Rowlidg claimed land in counties Go‘sht va Kilkenni. Nicholas Rutleidge made a claim in county Sligo va Thomas Rutlidge claimed land in Tipperary. Nicholas and Thomas subsequently appeared in a list of grants made under the Hisob-kitoblar (1652) and Izoh (1666), enacted during the Restoration reign of King Charles II.[82]
AD 1660-1685. British politicians and civilians soon tired of a republican government dominated by Puritan moral strictures. After the downfall of the Cromwell Protectorate it was decided to revert to a monarchy system, and Charlz Styuart (1630-1685) returned from exile in mainland Europe to reclaim the crown as Charles II. Parliament forced him to reestablish the Church of England as the primary religion, although he preferred religious tolerance, and he also pardoned all past treasons against the crown with the exception of the 59 commissioners who had signed his father's (Charles I) death warrant in 1649.
O'g'il bolalar uchun Rutlish maktabi
AD 1670-1687. The village of Merton, located about 9 miles from London, is home to a 12th century parish church dedicated to St Mary. In the church-yard is the tomb of William Rutlish (1605-1687) who held the post of embroiderer to Charles II.[83] Rutlish was one of three embroiderers appointed along with George Pinckney and Edmund Harrison. These gentlemen appear in Treasury and State Papers in a variety of ways. Rutlish and Pinckney had a long-standing "patent" dispute with Harrison, which eventually resolved when Harrison "surrendered" to Rutlish and Pinckney.[84]
Rutlish and Pinckney were listed in Loans into the Exchequer as having loaned the government money towards British war efforts, likely against France. A Treasury order for "£247, 10 shillings," dated 1670, was entered with "repayment of the loan to be registered on the fee farms with only 6 percent interest."[85] Evidently, getting repaid for services rendered sometimes required legal action as shown in a petition for £680, 16 shillings as presented by "one Applegarth, Rutlish's solicitor."[86]
William Rutlish died in 1687 leaving £400 for "apprenticing poor children," in part to be used for schooling and part to be "distributed in clothes, bread and coals." That legacy eventually grew sufficiently to support a school and, over succeeding centuries, the Rutlish maktabi became one of the foremost educational institutions in England.[87]
Routledge in the 18th Century
Routledge and the Jacobite Era
AD 1686-1701. Charles II died in 1685, and his brother received the crown as James II of England and Ireland. Scotland preferred the title of James VII of Scotland, exemplifying the ever precarious state of religious and political affairs within the United Kingdom. James II espoused tolerance of non-conformist Protestants as well as Roman Catholics, but war with Catholic France was on the horizon. Suspected of being pro-Catholic and pro-France, James soon got on a collision course not only with England's political elites but also with his own daughter, Princess Mary (1662-1694). Mary who had been raised Anglican married a Dutch Protestant, William Prince of Orange. Parliament invited William to bring an invasion force to English shores; thereupon James II fled to France where he died in 1701 having only once attempted to regain the crown. In 1690, with French assistance, James launched a war in Ireland but was defeated by William, now Angliyalik Uilyam III, da Boyn jangi.
The Church of England regained the upper hand in Great Britain under the reign of Mary II and William III with the 1701-sonli aholi punkti proclaiming that only Protestants could ascend the joint thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Nevertheless, Catholic sympathisers called Yakobitlar championed the Stuart cause for the next half-century. Jeyms Rutleyd va o'g'il Valter would play significant parts in those Jacobite uprisings.[88] After Mary II died in 1694, William ruled alone until his death in 1702 and then Mary's sister Anne, also a Protestant, inherited the crown. Qirolicha Anne had married her second cousin George of Hanover who, as her closest living Protestant relative, inherited the British crown upon Anne's death in 1714. Jorj I held the crown until 1727 when it passed to his son Jorj II who had it until 1760. All the while, Stuart descendants of James II lingered in exile conspiring for any opportunity to reestablish a Stuart dynasty.
Milodiy 1701 yil. Aside from exiled royalty and their supporters, many persecuted religious dissenters, such as the Quakers, boshqa joylarga bag'rikenglik topish umidida Britaniyani tark etdi. Yilda Beshkastlning beshta irodasi, Harrison 1677 yilda shunday yozgan edi "Tomas Routledge "Toddels" filmi Bekkastl rektori va cherkov vakillari tomonidan Quaker sifatida taqdim etilgan. "[89] Ehtimol, bu Tomas yoki uning avlodlari birinchilardan bo'lgan Do'stlar jamiyati in Quaker aholi punktlarini mustamlaka qilish uchun yollangan Pensilvaniya tomonidan tashkil etilgan Uilyam Penn (1644-1718) 1600 yillarning o'rtalarida. Bugungi kunda Pensilvaniyada topilgan eng dastlabki Routledge yozuvi - bu nikoh John Routledge va Margaret Dalton 1701 yil 9 mayda Fallsington do'stlari uchrashuvida nishonladilar.[90] 1683 yilda tashkil topgan "Falls uchrashuvi birinchi diniy tashkilot edi Baks okrugi, Pensilvaniya.[91]
Milodiy 1708-1719. Jeyms Frensis Edvard Styuart (1688-1766), Jeyms II ning o'g'li, surgunda Styuartni qo'llab-quvvatlagan. Uning yakobit do'stlari uni Angliya qiroli Jeyms III va Shotlandiyaning VIII vakili deb atashgan, britaniyalik sodiq odamlar esa uni Old Pretender laqabini olgan. Britaniyadagi xushyoqish tarafdorlari va qo'shilgan va ular uchun kurashgan ko'plab irlandiyalik surgunlarning yordamchisi Irlandiyalik brigadalar Frantsiya va Ispaniyada u bir nechta muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi Frantsiya va Ispaniya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Shotlandiya orqali Buyuk Britaniyaning bosib olinishi. Irlandiyaliklar ko'chirilganlar orasida, Jeyms Rutleyd Irlandiyani tark etgan va Vilyamiyadagi musodara paytida mulkdan mahrum bo'lganidan keyin Frantsiyada o'zini tanitgan yakobit tarafdoridir.[92]
Milod 1713-1714. Sodiq tomonda, a Kapitan Rutlid ingliz kuchlari bilan xizmat qilgan va general-mayor qo'mondonligida vafot etgan Tomas Vittam. Bu vaqtga kelib Vetem Shotlandiyada, G'arbiy Hindistondagi va Ispaniyadagi kampaniyalarni boshqargan edi, shuning uchun Rutlidj shu to'qnashuvlardan birida xizmat paytida o'lgan. Kapitanning ismi yozilmagan, aksincha bu davr uchun "E'lon qilingan hisob-kitoblar" da kapitanning rafiqasi ekanligi ko'rsatilgan Anne Rutlidj beva ayolning yillik 26 funt pensiyasini olgan.[93]
Milodiy 1743-1746. Ushbu davr sa'y-harakatlarini yozib beradi Charlz Edvard Styuart (1720-1788), kabi tarix va folklorda ommalashgan Bonni shahzoda Charli. U Rimda surgunda tug'ilgan va o'sgan, ammo 23 yoshida Frantsiyaga Angliyada, Shotlandiyada va Irlandiyada Styuart monarxiyasini tiklashga qaratilgan frantsuzlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan yana bir hujum uchun yakobitlar qo'llab-quvvatlashini yangilash uchun borgan. Frantsiyada Charlz ikki boy savdogar va xususiy mulkdor bilan uchrashdi: Nant shahridan Antoni Uolsh va Uolter Rutlidj Dyunkerk.[94] Ushbu chet ellik irlandiyaliklar Charlz istilo boshlashi mumkin bo'lgan ikkita kemani jihozlashdi: Elisabet, unga hamrohlik qiladigan 66 qurolli harbiy odam Doutelle, bortida Charlz va do'stlari bo'lgan 14-qurolli oddiy odam. The Doutelle muvaffaqiyatli qo'ndi Eriskay 1745 yil 23-iyulda Shotlandiya. Shotlandiya va Angliyadagi dastlabki muvaffaqiyatlardan so'ng, yakobitlarning so'nggi muhim isyonlari Kulden jangi 1746 yil 16-aprelda.[95][96]
Routledge va Britaniya imperiyasi
Milodiy 1750-1800 yillar. Raqib Evropa kuchlari o'rtasidagi xalqaro mojarolar Afrikadan Osiyo, Avstraliya va Amerika qit'alariga qadar butun dunyo bo'ylab chet eldagi savdo yo'llarining ustunligi va mustamlaka huquqlari uchun avj oldi. Rutledge oilalar, bu vaqtga kelib, mustamlakachilik ishlarida allaqachon taniqli bo'lishgan. Mustamlakachilikning kuchayishi a Britaniya imperiyasi bu tez orada dunyoni o'rab oladi. Sarguzashtlar va boylik uchun misli ko'rilmagan imkoniyatlar minglab minglab odamlarni dunyoning uzoq burchaklariga, hatto o'zlarining xohishlariga qarshi chet elga ketgan jamiyatning pastki qismidagi ba'zi odamlarga yuboradi.
Milodiy 1765 yil. York shahrida "ot o'g'irlash" da ayblanib, Richard Routledge qamoqqa tashlandi va o'limga mahkum etildi ", ammo keyin u 14 yillik transport orqali muhlat oldi.[97]
Milodiy 1770 yil. Tomas Rutlid sud qilingan, o'g'irlik uchun sudlangan va shu bilan cheklangan Qari Beyli qamoqxona 7 yil davomida transport kemasini kutib, harbiy kemada xizmat qilish uchun afv etgan.[98]
Ayni paytda, bug 'bilan ishlaydigan birinchi gumburlash kabi Sanoat inqilobi butun er yuzida shovqin-suron ko'tarishni boshladi, hayotning qayta tiklanishi xalq hikoyalari va afsonalariga aylandi, uning sobiq tarafdorlari Buyuk Britaniyaning har bir qismida yangi yoshdagi hunarmandchilik va kasblarning har qanday turida qonuniy hayot kechirishdi. 1800 yilda o'tkazilgan ro'yxatga olish qayd etilgan Yo'nalish va Rutledge Pensilvaniya, Merilend, Delaver, Massachusets, Nyu-Yorkda, shuningdek Kerolinalarda va odatdagidek g'alati yozilishlarda yashovchi oilalar. Ratlid, Ruttidj, Rudlij va Rutlidj.[99]
Routledge va Carolinas
Milodiy 1663 yil. Britaniyalik Charlz I 1629 yilda yaratgan Karolina viloyati hozirgi Shimoliy va Janubiy Karolina, Tennesi va Jorjiya shtatlarini o'z ichiga olgan hududda. Uning vorisi Karl II 1660 yilda tojni qaytarib olishga yordam bergan sakkizta qirollik janoblariga erni qaytarib berdi. Lordlar egasi, bu odamlar Angliya singari sinfiy jamiyatni barpo etishlari kerak edi: zodagonlar o'zlarining plantatsiyalariga meros qilib olinadigan, sotiladigan va sotiladigan huquqlarga ega bo'lgan dehqonlar uchun ijaraga olingan ulkan erlarga egalik qildilar. Dehqon oilalari erlarni ish bilan ta'minlaydilar, ularga yordam beruvchilar va tobora ko'proq olib kelingan qullar yordam berishadi Afrika to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki boshqa koloniyalar orqali G'arbiy Hindiston. Routledge birinchi marta Karolinaga qachon qo'nganligi aniq emas, ammo keyingi 100 yil ichida Janubiy Karolina shtatining Rutledjlari yangi xalqning etakchilari qatoriga kiradi.
Milodiy 1677 yil. Kichkina ushlagichlar siqib chiqarildi Barbados Karolinaga ko'chib o'tdi. Routled oilalari o'sha Barbados muhojirlari orasida bo'lganligi noma'lum, ammo a Katarin Rutlidj o'sha davrda Barbados orolida yashagan, chunki Angliya cherkovi Xyu Kennaga 1677 yilda u erda turmushga chiqqanligini ko'rsatmoqda.[100]
Milodiy 1729 yil. Lordlar egasi va Karolina shtati fuqarolari o'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklar provinsiyaning a ga qaytishiga olib keldi toj koloniyasi 1719 yilda va 1729 yilga kelib u ikkiga bo'lingan - Shimoliy Karolina va Janubiy Karolina, har bir koloniya toj tomonidan tayinlangan gubernator va jamoatlar palatasi tomonidan boshqarilishi kerak edi. Robert Jonson (1682-1735) Janubiy Karolina qirollik gubernatori etib tayinlandi. U 10 ta shaharchaga bo'lingan erlarda "kambag'al evropalik protestantlar" bilan ichki makonni joylashtirish rejasini tuzganligi bilan ajralib turadi. 1735 yilga kelib "to'qqizta shaharcha o'rganib chiqildi va ularning oltitasiga yuzlab irlandiyalik, shveytsariyalik, nemis va uelslik ko'chmanchilar ko'chib kelishdi".[101]
Endryu Rutlid (1706-1755)
Milodiy 1733 yil. Janubiy Karolinaning gullab-yashnagan koloniyasidagi hamma ham Jonsonning erlarni taqsimlash sxemasini ma'qullamagan. "Janob Fryuin" Savdo va plantatsiyalar kengashiga ba'zi er quruvchilar nomidan "Assambleyaning yuqori va quyi palatalarining bir nechta g'alati qarorlari va farmonlari" haqida yozishga majbur bo'ldi. "Boy savdogarlar va asosiy aholi" ni "bir necha ... bu erda hokimiyat" rahm-shafqatiga duchor qilishdi "deb da'vo qilib, Fryuin bosh sudya [Rayt] va viloyatdagi barcha advokatlar so'nggi qarorlarga qarshi bo'lganligini yozgan. hozirgi Bosh prokurordan tashqari va Janob Rutlid Janobi Oliylarining (Jonsonning) Bosh vaziri. "Zikr etilgan" janob Rutlidj "deb taxmin qilingan Andrew Rutledge, Janubiy Karolinada yozilgan Rutledge familiyasining birinchisi. 1733 yilda Rutledge jamoat assambleyasiga saylandi, u o'zini janob Frewinning g'azablangan maktubida tasdiqlangan jamoat hokimiyatining chempioni ekanligini isbotladi, bu esa haqoratli qonuniyliklar faqat "Rutlening miyasining yaratuvchisi" deb da'vo qildi.[102]
Rutledge Janubiy Karolinaga 1725/6 yilda Angliya huquqini o'rganishga qabul qilingan Londonning O'rta Temple (Sud inns) ni tugatgandan so'ng kelgan bo'lishi mumkin. Qabul qilish reestrida quyidagicha yozilgan: "1 fevral, Andrew Rutledge, o'g'li va merosxo'ri Tomas R, Kallan shahri, Irlandiyaning Kilkenni okrugi, esq, [o'lgan][103]
Endryu Rutlidning davlat xizmatidagi karerasi haqidagi birinchi xabar uning 1731 yilda Bosh Surveyerning o'rinbosari sifatida esdalik lavhasida yozilgan ismidir. Boshqa yozuvlarda u turli vaqtlarda militsiyaning yordamchisi general lavozimida xizmat qilgan; Tinchlik Adolati va Masih cherkovi boshqaruvchisi sifatida.[104] 1749-1752 yillarda u jamoalar assambleyasi spikeri bo'lgan.[105]
Milodiy 1739 yil. Jonson va Rutledjning ham erlarni taqsimlash qarashlari xayriyachilarnikiga to'g'ri keldi Jeyms Edvard Oglethorp (1696-1785) va uning guruhiga kirgan 114 kolonist Charlston 1733 yil yanvar oyida, suzib ketgan Gravesend Angliya kemada Anne hozirgi shtat hududida "munosib kambag'allar" uchun mustamlaka topish vakolatiga ega Gruziya. Shubhasiz, Jeyms Oglethorp Endryu Rutlyed haqida juda yaxshi o'ylardi. 1739 yilda, bosh sudya lavozimi paydo bo'lganda, Oglethorpe Angliya hukumatiga xat yozib, Rutledgeni ushbu lavozimga tavsiya qildi. Nyukasl gersogiga Oglethorp shunday deb yozgan edi:
Men sizning oldingizda yotish erkinligini qabul qilaman Andrew RutledgeAngliyada huquqshunoslikni o'rganish uchun yetishtirilgan juda munosib va munosib odam; u Karolinada juda ajoyib xarakterga ega bo'lganligi; va u hazratlarining shaxsiga va hukumatiga bo'lgan g'ayrati bilan ajralib turadi. Va agar men sizni uning fazilatlari bilan tanishtirmagan bo'lsam, jamoat oldida ham, uning oldida ham adolatda bo'lishni istayman deb o'ylashim kerak edi, chunki bilamanki, siz juda katta ishonchni bajarishga qodir bo'lgan odam uchun o'zingizni qiziqtirasiz.[106]
Doktor Jon Rutledz (1713-1750 yillarda)
Sifatida tanilgan Endryu akasi Doktor Jon Rutled, shuningdek, 1730-yillarda Janubiy Karolinaga ko'chib kelgan va jamoat ishlarida ajralib turardi. U 1738 yilda Charleston militsiyasida jarroh bo'lib xizmat qilgan, 1745-1750 yillarda xristian cherkovi cherkovining xizmatchisi sifatida; va 1745-1750 yillarda qonun chiqaruvchi vakili bo'lib, avval Sankt-Polning cherkovi, so'ngra Xristian cherkovi cherkovi uchun. Ikkala erkak ham boy Hext oilasiga uylandilar, Endryu Sara Boone Hext 1735 yilda va 1738 yilda doktor Jon Endryuning o'gay qizi Soraga uylandi. Ushbu nikohdan 7 bola tug'ildi: 1739 yilda Jon; Endryu 1740; Tomas 1741; Sara 1742; Xyu 1745; Meri 1747; Edvard 1749. Doktor Jonning uchta o'g'li amakisi Endryu yo'lini tutib, O'rta ibodatxonada huquqshunoslik bo'yicha o'qigan: John Rutledge 1754 yilda, Xyu Rutledz 1765 yilda va Edvard Rutlid 1767 yilda,[107] Endryu va Tomas biznes bilan shug'ullanishganda. Doktor Jon 1750 yilda vafot etdi, uning to'ng'ich o'g'li Jon atigi 11 yoshida edi.[108] Keyingi o'n yilliklarda doktor Jonning ko'p avlodlari nafaqat Janubiy Karolinada, balki Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari deb nomlanmagan yangi mamlakatda ham ijtimoiy va siyosiy doiralarda taniqli bo'lishadi.
Jon Rutlid 1739-1800
John Rutledge, doktor Jon Rutleds va Sara Xekslarning to'ng'ich o'g'li, huquqshunoslikda o'qigan Sud xonalari Angliyada va 1761 yilda Janubiy Karolina jamoatlar assambleyasida vakili sifatida otasi va amakisiga ergashgan. 1764 yilda Rutledge Janubiy Karolinaning bosh prokurori etib tayinlandi va unda faol ishtirok etdi Amerika mustaqilligi harakat (1765-1783). U eng yosh delegat edi Damgalar to'g'risidagi Kongress 1765 yil, bu murojaat qilgan Qirol Jorj III Qonunni bekor qilish uchun va u Britaniya (1778), keyin Janubiy Karolina gubernatori (1779) sifatida inglizlar hujum qilganida mas'ul bo'lgan. Charlston va butun davlatni o'z nazoratiga oldi Janubiy Karolina (1780-1782). Urushdan so'ng, 1787 yilda Rutledj Janubiy Karolina delegatsiyasiga boshchilik qildi Konstitutsiyaviy konventsiya va batafsil qo'mitaning raisi sifatida birinchi loyihani yozishga rahbarlik qildi. Keyingi yil u Janubiy Karolinaning ratifikatsiya konvensiyasining a'zosi edi. 1789 yil 24 sentyabrda Prezident Jorj Vashington Rutledge nomzodini asl Assotsiatsiya Adolat sudyalaridan biri sifatida ko'rsatdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi, bu lavozim u 1791 yilda Janubiy Karolina oliy sudining bosh sudyasi bo'lish uchun iste'foga chiqdi. Shunga qaramay, 1795 yilda Vashington Rutledgeni bu safar nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining bosh sudyasi. U ushbu lavozimda to'rt oy davomida tanaffus tayinlagan bo'lib, Senat tomonidan ma'qullanguncha ishlagan.[109] Vaqt oralig'ida Rutledz Charlstondagi nutqini qat'iyan qoraladi Jey shartnomasi (juda munozarali hujjat Angliya bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qilishni nazarda tutgan edi Amerika inqilobiy urushi ), shu bilan o'zini Federalistlar boshchiligidagi siyosiy girdobning o'rtasiga qo'ydi Aleksandr Xemilton va Tomas Jeffersonniki Respublikachilar. Prezident Vashingtonning doimiy qo'llab-quvvatlashiga qaramay, Senat Rutledgening tayinlanishini 10 dan 4 gacha ovoz bilan tasdiqlashdan bosh tortdi, bu mag'lubiyat u kamdan-kam hollarda uning davlat xizmatidagi boshqacha namunali faoliyatini yakunladi.[110][111]
John Rutledge 1763 yil 1-mayda Elizabeth Grimke (1742-1792) bilan turmush qurgan. Barcha hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, u sadoqatli er edi va Elizabethning 1792 yil 6-iyulda vafot etishi, u hech qachon to'liq tiklanmagan zarar edi. Jon va Yelizaveta 10 farzand ko'rgan: Marta (1764-1816), Sara (1765 yilda tug'ilgan va vafot etgan), Jon (1766-1819), Edvard (1767-1811), Frederik (1769 / 71-1821 / 24),[112] Uilyam (? –1822), Charlz (1773-1821), Tomas (1774 yilda tug'ilgan va yosh vafot etgan), Yelizaveta (1776-1842) va Shtatlar (1783-1829).[113]
Edvard Rutlid (1741-1811)
Edvard Rutlid Doktor Jon Rutledz va Sara Xeksning kenja o'g'li, birinchi navbatda, Amerikaning eng yosh imzosi sifatida tanilgan. Mustaqillik deklaratsiyasi (1776). Urush yillarida u Kontinental Kongress 1774 yilda asoslangan Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya, 13 birlashgan koloniyalarning boshqaruv kengashi. Shu bilan birga, u Janubiy Karolina Vakillar palatasida ham joy egallagan. Charleston artilleriyasining kapitani sifatida u jang qilgan Bofort jangi 1779 yilda va inglizlar Charlestonni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, u Florida shtatidagi Avgustin shahrida mahbus bo'lgan qarshilik ko'rsatishni rejalashtirishda ayblangan bir guruh odamlar orasida edi. 1781 yilda chiqarilgan Rutledge Janubiy Karolinaning iqtisodiy tiklanishiga ko'maklashish bilan shug'ullanadi. 1788 yilda Edvard Janubiy Karolinada ratifikatsiya konvensiyasining delegati va ratifikatsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlashda etakchi bo'lgan AQSh konstitutsiyasi. Oilaviy sharoitlar tufayli Rutledj Prezident Jorj Vashingtonning AQSh Oliy sudiga tayinlanish uchun, shuningdek Frantsiya davlat kotibi va vaziri sifatida ko'rib chiqilishi uchun takliflarini qabul qilish o'rniga, Janubiy Karolinadagi uyida qolishni xohladi. 1796 yilda u Janubiy Karolina shtati senatiga saylandi va 1798 yilda gubernator bo'ldi.[114]
Edvard Rutlid 1774 yilda Henrietta Midlton bilan turmush qurgan va uch farzandni otalagan: mayor Genri Midlton Rutlyuz (1775-1844), Edvard (1778-1780) va Sara (1782-1855).[115]
Xyu Rutliz (v 1741/45 / 50-1811)
Garchi uning akalari Jon va Edvard singari keng tan olinmagan bo'lsa ham, Xyu Rutledz ular singari Janubiy Karolinada oldin va undan keyin sodir bo'lgan barcha shov-shuvli voqealar paytida huquqiy, siyosiy va harbiy sohalarda faol bo'lgan. Amerika inqilobi shu vaqt ichida Xyu xizmat qilgan va 1781 yilda asirga olingan. Xyu Admiraltiya sudida sudya bo'lib, 1775-1784 yillarda xizmat qilgan. 1783 yilda u Janubiy Karolinaning Vakillar Palatasining Spikeri va vafot etganda, Katta Sudya Adolat sudi Janubiy Karolina shtati.[116]
Xyu Rutledz ikki marta turmushga chiqdi, avval 1783 yilda Sara Ann Smitga (1753-1787), ikkinchisida 1788 yilda Meri Golitli Xugerga (1767-1835) uylandi. Uning birinchi nikohidan bo'lgan bolalar Sora (1785-1833), Xyu (1787-?) ) va uning ikkinchi turmushidan Mariya (1794-?), Benjamin (1798-1832), Frensis (1799-1866), Ann Sora (1801-1812) va Jon (1809-1851).[117]
Milodiy 1800 yil. 1800 yilda o'tkazilgan ro'yxatga olish, Pensilvaniya, Merilend, Delaver, Massachusets, Nyu-Yorkda va shuningdek Karolinalarda yashovchi Routledge yoki Rutledge-dan tashqari belgilangan tartibda turli xil g'alati yozuvlar bilan yashagan Routledge oilalari. Ratlid, Ruttidj, Rudlij va Rutlidj.[118]
Irlandiyalik ulanishlar
Shubhasiz, Angliya, Shotlandiya va Irlandiyaning aholisi turli sabablarga ko'ra o'zlarini bir mamlakatdan ikkinchisiga qadim zamonlardan beri ko'chirib yurishgan, ammo Routledge familiyasi faqat Irlandiyaning hukmronligi davrida Irlandiyani inglizlarga bo'ysundirishi bilan bog'liq yozuvlarda paydo bo'la boshlaydi. Genri VIII (1509-1547) va Yelizaveta I (1558-1603) ingliz boylik askarlari Rim-katolik Irlandiya er egalaridan musodara qilingan mol-mulkni olganlarida. Shotlandiya va ingliz qo'llariga ko'proq musodara qilish mustamlakasi bilan sodir bo'ldi Ulster plantatsiyalari Jeyms I davrida (1603-1625), undan keyin Kromvelliyaning Irlandiyani bosib olishi (1649-1653).
Milodiy 1545 yil. Ushbu uchinchi yozuvda batafsil ma'lumot berilmagan 36 Genri VIIIning patentli to'plami - 1545: Kechirim Tomas Rudleche, 23 may.[119]
Milodiy 1540-1600 yillar. Tomas Ormsbi Ruttledening oilaviy tarixi Ruttledge oilaviy hujjatlar Dublinning Trinity kolleji qo'lyozmalar kutubxonasida saqlanib, keyinchalik nashr etilgan Irlandiyalik nasabnomachi, ularning familiyalari "Irlandiyada Genri VIII davridan boshlab, turli xil yozilishlarda uchraydi: Rudleche, Rutriche, Rutlech, Ruttelege".
1568 yilda o'n ikki shimoliy otliqlar nomi berilgan Ratlej, 1585 yilda a Tomas Rutlid "Balimacgirraght qal'asi yoki tosh qal'asi" ni egallab olgan. Roskommon okrugi bilan Andrew Rutledge yaqin, 1596 yilda a Uilyam Ruttlid da tilga olingan Roscommonning ingliz tili va o'zlashtirilishi.[120]
Milod 1603-1625. Hukmronligi davrida Jeyms I turli xil Rutledge familiyalari yozib olingan va keyinchalik versiyasida nashr etilgan Irlandiya kanselyariyasidagi patentli rulonlarning taqvimi 1800 yilda nashr etilgan.
Jon Rutlidj Fits-Lanchi ning Castledermod Kildare okrugi, yeoman, noma'lum sabablarga ko'ra qiroldan afv oladigan erkaklarning uzun ro'yxatida paydo bo'ldi.[121]
XII-27. Qiroldan (Jeyms I) Brayan Makfilip O'Reyli va Edvard Rutlidj muloyim [janob] - Kavan okrugi Tullahagh Barda. Dvughbally va uning hududidagi barcha shahar va erlar, 24 ta ovoz berish maydonini yoki 1200 gektar maydonni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, barcha baliq ovlari bino yaqinida joylashgan. Eng ijaraga olingan 12L 16s.[122]
Richard Rutlidj Emlagh (ehtimol Kerri okrugi ]. Corbally (ehtimol) ning 2q ning 3 qismidan bir q 'va yarim Limerik okrugi ].[123]
Milodiy 1629 yil. 1629 yil 9-yanvarda Ann Rutledge John Collon-ga bo'lib o'tdi Avliyo Ioann cherkovi, Dublin Irlandiya.
Milodiy 1630 yil. Enniskillen shahri, okrugda Fermanagh, asosan jangovar odatlari va mahoratlari tufayli ingliz / Shotlandiya chegaralaridagi "mox askarlari" bilan ekilgan. Konnaught Chester "va Ulster plantatsiyalariga berilib yuborilgan mahalliy irlandiyaliklarni kuzatib boring. 1630 yilda olingan Muster Rollsga ko'ra" xizmatkorlar "deb nomlanganlardan biri bu ismli odam edi. Symon Rutleidge Tyrkenedy Baronida ijarachi bo'lgan "qilich va paykas" bilan - 1607 yilda ser Uilyam Koulga "uning odamlari va qurol-yarog 'uchun" 1000 gektar maydon "berilgan erlar.[124] Enniskillen 1649 yil aprelda Kromvelning parlament kuchlari nazoratini qo'lga kiritguniga qadar qirol Charlz uchun ushlab turilgan.
Milodiy 1631 yil. Richard Rutledj Strade va Balioke shaharlarida haftalik bozorlar va har yili ikkita yarmarka o'tkazish uchun litsenziya oldi Mayo okrugi.[125]
Kromvel, Rutlend va Irlandiya
Milodiy 1641-1656 yillar. Noqulay rim katoliklari orasida g'azablanish keng miqyosli qo'zg'olonga aylanib ketdi va natijada 11 yillik shafqatsiz fuqarolik mojarolari Irlandiya Konfederatsion urushlari. Konfederatlar Irlandiyaning aksariyat qismida ingliz hukmronligidan hokimiyatni tortib olishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi - shimoldan Ulsterdan tashqari, Meinster va Leinsterning ayrim qismlari. Ushbu davrda ba'zi sobiq musodara qilishlar Parlament qo'shinlari ostida bo'lganida bekor qilingan Oliver Kromvel, Angliya, Shotlandiya va Irlandiyadagi Royalist va Konfederat kuchlaridan ustun keldi. Stiven Rutlidj va Tomas MakRobert Ruttlidj, ning Mayo okrugi, "Kromvelli aholi punkti ostidagi Irlandiyadagi mulkni yo'qotish" sifatida ro'yxatga olingan.[126]
Milodiy 1649 yil. 1649 yil 5-iyunga qadar ingliz qo'shinlarida xizmat qilgan "49erlar" deb nomlanuvchi Irlandiyada tug'ilgan zobitlarning ro'yxati ularning to'lanmagan qarzdorlik to'g'risidagi da'volarini hal qilish uchun yig'ildi. Leytenant bor edi Edvard Rutlid va a Tomas Rutlid.[127]
Milodiy 1652. Irlandiyada Hamdo'stlikka xizmat qilgan ba'zi askarlarga ish haqi o'rniga yer berilishi va'da qilingan va malakaga ega bo'lganlarning nomlari avvalgi Kromvellian aholi punktlarida tegishli ravishda qayd etilgan. A Frensis Rowlidg okruglarda talab qilingan yer Go‘sht va Kilkenni. Nikolas Rutlid okrugda da'vo qildi Sligo va Tomas Rutlid da'vo qilingan er Tipperary. Keyinchalik Nikolas va Tomas grantlar ro'yxatida paydo bo'ldi Hisob-kitoblar (1652) va Izoh (1666), Qirol Charlz II ning tiklanish davrida qabul qilingan.[82]
Rutledge va irlandiyalik yakobitlar
Milodiy 1702-1703. 17-asrning oxiriga kelib, ko'plab musodaralar Irlandiya katoliklarini 12 million akr foyda keltiradigan erlarning 2 foiziga kamaytirdi va muvozanatni Shotlandiya, ingliz va boshqa protestant chet elliklar qo'liga topshirdi. "Deb nomlangan katolik Jeyms II ning irlandiyalik tarafdorlariYakobitlar, "keyin xuddi shunday jazolangan Orangelik Uilyam, protestant, Jeymsning singlisi Meri bilan turmush qurgan, Britaniyada hokimiyatni egallagan. Jeyms Rutleyd "Uilyamitlar musodarasi ostida Irlandiyadagi mulkdorlarni yo'qotish" ro'yxatida paydo bo'ldi.[92] U Irlandiyani Dyunkerkda yashash va gullab-yashnashi uchun tark etgan va uning avlodlari 18-asrning oxirida frantsuz, ingliz, irland va hattoki Amerika mojarolarida taniqli rollarni bajaradigan Rutled bo'lishi mumkin.
Milodiy 1761 yil. Balimagirril - Kavan okrugidagi Rim-katolik cherkovi, Olster Irlandiya Respublikasi va Shimoliy Irlandiya o'rtasidagi chegarada. Cherkovga bepul egalar tushdi John Rutledge, Robert Rutledge va Uilyam Rutlid 1761 yilda bo'lib o'tgan Irlandiyada bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylovda ovoz berish uchun ro'yxatga olingan. Ommaviy ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, bu Rutledd oilasi 1620 yil va 1830 yillarning oxirlarida ushbu jamiyatda doimiy ravishda yashaydi.
Milodiy 1780 yil. Genealogist janob Bernard Burk Heath House-dan Dowell O'Reilly-ning ikkinchi nikohini qayd etdi, u "Brayl, Konnutning 4-Milesiyalik qiroli" dan kelib chiqqan. 1780 yil mart oyida O'Rayli "Mayn Mayn okrugidagi Esq va Jeyms Noksning qizi Yelizaveta va" Doroti Rutlid.[128]
Routledge frantsuz aloqalari: Auld alyansi
Milodiy 1450-1500 yillar. Davomida Shotlandiya va Frantsiya Angliyaga qarshi kuchli ittifoq tuzdilar Yuz yillik urush (1337-1453). XV asrning boshlarida elita kompaniyasi Shotlandiyalik gvardiya, Frantsiya qirolini himoya qilish uchun shug'ullangan, piyoda va ot askarlari sifatida xizmat qilgan - uyda saroyda bo'lganida va chet elda minib, darhol shohning orqasida yurgan. Ularning barchasi "martabasi va tug'ilgan odamlari" bo'lgan va ba'zi bir familiyalar deyishga asoslar bor Yo'nalish, ehtimol bir necha avloddan iborat bo'lib, kamida ellik yil davomida doimiy ravishda kamondan otuvchi va qurolbardor bo'lib xizmat qilgan. Jon, Jeyms va Jorj 1454 yildan 1502 yilgacha turli xil familiya yozuvlari bilan "Routeluge" (1497, Archiers de la Garde) eng yaqin bo'lgan, keyin "Rotheluge" (Archiers de la Garde, 1463-1502).[129] Ularning kelib chiqishi Shotlandiya bo'lganligi aniq va ular Routledge familiyasiga ega bo'lganligi tarixchilar tomonidan kelishib olingan, imloda g'alati holatlar o'sha davrga xos bo'lgan beparvo yozish odatlariga bog'liq.
"Shotlandiya ismlarining yozilishi juda diqqat bilan o'rganilmasligi kerak, chunki ular ushbu varaqlarda yozilgan Clairambault MS goh bir yo'l bilan, goh boshqasi bilan ... Rotheluge bir nechta shakllarga ega, ba'zilari unchalik g'alati va vahshiy emas ". [130]
Milodiy 1537-1538. Ingliz / Shotlandiya chegaralari bo'ylab hayot tobora yomonlashib, anarxiya holatiga tushib qolgan bo'lsa-da, kamida bitta Routledge Scotsman Frantsiya bilan "aul ittifoqini" saqlab qoldi va u erda ilmiy martaba ortidan yashab yurdi. Bittasi Martin de Rotheluch Shotlandiya millatining "prokurori" etib saylanganidan keyin o'zini "Shotlandiya kelib chiqishi, fuqarolik huquqi bakalavri" deb e'lon qildi. Orlean universiteti, Verat ismli kishining e'tiroziga qaramay.[131][132]
Frantsiya Irlandiya inqilobchilari
Milodiy 1748 yil. The "Old Pretender" (Angliyalik Jeyms III va Shotlandiyaning VIII) Irlandiya kelib chiqadigan frantsuz fuqarosiga ismini berishdi Walter Rutledge muvaffaqiyatsiz 1745 yilda uning uchun ritsar baroneti Yakobitlar isyoni Britaniyalik tojni qaytarib olishga umid qilgan Styuartga chek qo'ygan:
Uolter Rutledz, Dunkirkning "qurolkori", Jeyms Rutlening o'g'li, provintsiyaning Rutledj oilasidan Esq. Konnaught, Ser Tomas Bleykning qizi Juliana tomonidan, Nayt Baronet 1745 yil 5-iyulda qirol Jeyms III va VIII-dan o'z zodagonlarining deklaratsiyasini e'lon qilgan va 1748 yil 23-dekabrda Uels shahzodasi Charlzga qilgan xizmatlari uchun o'sha qirol tomonidan yaratilgan. , Ritsar va Baronet, qolgan qismi tanasining merosxo'rlari uchun.[133]
Milodiy 1783. Janob MakMaxon yozgan Benjamin Franklin, ning asoschilaridan biri Qo'shma Shtatlar, o'sha paytda Frantsiyada vazir bo'lgan. Maktubda "Ser Uolter Rutlening" qizi uchun tinglovchilar so'ralgan - Mari-Julie Rutledge d'Herbigny, frantsuz ofitseriga turmushga chiqqan "M le Chevalier D'Herbigny". Maktubda aytilishicha, ushbu "haqiqiy xizmat xonimi" "janob Rutlaz Amerikaning qarindoshi" - deb taxmin qilinadi John Rutledge yoki Edvard Rutlid Janubiy Karolina shtati. Ikkala erkak ham, aka-uka ham ishtirok etgan Amerika mustaqilligi harakat. Mari-Juli, Franklin uni yordamga muhtoj bo'lgan Frantsiya hukumati vaziri "M le Comte De Vergennes" ga tavsiya qiladi deb umid qilmoqda.[134]
Milodiy 1789 yil. Jan Jak Rutled (1742-1794), Valterning o'g'li, taniqli va serhosil jurnalist, esseist, romanchi, dramaturg, tarjimon va ijtimoiy sharhlovchiga aylandi. Frantsiya inqilobi (1789-1799). Respublikachi sifatida u o'z o'rtog'ining chap qarashlari bilan o'rtoqlashdi Kordellar (Société des Amis des droits de l'homme et du citoyen) va ishchilar sinflarining huquqlarini himoya qildi. Unga ingliz faylasufi va siyosiy nazariyotchisi asarlari katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi Jeyms Xarrington (1611-1677). 1789 yilda Rutled hibsga olingan va "davlat dushmanlari bilan yozishmalar" uchun hibsga olingan va qisqa muddatga qamalgan.[135]
Ispancha ulanishlarni yo'naltiring
Milodiy 1554. Genri VIII 1547 yilda vafot etganidan so'ng, uning qat'iy katolik qizi, Meri I (1516-1558) ingliz taxtini meros qilib oldi va u bilan chuqur muzokaralar paytida Ispaniyalik Filipp II Bir Tomas Routledge Vena yozuvlarida sirli ravishda Filipp tomonidan to'lanadigan 100 ta toj oluvchi sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Shubhasiz, biron bir xizmat ko'rsatilgan yoki ko'rsatilishi kerak edi. Bu vaqtda chegarachilar otliq va harbiy ruhlari bilan juda obro'li edilar. Ko'pchilik kontinental urushlarda qatnashish uchun yollanma askar sifatida chet elga ketgan yoki o'zlarining monarxlariga qandaydir diplomatik yoki josuslik xizmatiga yuborilgan.
Vena, E. Variya. 5, Oltin zanjirlar va sovg'alar berilgan shaxslar ro'yxati [36]: Janob Rich, qirolicha xonasidan, 100 ta toj; Palataning yana ikki janoblari, 200 kishi; Vitse-palatachi (Ehtimol, ser Genri Jerningham); Ko'priklar, minora kapitani [minoraning leytenanti ser Jon Bridjes], 200; Tomas Routledge 100.
Yagona maslahat Ispaniya monarxi imperator Charlz Vning o'g'li shahzoda Filippga ko'rsatmasida topilgan:
13 mart. Simancas, E 508. Shu kuryer orqali biz sizga Qirolicha [Maryam I] roziligi bilan tuzilgan eslatma nusxasini, pensiya oladigan erkaklarning ismlarini va so'm. Ushbu pensiyalarni sizning oilangizdan to'lash maqsadga muvofiqdir, shunda nafaqa oluvchilar sizga xizmat qilishlari va ularga ergashishlari kerak bo'lgan sizdan kelib chiqqanligini tushunishlari mumkin. Summalarni boshlash juda yuqori, chunki kredit olish va xayrixohlik uchun bu muqarrar edi; ammo kelajak bizni ularni boshqaradigan vositalar bilan ta'minlaydi. Xarajatlarning ko'payishi sababli, siz ularning hammasiga yarim yillik to'lashni oldindan to'lashingiz uchun pul bilan yaxshi ta'minlangan bo'lishingiz kerak bo'ladi, chunki buni qilish kerak, deb o'ylaysiz va buni darhol ko'rasiz siz Angliyaga etib borasiz. . .Siz miqdorini muhokama qilasiz. . .Malikasi bilan, u sizga har bir insonning xizmatlari nimaga loyiqligini aytib bera oladi. '[136]
Milodiy 1768 yil. 18-asr davomida sakkizta Irlandiyalik polk Ispaniya armiyasida xizmat qildi, shu jumladan bitta Hiberniya polki, O'Nilning polki deb ham ataladi. Bu odamlar surgun qilingan Irlandiyaliklardan, Kromvelli va Uilyamitlarni musodara qilish paytida erlari olib qo'yilgan katoliklardan va Buyuk Britaniyaning manfaatlariga qarshi kurashish uchun Irlandiyadan chet el qo'shinlarida yollanma xizmatchilarga aylanish uchun yollangan edilar. "Ispaniya armiyasida xizmat qilgan irlandiyaliklarning ro'yxati" mavjud Don Melchor Rutledge.[137]
Shuningdek qarang
- Yo'nalish (familiya)
- Yo'nalish, nashriyot izi
Tashqi havolalar
Adabiyotlar
- ^ Jeffri, Aleksandr (1857). Roksburgshirning tarixi va qadimiy asarlari. Edinburg: Seton va Makkenzi. 2-jild 6-bet.
Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki. - ^ Dastlabki nizomlarda [Roxburgh Shotlandiya] Rokesburg, Rokeburc, bir nechta yozuvlarda Rokeburg, Rokesburg, Rocheburh, Rockeburh, Rogesburgh, Rogysburgh, Rokisburgh, Rokysburgh, Rokesburch va Rocheburch deb yozilgan.
- ^ Robinson, Mayri (1999). Qisqacha Shotlandiya lug'ati. Ko'pburchak. ISBN 9781902930015. Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki.
- ^ Freyzer, Uilyam (1891). Qirollik komissiyasining tarixiy qo'lyozmalarining ettinchi hisoboti. Edinburg: Tarixiy qo'lyozmalar bo'yicha H M qirollik komissiyasi. p. II qism 728-ilova. Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki.
- ^ Shotlandiyalik tarixchi Dayan Baptining lotin tilidan tarjimasi [1]: 1433, 22-avgust. Ushbu sovg'alar bilan ma'lum bo'ladimi, men Duglaslik Uilyam, Dumlangrij lordasi va Xavik mening fyfermdagi ijaramni iste'foga chiqardim, shu bilan birga Routluge burgess Simon-ga ijaraga berish va feu-ni bekor qilaman [erkin fuqaro]. Hamikdan va butun mening erlarim Byrkwode [Birkwood] odatda Slytryk [Slitrig] suvi bilan Kuhitlav [Whitelaw] suvlari orasida yotgan erni oxgang deb atashgan va shu bilan birga mening sharqiy qismida joylashgan Burnflat erlari. xuddi Smalbern [Smolbern] Slytryk suviga tushgan joygacha va sharqiy qismida Hawik yaylovlariga qadar aytilgan yerlarni tegishli Simon va uning merosxo'rlari va merosxo'rlari bilan birga ushlab turgan. va mening merosxo'rlarim barcha huquqlar bilan, qadimiy va har xil erkinliklar, urf-odatlar va yengilliklar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan va kelajakda ularga tegishli bo'lgan va kelajakda ularga tegishli bo'lgan har qanday erkinlik, odob-axloq qoidalari va erkinliklari bilan, erkin, tinch va osoyishta. tinchlikda, butunlay tarqatib yuborilmasdan, bekor qilinmasdan yoki aytilgan Symon tomonidan har yili qanday qilib o'z merosxo'rlari va merosxo'rlari menga va mening merosxo'rlarimga Shotlandiyaning yigirma shilindagi odatiy pullari ikki davrda, Hosil bayrami va Qishdagi Agata shahridagi teng miqdordagi pullarni har yili taqdim qilayotgan bo'lsa ham u hozirgi kundan keyin qishda Av-St Agata bayramida bo'lishi sharti bilan, men aytgan Uilyam va mening merosxo'rlarim va bizning nomimizdagi biron bir kishi aytilgan erlarda va unga tegishli narsalarda yoki ushbu erlarning biron bir qismida bo'lmasligimiz sharti bilan. Ushbu sovg'alarni sotish yo'li bilan yoki boshqa biron bir istisno shaklida sotish yo'li bilan bo'lsin, egalik qilishni yoki aniq biron bir tarzda da'vo qilishni xohlayman va aytmoqchimanki, ushbu Simonga mening Xovik Baronidagi o'rmonimdan ushbu bino bo'ylab zarur bino va ta'mirlash ishlarini olib borishlarini va olishlarini tilayman. uning hayoti firibgarlikdan yoki hiyla-nayrangdan xoli bo'lishni istayman va agar har doim umumiy janjallar bo'lsa va Xavikning g'arbiy qismida, shuningdek, atrofdagi barcha erlar orqali ushbu yo'llar orqali har kuni qo'llab-quvvatlasam. yerlarni firibgarlik va hiyla-nayranglarsiz tinchlik bilan qo'riqlash kerak, bular assotsiatsiya va fuga kirish uchun barcha shartlar yozilgan holda yozilgan, men aytgan Uilyam va mening merosxo'rlarim barcha odamlardan himoya qilishni kafolatlaydilar, oqlaydilar va abadiy himoya qiladilar Guvoh sifatida mening muhrim Hawikda qo'shilgan Muborak Bibi Maryamning taxminlari oktavasi bir ming to'rt yuz o'ttiz uchtasi va bu guvohlar Duglasning Arxibaldi, Roksburg shahrining sherifi, Kavverlar lordasi va Duglasning Jorji bilan birga boshqa ko'plab yorliqlar yo'q qilindi.
- ^ Freyzer, Uilyam, ed. Montague-Duglas-Scott oilasining hujjatlari, Dyuk of Buccleuch. (Shotlandiyaning milliy arxivi: GD224 / 890/4)
- ^ Skott, Duglas. "Hawick so'zlari kitobi" (PDF). Britaniya Kolumbiyasi universiteti.
- ^ Freyzer, Uilyam, ed. Montague-Duglas-Scott oilasining hujjatlari, Dyuk of Buccleuch. (Shotlandiyaning milliy arxivi: GD224 / 887/17)
- ^ Berton, Jon Xill (1876). Shotlandiya tarixi. Edinburg: Uilyam Blekvud va o'g'illari. p. Vol 3, 140. Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki.
- ^ Freyzer, Uilyam (1878). Buccleuchning Scotts. Edinburg: Uilyam Patterson. 1-jild, 32-37-betlar. Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki.
- ^ a b Fraser 1891, p. II 728-30-ilova.
- ^ Freyzer, Uilyam (1878). Buccleuchning Scotts. Edinburg: Uilyam Patterson. 2-jild, 85-bet. Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki.
- ^ Buccleuch2 1878, p. vol 2 112-114.
- ^ Buccleuch2 1878, p. vol 2 126.
- ^ Freyzer, Uilyam (1891). Uydagi oilaviy arxivlar (1424-1671). Edinburg: Tarixiy qo'lyozmalar bo'yicha H M qirollik komissiyasi. p. 113.
- ^ Uilson, Robert (1841). Xavik tarixi. Xavik: Robert Armstrong. 373-388 betlar. Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki.
- ^ "Shotlandiya tili lug'ati". Ushbu maqola ushbu manbadagi matnni o'z ichiga oladi jamoat mulki.
- ^ Uilson 1841 yil, p. 373-388.
- ^ Lotin tilidan AQSh tarjima kompaniyasi tomonidan tarjima (2013): 1447 yil 19-aprel, Brankishamedagi Kusingislenddagi Ritsar Buckleuchdan Valter Skotga Margaret Cusyng tomonidan berilgan nizom. Ushbu nizomni ko'rgan va o'qiganlarning barchasiga, Simon Routlugening rafiqasi Mergreta Cusyng, abadiy Rabbiyga salom yo'llaydi: mening aytgan erim Saymonning ma'lum bir ruxsati bilan va o'sha Simonning va mening o'g'lim va merosxo'rim Robertning roziligi va roziligi bilan ... sotish to'g'risidagi nizom o'tkazildi va ushbu hujjat buni buyuk va qudratli odam lord lek Buklut valeri Valter Skotga tasdiqladi. , kvira, odatda le Cusingisland deb nomlangan erni ijaraga olganimning to'liqligi va to'liqligi, ma'lum miqdordagi pul evaziga Roxburgh shirasi ichida Xavik baronida yotgan holda uning shimoliy qismidan Brankishame qishlog'i va erida yotgan qo'shimchalar bilan. menga va aytilgan o'g'lim Robertga to'lab to'lash bilan ... Tenedam [o'qib bo'lmaydigan] ... yuqorida aytib o'tilgan lord Uolterga, uning merosxo'rlari va merosxo'rlariga va mening merosxo'rlarimga tayinlangan qo'shimchalar bilan erni ijaraga berish. bundan buyon hukmronlik qilish va foyda olish uchun egalik qilish huquqi va merosxo'rlik ustamasi ... [o'qib bo'lmaydigan] har yili aytilgan lord Uolter, uning merosxo'rlari yoki merosxo'rlari xizmat ko'rsatishlari va boshqa barcha odatiy to'lovlar… yoki vaqtinchalik xizmat tenandry of the land with appurtenances can legitimately provide to my overlord of the said tenancy … And I, verily called Mergreta and my heirs the entire aforesaid tenancy … to aforesaid lord Walter, his heirs and assignees … we will warrant against all mortals… In testimony in this matter for those present I attach my seal with the seals of the said Symon and Robert as a sign of their consent and assent. In Edinburgh, 19th day of the month of April, year of the Lord one thousand four hundred forty seven, having witnesses Alexander de Chesholme of the same place, Andrea Ker of Awtanburne, Jacob Langland of the same place, Willelm Turnbull of Qwhithop, and Johann of Saint Michal junior, with many others.
- ^ National Archives of Scotland, GD224/876, No.39 1447 April 19 3 tags, one seal remains. Documents Transcribed by Sir William Fraser for the 'Scotts of Buccleuch'.
- ^ Buccleuch1 1878, p. vol 1 42-43.
- ^ Translation from Latin by US Translation Company (2013): "Sasine [legal transfer of property] of Walter Scott of Buccleuch, in the lands of Birkwood and Burnflat. 1st February 1448. In the name of the Lord amen: Using this public instrument be it known to all that in the year one thousand four hundred and forty eighth since the birth of the Lord, in the tenth cycle, on the first day of the month of February, in the pontificate of the most holy Father in Christ and our lord Nicholas the fourth by divine Providence, in my office as notary public and in the presence of the undersigned witnesses called here and specially invited the honorable man lord Walter Scot, squire, lord of Bukclouch having addressed an honest and distinguished man Symon de Routlug at the time the baillie from Hawic to convey from him the sasina of hereditary estate and property by the virtue of my office the whole land of Birkwood, which is commonly called ane oxgang of land and also the land of Burnflat as it lies extending to Smale Burn, which the aforementioned Symon and his heirs received from the fief of the honorable and magnificent overlord Willelm de Dowglas, lord of Hawic, to the aforementioned lord Walter, squire, by the virtue of my office, conveying the hereditary estate and property according to the terms contained in the charter. Of all and each of the above, the aforementioned lord Walter, squire, caused this instrument to be written by me, the notary public. This document was made here in the house in the land of Birkwood at the tenth hour of the morning or thereabout, there being present honorable and distinguished men Stephan Scot de Castelaw, Adam Scot, Ricard Scot and Johanne de Hawic, who were especially invited to the premises as witnesses. I, Mattheus of Romanox, presbyter of the Glasgow diocese, notary public by the imperial authority [etc. in the usual form.
- ^ Buccleuch2 1878, p. vol 2 43.
- ^ Gairdner/Brodie, James/ R H. "Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII". Britaniya tarixi Onlayn. p. vol 13, part 2, appendix, 540–557.
- ^ Buccleuch1 1878, p. vol 1 liv 10 62.
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