Jon L. Anderson (kema quruvchi) - John L. Anderson (shipbuilder)

Jon L. Anderson
Kapitan Jon L. Anderson.png
Kapitan Jon L. Anderson taxminan 1928 yil
Tug'ilgan
Jon Laurentius Anderson

(1868-11-11)1868 yil 11-noyabr
Gyoteborg, Shvetsiya
O'ldi1941 yil 18-may(1941-05-18) (72 yosh)
Sietl, Vashington, BIZ
Dam olish joyiSietldagi Pleasant tog'i qabristoni
KasbParom operatori, kema quruvchi
Turmush o'rtoqlarEmili K. Anderson ismli ayol Matson, 1895 yilda turmush qurgan

Kapitan Jon Laurentius Anderson taniqli shaxs edi Vashington shtati yigirmanchi asrning birinchi yarmida dengizchilik sohalari, xususan parom xizmati, kemasozlik va kemalarga asoslangan turizm. U o'ttiz yil davomida Vashington ko'lidagi eng katta parom parkini boshqargan. U Puget-Soundda katta parom parkini boshqargan. U o'zining kemasozlik zavodlarida o'ndan ortiq kemalarni, shu jumladan qurilgan birinchi okean kemasini ham qurdi Vashington ko'li.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

C. Kalkins, Kapitan Andersonning birinchi buyrug'i

Anderson 1868 yil 11-noyabrda tug'ilgan Gyoteborg, Shvetsiya.[1] U dengizchilar oilasida to'rt farzandning to'ng'ichi edi. Uning otasi Anders Jakobson ham, amakisi ham dengizchilar edi. 14 yoshida, 1882 yilda u tog'asi bilan birga suzib yurgan yuk kemalaridan biriga qo'shildi Atlantika. Ikkinchi safarida u kasal bo'lib qoldi Kvebek tiklanmoq. U yo'l oldi Shrieber, Ontario qaerda u bilan ish topdi Kanadalik Tinch okean temir yo'li, rassomlar brigadasini boshqarish.[2]

Anderson kirib keldi Sietl 1888 yilda 20 yoshida. U dengiz sanoatida ishlagan. U dekhand edi Jorj V. Elder, Olimpiyachi va Point Arena, unga ko'tarilgan o't o'chiruvchi. U arqonda o't o'chiruvchi bo'lib ishlagan Rainier, Stetson va Post Lumber kompaniyasiga tegishli. U ekipajga qo'shildi C.C. Kalkins dekhand sifatida va ikki yillik xizmatidan so'ng kapitanga ko'tarildi. Uning kapitanining maoshi oyiga 100 dollarni tashkil etdi.[3] Sabab bo'lgan iqtisodiy muammolar 1893 yilgi vahima natijada C.C. Kalkins egasi uni xizmatdan chetlashtirmoqda. Kapitan Anderson kemasini yo'qotib qo'ydi, ammo to'plagan tajribasi va to'plagan pullari bilan u o'zining paroxodli biznesini boshlashga muvaffaq bo'ldi.

Paroxod operatori (1892–1897)

Andersonning karerasining ushbu dastlabki bosqichida u bitta feribotga ega edi va uni kapitan sifatida boshqargan, bu kunning oddiy va oddiy biznes modeli.

Winnifred 1892 yilda N. C. Peterson kemasozlik zavodidan boshlangan. Kapitan Anderson va Jeyms M. Kolman paroxodga teng sheriklar sifatida ega bo'lgan. U o'rtasida yo'lovchi paromi sifatida ishlagan Leschi bog'i Sietlda va Nyukasl, Vashington ko'lining sharq tomonida. Qaytib kelish uchun yo‘l haqi 50 sentni tashkil etdi. Winnifred 1894 yil 12 sentyabrda Leschi bog'idagi dokda yondi. Anderson uni qutqarish uchun oyoqlarini pufakladi. Kema 3000 dollarga sug'urta qilingan bo'lsa, sheriklar unga 4500 dollar sarmoya kiritgan.[4]

Anderson almashtirish uchun kelishuvlarni amalga oshirdi Winnifred bilan Quickstep olovdan keyingi kun. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, ular "biroz buzilgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ular haligacha ringda" va Leschi Park-Nyukasl xizmatini davom ettirishga intilishgan.[4] O'sha oyning oxirida Anderson sotib oldi Quickstep va u 1894 yil 27 sentyabrda Nyukasl xizmatiga maslahat berdi.[5] Anderson yo'lovchilar va yuk tashish uchun kuniga uch marta sayohat qilgan. U Vashington ko'li bo'ylab ekskursiya sayohatlarining erta va umrbod tarafdori edi, shuning uchun Quickstep shuningdek, kechqurun kruiz atrofida harakat qildi Mercer oroli yakshanba kunidan tashqari har kuni. 1897 yil 3-yanvar yakshanba kuni, Quickstep Leschi bog'idagi dock-ga bog'lab qo'yilganda yonib ketdi. U bo'shashib qoldi va alanga tarqalmasligi uchun Vashington ko'liga suzib ketdi. U suv sathida yonib ketdi va butunlay yo'qoldi. U 1500 dollar uchun sug'urta qilingan.[6]

Paroxodli tadbirkor (1897–1904)

Andersonning mahorati, tajribasi va sanoat bilan aloqalari o'sib borishi bilan u dengiz loyihalari menejeri, kema brokeri va bitimlar ishlab chiqaruvchisi, shuningdek kema kapitani bo'lishga taraqqiy etdi. Uning loyihalari turli xil tijorat vaziyatlaridan foydalangan holda fursatparast edi. Anderson tezda kemalarni sotib oldi va sotdi va "har sotganimda pul ishlab topdim" deb xabar berdi.[3]

Leyk xonimi

1897 yil yanvar oyida Anderson N. C. Petersonga uning o'rnini bosuvchi shaxsni qurish uchun shartnomaga ruxsat berdi Quickstepsuvga cho'mgan Leyk xonimi. Yangi kema dvigatelni birlashtirdi Quickstepolovdan keyin qutqarilgan.[7] 1897 yil iyun oyiga kelib Anderson o'zining eski marshrutini Leschi bog'idan Nyukaslga, Sharqiy Sietlga suzib ketayotgan edi Mercer oroli yangi kemasi bilan.[8] Biroq 1897 yil avgustga kelib u o'zining yangi kemasini C. E. Kurtisga sotib yubordi Nima? 4700 dollarga sotib oldi va Kurtisning kichik kemasi - paroxodni sotib oldi Harakat, 17 dollarga.[9] Kapitan Anderson yugurdi Harakat o'rtasida Olimpiya, Shelton va Takoma, janubda Puget ovozi 1897 yilda.[2][10]

Andersonda paroxod bor edi Leschi 1897-1898 yillarda qish paytida qurilgan. U 1898 yil mart oyida ishga tushirilgan.[11] Manbalardan birining xabar berishicha, Anderson kemadan Vashington ko'lida yo'lovchi paromi sifatida foydalanmoqchi bo'lgan. Qanday bo'lmasin, u kemani AQSh hukumatiga deyarli tugashi bilanoq 2500 dollarga sotdi.[3] Leschi bug 'chiqarishga aylandi Lilli, qismi Chortermaster bo'limi ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi.[12][13]

Sotilgandan keyin Leschi, Andersonda paroxod bor edi Acme Gustavus V. Jonson tomonidan Vashington ko'li kemasozlik zavodida qurilgan.[14] U 1899 yil iyun oyida yakunlandi.[15] U Leschi bog'idan parom xizmatini ko'rsatdi Medison Park. Acme 1899 yil 12 iyulda Vashington shtati press assotsiatsiyasi sharafiga Vashington ko'li flotiliyasining flagmani bo'lgan.[16] Anderson sotildi Acme 1899 yilning kuzida, ehtimol oktyabr oyida matbuotda uning kemaning ustasi sifatida almashtirilganligi qayd etilgan edi.[17] Taxminan o'sha paytda, u egalik qildi Renton shahri uni 1900 yil 21 avgustda Xarri E. Tompkinsga 1000 dollarga sotgan.[18]

Andersonning navbatdagi loyihasi uning eng murakkab loyihalaridan biri edi. The Ichki Flyer qurilgan Portlend Kolumbiya daryosidagi xizmat uchun. Uning dengiz sinovlari 1898 yil sentyabrda boshlandi va darhol mexanik muammolar paydo bo'ldi.[19] Federal paroxod inspektorlari ishga tushirilgandan ko'p o'tmay jihozidagi o'zgarishlarni talab qildi.[20] Uning Chikagodagi Dengiz temir zavodi tomonidan qurilgan texnikasi hech qachon mamnuniyat keltirmadi va olib tashlanmadi.[21] 1900 yilda Portlendga tashrifi chog'ida Anderson unga duch kelganida, uning mexanik muammolari echimini kutib, uning tanasi bog'lab qo'yilgan edi. Anderson Dalles, Portlend va Astoria Navigatsiya Kompaniyasini korpusni sotishni buyurdi. La Connor savdo va transport kompaniyasi 1900 yil dekabrda.[22] Unda dvigatel bor edi Kiren olib tashlandi va keyin uning o'rnatilishini nazorat qildi Ichki Flyer.[23][3] 1901 yil fevral oyida u Portlenddan Sietlga faqat ikki kun ichida suzib ketdi, ehtimol bu uning o'lchamidagi kemada rekorddir.[24] Ichki Flyer Puget Sound-da parom sifatida xizmatni boshlashdan oldin uni Sietldagi uyimizga o'rnatdi.

Anderson katta yaxtalarni sotib olgan foydali joyni topdi. U sotib oldi Elsinore Sietl zargarlaridan Albert Xansen. 1903 yil 28 martda u uni ishlatish uchun Jorj A. Jenkinsga 3000 dollarga sotdi Whatcom ko'li.[13][25][26] 1900 yil mart oyida Anderson bug 'yaxtasini sotib oldi Kiren sherigining o'g'li Lourens J. Kolmandan Winnifred, Jeyms M. Kolman.[27] Uning asl dvigatelini o'rnatgandan so'ng Ichki Flyer, uning uchun yangisi qurilgan edi Kiren. Uni sotish va keyingi loyihaga o'tish o'rniga, Anderson uni Puget-Sounddan Vashington ko'li tomon suzib o'tdi va yo'lovchilarga parom va ekskursiya sayohatlarini olib bordi.[28] 1903 yil 21 fevralda Anderson Jeyms M. Kolmanning yaxtasini qabul qilib oldi Xanthus va uni Vashington ko'liga ham ko'chirdi.[29] 1903 yil iyul oyiga kelib, Anderson yo'lovchilarga parom xizmatini rejalashtirmoqda Kiren va Xanthus o'rtasida yugurish Medison Park, Madrona bog'i va Leschi bog'i har yarim soatda.[30] 1903-yilgi ko'ldagi yozgi mavsumdan so'ng, Andersonda edi Kiren (23 m) dan 100 fut (30 m) gacha 4000 dollar qiymatiga uzaytirildi.[31]

1904 yil iyun oyida g'ildirakli paroxod Mercer Vashington ko'lida ishga tushirildi.[32] Anderson kema Leschi bog'i, Mercer orolidagi Sharqiy Sietl va Mercer Slofning turli nuqtalari o'rtasida parom qatnovi uchun qurilgan edi.[33] Mercer Leschi bog'idan Mercer oroli atrofida har kuni ekskursiya sayohatlari o'tkazildi.[34] 1905 yil 30 oktyabrda kapitan Anderson qurilish uchun shartnoma tuzdi Fortuna. O'shanda u "Vashington ko'lida sayohat shunchalik ko'payganki, bu yangi paroxod zaruratga aylangan. Ekskursiya maqsadida tez paroxodga ega bo'lish mening orzuim edi".[35]

Vashington ko'li operatsiyalari

Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi 1905 yilgi yozgi jadval

Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi (1905–1917)

1902 yilga kelib, Anderson o'zining flotini qurayotgan edi, chunki u 1897 yildan beri kemalarni sotib olish va sotish yoki boshqalarga ularning qurilishini nazorat qilish o'rniga. Faoliyatining ushbu bosqichida u tobora murakkablashib borayotgan yirik va o'sib borayotgan kompaniyani boshqargan. 1905 yilda u birinchi marta Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi sifatida reklama qilishni boshladi.

1906 yil oxirida Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi Vashington shtatiga 200 ming dollarlik kapital bilan qo'shildi. Direktorlar orasida Jon L. Anderson, kapitan Harri E. Tompkins va bankirlar bor edi Jeykob Furt va J. F. Leyn.[36] 1906 yil 27-noyabrda Anderson Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi va B. & T. Transport kompaniyasi o'rtasida birlashishni e'lon qildi,[37] kapitanlar Jorj Bartsch va Harri E. Tompkinslarga tegishli. Birlashish 1906 yil 31-dekabrda amalga oshirildi. Birlashgan kompaniya Vashington ko'lida parom xizmatida deyarli monopoliyaga ega edi, shu jumladan. King County tomonidan egalik qilgan King County, lekin Bartsch va Tompkinsga ijaraga berildi.[38] Paroxodlarga Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi yordam berdi Kiren, Xanthus, Fortunava Mercer, ishga tushirish Ramonava tortish Hornet. Ga qo'shimcha ravishda King County charter, B. & T. Transport transport vositalariga yordam berdi Gazelleva Doroti, ishga tushirish Avisva tortish Muvaffaqiyat. Bartsch va Tompkins o'z kemalari evaziga Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasida aktsiyalar oldilar. Anderson prezident, Tompkins birlashtirilgan tashkilotning menejeri edi.[39][40]

Vashington ko'lida yuk tashish biznesi jadal rivojlandi. Mijozlar shunchalik ko'p ediki, Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi ikkalasini ham haddan tashqari yuklagani uchun 1907 yilda jarimaga tortildi Kiren va Xanthus.[41] Anderson ikkita yangi kemaga buyurtma berdi, Uraniya va Atlanta, talabni qondirish uchun. O'z parkini kengaytirish masalasini muhokama qilishda Anderson shunday dedi: "Men bu yil Vashington ko'lidagi biznes [1907] o'tgan yilga nisbatan ikki baravar ko'p bo'lishiga ishonaman".[42]

1907 yil mart oyida King County xizmatdan chiqarilgan. Federal dengiz inspektorlari uning kemalari va taxtalarida chiriganligini aniqladilar.[43] Go'yo uning kamchiliklari jiddiyligini ta'kidlamoqchi bo'lib, u 1907 yil 20-may kuni sud majlisiga cho'kdi.[44] U o'rtasida yugurib yurgan edi Kirkland va Madison Park, Vashington ko'li bo'ylab uzoq yo'llardan biri. Yo'qotish King County Kirkland mintaqasidagi odamlar va korxonalar uchun favqulodda holat edi. Jamoatchilik tazyiqi okrug komissarlari harakatiga sabab bo'ldi. Qachon King County Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan, okrug oyiga 200 AQSh dollari miqdorida subsidiya bergan.[45] 1908 yil mart oyida kapitan Anderson County yangi paromigacha o'z kemalarini marshrutda boshqargani evaziga King Countydan oyiga 300 AQSh dollari miqdorida subsidiya oldi, Vashington, o'sha yilning oxirida ishga tushirilishi va foydalanishga topshirilishi mumkin.[46] Tuman har doim bitta kema bor edi Vashington ta'mirlash uchun marshrutdan olib tashlandi, bo'shliqni to'ldirish uchun Andersonga keldi. Ushbu vaqtinchalik ish uchun haq to'lashning adolatli stavkasi bo'yicha ko'pincha janjallar bo'lgan.[47] Andersonning parki ushbu hudud uchun shu qadar ahamiyatli bo'lib qoldiki, u butun faoliyatini butun moliyaviy va siyosiy jihatdan jalb qilgan va ko'pincha mahalliy hukumatlar bilan ziddiyatli bo'lgan.

Leschi Parkdagi Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasining ofisi, taxminan. 1910. Paroxod Kiren iskala orqali bog'langan.
Alyaska-Yukon-Tinch okeani ko'rgazmasi logo.jpg

The Alyaska-Yukon-Tinch okeani ko'rgazmasi 1909 yil yozida rejalashtirilgan edi. Jon Anderson uchun muhim bo'lgan ko'rgazma maydonchasining "suv darvozasi" Union Bay Vashington ko'lida. Anderson ushbu ko'rkaga eksklyuziv kirish huquqini taqdim etdi, ekspozitsiya asosida yagona. Ikki raqobatchilar - Interlaken va Laurelhurst Steamship Companies, yaqin atrofdagi dokdan foydalanishni tashkil qilishdi.[48] Ekspozitsiyaga sayyohlarni tashish va ko'rgazmaga tashrif buyurganlarning ko'lga ekskursiyalari - bu Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi flotining imkoniyatlaridan yuqori bo'lgan biznes imkoniyatlari edi. Kapitan Anderson yana ikkita kema qurdi, Triton va Akvilo Ikkalasi ham 1909 yil may oyida, ekspozitsiyaning iyun oyida ochilishi arafasida boshlangan edi.[49] Olomon juda katta edi, tadbir tugashidan oldin 3 milliondan ortiq mehmonlar. Andersonning kemalari to'la edi. Aslini olib qaraganda, Akvilo ochilish kunida litsenziyalangan yo'lovchi tashish imkoniyatidan oshib ketganligi uchun jarimaga tortildi.[50]

Ko'rgazma 1909 yil 16 oktyabrda yopilib, Vashington ko'li parom parkida zudlik bilan ortiqcha imkoniyatlarni yaratdi. Ikki kundan keyin kapitan Anderson boshqa lavozimga tayinlandi Atlanta Interlaken Steamship Company yo'lovchi paromlari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqobatlashish uchun. Atlanta ikki Interlaken kemasidan tezroq bo'lganligi sababli, u biznesning asosiy qismini egalladi. Pul oqimi to'xtatilganligi sababli, Interlaken to'lovlarni to'lay olmadi. Kreditorlar Interlakenning ikkita kemasini hibsga olishdi, L. T. Xaas va Yovvoyi daraxt1909 yil noyabrda Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasiga sotilgan. Kapitan Anderson o'zining eng katta raqibini tezda va qimmat stavka urushisiz yo'q qildi va Vashington ko'li parom xizmatiga yaqin monopoliyasini saqlab qoldi.[51]

Andersonning ishi jadal rivojlanayotgan paytda, uning to'rtta qayig'i yo'qolgan. Birinchisi, 1910 yil 19 sentyabrda sodir bo'lgan Yovvoyi daraxt uning dock-da yonib ketdi. Uning ustki asarlari yo'q bo'lib ketdi, chunki uning bog'lash chiziqlari yonib ketdi va u bir nechta uy qayiqlari tomon siljiy boshladi. Bu payt kapitan Anderson va bir nechta o'g'il bolalar bug 'ko'tarishdi Atlanta. U voqea joyiga shoshilib, tortib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Yovvoyi daraxt uy qayiqlaridan uzoqda, shuningdek o'rnatmasdan Atlanta yong'in ostida. Yovvoyi daraxt deyarli suv chizig'iga qadar yoqib yuborilgan. Kema sug'urta qilingan bo'lsa-da, Anderson yong'in kuni yangi kemani tuzatishdan ko'ra arzonroq qilishini aytdi Yovvoyi daraxt.[52] Bu nima bo'lganligi ko'rinib turibdi Yovvoyi daraxt yong'in chiqqandan keyin matbuot akkauntlaridan chiqib ketadi. Uraniya xuddi shunday taqdirga duch keldi. 1914 yil 12-fevralda u Xyutondagi dock maydonida yonib ketdi. Fortuna bir soatdan keyin olovni o'chirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, ammo Uraniya ustki ish joylari va texnika shikastlangan.[53] U sug'urta qilingan, ammo hech qachon qayta tiklanmagan, buni Federal reestrdan chiqarib tashlaganligi va undan keyingi matbuot akkauntlari tasdiqlaydi. Kapitan Anderson qurdi Tong uni almashtirish uchun.[54]

L. T. Xass Vashington ko'lidagi birinchi paroxodlardan biri edi. Federal dengiz inspektorlari kemada sezilarli darajada chiriganligini aniqladilar va uni qoraladilar. U ta'mirlashga loyiq emas edi. Xotonda uning dvigateli va texnikasi olib tashlangan. Hulk Vashington ko'liga olib chiqildi, u erda 1913 yil 28-iyulga o'tar kechasi yoqib yuborildi. Olovli kema biroz xavotirga sabab bo'ldi, chunki ko'pchilik yo'lovchilar bilan doimiy paroxodlardan biri yonayotgan deb taxmin qilishdi.[55][56]

Triton, Mercer orolining janubiy qirg'og'iga botdi

Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi tomonidan yo'qolgan to'rtinchi kema edi Triton. Taxminan soat 16 da. 1916 yil 24-sentabrda u Mercer orolining janubiy uchida bir zarbani urdi. Qopqoq korpusni teshib yubordi, lekin bir necha daqiqa davomida tiqin vazifasini bajarib turdi. Siqilish yiqilib tushganda, Triton suvni tezda qabul qila boshladi. Kapitan H. A. Riddl Mercer orolining janubiy qirg'og'idagi kemani sayr qildi va yo'lovchilar va ekipajni xavfsiz tarzda qo'ndirdi. Triton uning dengiz sathidan pastki qismiga joylashdi. Voqea ikki oy o'tgach sodir bo'ldi Vashington ko'li kema kanali ochilib, ko'l sathi 2,1 metrga pasaytirildi. O'sha paytda bu chayqalish suv sathining past darajasida yuzaga keladigan ko'plab xavflardan biri ekanligi taxmin qilingan edi.[57]

Triton tik suv osti yonbag'rida dam olishga keldi. Orqa suyak 20 fut (6,1 m) suvga cho'kdi, kamon esa 7 fut (2,1 m) pastki qismida o'tirdi. Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi sug'urta qilmagan Triton va o'sha paytda u qutqarilmasligi mumkinligi tan olingan edi.[57] Ko'rinib turibdiki Triton boshqa suzib yurmadi. U 1917 yil 1 yanvardan boshlab kompaniya aktivlari ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan Vashington davlat xizmatlari komissiyasi[58] va uning avtohalokatidan keyin matbuot akkauntlari o'chirilgan.

Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi 1916 yilgi yo'nalish xaritasi

Feribot xizmati Vashington ko'li jamoalari uchun juda muhim edi. Vashington ko'lining sharqiy qismida er sotmoqchi bo'lgan ko'chmas mulk manfaatlari,[59] va qishloq xo'jaligi manfaatlari, sharqiy tomondan Sietlga oziq-ovqat etkazib berish, paromlar narxlarini pasaytirishni xohlashlarida ayniqsa kuchli edi. 1911 yil sentyabr oyida yangi tashkil etilgan Sietlning Port Komissiyasi ushbu bosimlarga javob berdi. U 1912 yil mart oyidagi ovoz berishda Leschi bog'idan Medina va Bellevyuga parom bilan harakatlanish uchun $ 6000 taklif qilingan 6-taklifni joylashtirdi. Ushbu Port Komissiyasiga tegishli parom Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqobatdosh bo'ladi.[60] Kapitan Anderson bu chora bilan qattiq kurashdi[61] ammo jarangdor tarzda yutqazdi Obligatsiya saylovchilarning 71 foizi tomonidan ma'qullandi.[62]

King County va Port Komissiyasi paromlari bilan raqobatlashish va Vashington ko'lining sharqiy qismida o'sishdan foydalanish uchun Anderson o'zining eng katta kemasini qurdi, Issaqua. U 1914 yil 7 martda Xyutondagi Anderson kemasozlik zavodidan ishga tushirilgan va ichki bezash uchun Leschi bog'iga olib borilgan. Uning narxi 33 571 dollarni tashkil etdi.[63][64] Anderson ba'zi xususiyatlarini ishlab chiqdi Issaqua o'zi va u Vashington ko'lida paromlar uchun uzoq muddatli tasavvurini aks ettirdi. Hukumat paromlari kabi shunchaki utilitar transportdan ko'ra, Issaqua ekskursiya kemasi ham bo'lgan. Uning yuqori qismida teridan ishlangan yumshoq o'rindiqlar bor edi, ular devorlar bo'ylab katlanabilen, 30 dan 60 gacha bo'lgan qattiq yog'och raqs maydonchasini yaratdilar. Zamin qushlarning ko'zlari bilan chinordan qilingan. Butun yoz davomida Anderson soat 20.00 dan boshlab "oy nurlari ekskursiyalari" ni o'tkazdi. yarim tungacha musiqa, raqs va engil ichimliklar bilan. U kishi boshiga 50 tsent olgan va yuzlab kemalarni olib ketishi mumkin edi.[65][66]

Anderson Leschi bog'idagi dock va terminal inshootlariga egalik qilar edi, ammo Port Komissiyasi bu mahalliy transport tizimidagi juda muhim bo'g'in bo'lib, ular jamoatchilikka tegishli bo'lishi va raqobatdosh parom xizmatlari, shu jumladan o'zlariga tegishli bo'lishi kerak degan qarorga keldi. Port komissiyasi Andersonni sotishga ishontira olmaganligi sababli, erni taniqli domen tomonidan egallab olish uchun mahkum etish jarayoni boshlandi. Bu masala 1914 yil fevralda hal qilindi. Andersonga er va parom terminali uchun 20 ming dollar to'landi va keyinchalik ijaraga olindi.[67]

Port komissiyasi po'lat korpusli paromni ishga tushirdi Leschi 1913 yil 6-dekabrda yangi xizmati uchun.[68] Bu kemani zarar bilan boshqarish orqali Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi stavkalarini pasaytirdi. 32,470 dollar xarajatlarni byudjetga ajratgan Leschi 1915 yilda kutilgan daromadga nisbatan $ 18,000.[69] King County's Kirkland paromi, Vashington, shuningdek, soliq to'lovchilar tomonidan katta miqdorda subsidiya qilingan. U 1910 yilda 31773 dollar, 1911 yilda esa 49372 dollar yo'qotgan.[70] Xususiy kompaniya raqobatlasha olmadi. 1917 yil may oyida kapitan Anderson barcha kemalarini oldi, bundan mustasno Tong, Issaquava Ok, xizmatdan tashqarida va Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasini yopish niyatini e'lon qildi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "davlat parom xizmatlari arzon narxlarda ishlaydi. Natijada biz ularning raqobatdoshlarini qondira olmayapmiz va orqaga chekinishdan boshqa narsa qolmayapti. Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi o'z faoliyatini tugatadi. Keyinchalik men mening vaqtimni kema qurish manfaatlarimga bag'ishlaydi. "[71] Uning ko'ldagi so'nggi kemalari, Issaquaxa, 1917 yil 30 sentyabrda olib qo'yilgan.[72]

King okrugi paromlarni qabul qiladi (1917-1922)

Anderson parkini bo'sh turganida, ko'l atrofida yashovchilar xizmat yo'qolganidan shikoyat qildilar.[73] Sharqiy tomonidagi korxonalar transportning etishmasligidan qulab tushdi.[74] Merser oroliga suzib ketadigan va avtomobil tashiydigan darajada katta kemalar bo'lmagan. Jamoatchilik bosimi kuchayib, King County Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi bilan xizmatni davom ettirish uchun shartnoma tuzdi Issaqua 1917 yil 14-noyabrda.[75][76] Shartnoma 1917 yil oxirigacha tuzilgan va Andersonga 1875 dollar to'lagan.[77] Shartnoma uzaytirilmadi va 1918 yil aprelda Issaqua Rodeo & Vallejo feribot kompaniyasiga ma'lum qilingan 55000 dan 65000 dollargacha sotilgan.[78] U Xyutondan suzib ketdi San-Fransisko ko'rfazi 1918 yil 20-mayda.[79]

Port Komissiyasining parom xizmatidagi ekspluatatsiya nuqsonlaridan xavotirlanib, King okrugi yoki Port komissiyasi paromlarni boshqarishi kerakligi to'g'risida har tomonlama ko'rib chiqildi. Hisobotda feribotlar mantiqan yo'l yoki ko'prikning yana bir shakli ekanligi xulosa qilindi, bu tumanning an'anaviy vazifasi edi. Xuddi shunday, soliq komissiyasining daromadlari Port komissiyasidan emas, balki okrugga hisoblangan feribot transportidan yaxshiroq foydalanadigan jamoalarning o'sishi bilan bog'liq bo'lib, okrugga operatsion kamomadni moliyalashtirishga imkon beradi.[80] 1919 yil 1 yanvarda Port komissiyasi parom tizimini King okrugiga topshirdi.[81]

Tuman komissiyasi uning kengaytirilgan parom parkini nazorat qilish uchun transport nazorati lavozimini yaratdi. J.C. Ford, iste'fodagi vitse-prezident Tinch okean sohilidagi paroxodlik kompaniyasi, lavozimga tayinlandi.[82] U deyarli lavozimga kirgandan so'ng darhol vafot etdi. 1919 yil 24-fevralda kapitan Anderson Fordning o'rnini egalladi.[83] U o'zining uzoq yillik sherigi Xarri E. Tompkinsni transport noziri yordamchisi deb nomladi.[84] Anderson bu lavozimni xuddi uning kema qurish biznesi moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch kelgan paytda oldi.

Andersonning tayinlanishi darhol ziddiyatli bo'ldi. Anderson bitimning bir tomonida King County ijrochi direktori, boshqa tomonida kema yoki tersanat egasi bo'lgan ko'plab operatsiyalar mavjud edi. Faoliyati davomida aniq manfaatlar to'qnashuvi bir necha bor yuzaga kelgan. Masalan, sifatsiz xizmat shikoyatlarini qondirish uchun King County ijaraga berildi Tong, Fortuna, Akvilova Atlanta Andersondan 1917 yilda voz kechgan marshrutlarni tiklash uchun Andersondan. 1919 yil 13 mayda imzolangan bir yillik ijara shartnomasi Andersonga kemalar uchun 6.160 dollar to'lagan va keyinchalik u transport nazorati sifatida ishlagan. Fortuna texnik xizmatga muhtoj edi, bu Anderson kemasozlik zavodida tuman hisobidan amalga oshirildi.[85] Ijara shartnomasida 1920 yilda amalga oshirilgan to'rtta kemani sotib olish imkoniyati mavjud edi. King County Andersonga okrug ijrochisi sifatida boshqargan kemalari uchun yana 88000 dollar to'lagan.[86]

Feribot tizimi 1920 yilda King Countyga 433000 dollarga tushgan, bu yo'llar va ko'priklardan keyingi ikkinchi katta xarajat. Paromlardan foydalanmagan soliq to'lovchilar ushbu xarajatlarni to'lashga qarshi chiqishdi.[87] Graflik komissarlari 1921 yillarning ko'p qismida parom xizmatining soliq to'lovchilariga beriladigan subsidiyani kamaytirish bo'yicha turli takliflar bilan kurashdilar. Bu tizimni xususiylashtirish takliflarini ko'rib chiqdi va ularning barchasini, shu jumladan 1921 yil mart oyida Andersondan kelgan taklifni bir ovozdan rad etdi.[88] Nihoyat, 1921 yil 8-dekabrda King County ikki shartnoma tuzib, uni parom biznesidan olib tashladi. Kapitan Anderson bilan 10 yillik shartnoma tuzib, unga okrugning o'nta kemasi va Vashington ko'lidagi parom terminallari va 20000 bochka mazutidan foydalanish huquqini berdi. U paromlardan tushadigan barcha daromadlarni saqlab turishi mumkin edi, ammo barcha xarajatlarni to'lashi kerak edi. Buning evaziga Anderson barcha muhim yo'nalishlarni saqlab qolishga va tariflarni ko'tarmaslikka va'da berdi. Bilan ikkinchi shartnoma imzolandi Kitsap okrug transport kompaniyasi, va Elliot ko'rfazida va Puget-Soundda harakatlanuvchi viloyat feribotlari uchun o'xshash shartlarga ega edi.[89]

Parom tizimidan umidsizlik va Andersonning aniq manfaatlar to'qnashuvi unga nisbatan yomon niyatli muhit yaratdi. Parom tizimining ijarasi 1922 yil yanvar oyida ushbu bitimni katta hakamlar hay'ati tekshiruvidan o'tkazish uchun talablarni keltirib chiqardi.[90] 1922 yil 10-iyulda Jon L. Andersonga transportning noziri sifatida ishi bilan bog'liq to'rt xil ayblov e'lon qilindi. Ta'kidlanishicha, Anderson okrug pullarini paromlar tizimi unga ijaraga berilgandan keyin yaxshilanishlarning xususiy foydasi bo'lishiga ishonib, kemalarni, paromlar va qo'nish joylarini beparvolik bilan sarflagan. Ta'kidlanishicha, Anderson va okrug komissarlari, ular ham ayblanmoqda, feribotlar tizimining moliyaviy yukini oshirib yuborib, keyin Andersonga uni ijaraga berish uchun juda yaxshi shartnoma tuzib, jamoatchilikni aldash uchun fitna uyushtirishgan. Ayblov xulosasida, shuningdek, okrug Anderson kemasozlik zavodida ta'mirlash ishlari uchun ortiqcha haq olindi. Andersonning akasi Adolph Anderson va uning uzoq yillik hamkori Harri E. Tompkins ham tegishli ayblovlar bilan ayblanmoqda.[91] Uchalasi ham aybsiz deb va'da berishdi.[92]

Bir nechta sud jarayoni boshlandi, ammo 1923 yil 30 martga kelib, uchala erkak ham barcha ayblovlardan ozod qilindi. Yakuniy ayblovni rad etishda sud raisi "qanday qilib katta hay'at ushbu belgi dalillari bo'yicha ayblov xulosasini men tushuna olmadim" dedi.[93]

Vashington ko'li feribotlari (1922–1941)

1922 yilda, birinchi yil ijarachi sifatida Vashington ko'li Feribotlarini boshqargan Anderson 6,443 dollar foyda ko'rgani haqida xabar berdi. Okrugga etkazilgan katta yo'qotishlardan kelib chiqadigan burilish xarajatlarni sezilarli darajada qisqartirishi bilan bog'liq edi. Ish haqi, yoqilg'i va texnik xizmat xarajatlari pasayib ketdi. Anderson xususiy operator sifatida jamoat operatoriga qaraganda samaraliroq edi. U farqni quyidagicha aytib berdi:

O'zim uchun feribotlarni boshqarishni boshlaganimdan va okrug komissarlari sobiq kengashining buyruqlaridan xalos bo'lishim bilan, ish haqimni va xodimlar sonini qisqartirdim ... Yo'qotayotgan marshrutlarni bekor qildim, ammo komissarlar bekor qilishga jur'at etmadilar saylovchilarning noroziligi tufayli. Qisqacha aytganda, raqamlar ko'rsatib turibdiki, men iqtisod bilan shug'ullanishim va feribotlarni biznes asosida boshqarishim mumkin, chunki siyosat aralashganida men buni qila olmadim.[94]

Tuman auditorlari Andersonning yillik hisobotidagi ba'zi narsalar qanday tavsiflanganligi va uning foydasi aslida 40 516 AQSh dollari bo'lganligi haqida savol berishdi. Parom foydalanuvchilari zudlik bilan tarifni o'sha paytdagi amaldagi tariflarni 10 tsent (bir tomonga) va 15 sentdan (qaytish uchun) har ikki tomon uchun 5 sentga tushirishni talab qilishdi. King County komissarlariga murojaat qilindi, ammo ijara shartnomasini tahlil qilish shuni ko'rsatdiki, Anderson stavkalarni ko'tarishga qodir emas, lekin ularni kamaytirish uchun yagona kuchga ega edi. Foyda qancha bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, 1922 yil tuman o'z fuqarolarini hayotga tatbiq etadigan parom tizimi bilan ta'minlash bilan birga katta moliyaviy yukdan qochishi mumkinligini ko'rsatdi. O'sha yili Anderson 1,225,374 yo'lovchini tashiydi.[95][96]

1923 yilda Anderson avtoulovlarga narxlarni pasaytirdi. Yengil, o'rta va og'ir avtomobillarga bitta yo'l haqi mos ravishda $ 0,50, $ 0,60 va $ 0,80 tsentni tashkil etdi. 1923 yil may oyida u ketma-ket 0,75 dollar, 0,90 dollar va 1,20 dollar stavkalarini kiritdi.[97] Shubhasiz, ushbu arzon narxlar fuqarolarning o'z foydalaridan noroziligini tinchlantirgan bo'lsa-da, avtomobillar feribotlarga raqobatbardosh muammo bo'lib kelgani ham haqiqat. Avtoulovlar soni nafaqat o'sib bordi, balki yaxshi yo'llar va ko'priklar ulardan foydalanishni yanada jozibali qildi. Merser orolini materik bilan bog'laydigan birinchi ko'prik 1923 yil 10-noyabrda ochilgan. Vashington ko'li atrofidagi bulvarni asfaltlash ishlari ham 1923 yilda tugallandi. Feribotlar hozirda tanlov qilishdi va past stavkalarga qaramay bortda 37710 ta avtomobil kam edi. 1923 yilga nisbatan 1923 yil. Feribot tizimining daromadi kamaydi, ammo neft narxi tezroq pasayib, Andersonga 1923 yil uchun 8389 dollar foyda haqida hisobot berishga imkon berdi.[98][99]

Avtomobilning ko'tarilishi 1925 yilda Vashington ko'li parom tizimini defitsitga olib keldi. Anderson 173 698 dollar daromadidan 2162 dollar yo'qotdi. Uning flotida 1 056 308 yo'lovchi va 200 941 ta transport vositasi bo'lgan.[100] Yoqilg'i narxi 1926 yilda pasayib, paromlar tizimini 5827 dollar foyda bilan almashtirdi, ammo transportning yarmidan ko'pi kamaydi. 456,512 piyoda yo'lovchilar va 82 636 avtoulovlar o'tish joylari bo'lgan.[101] 1927 yil dekabrga kelib jamoatchilikning Vashington ko'li parom tizimiga qaramligi shu darajaga tushib qoldiki, King okrugi Anderson ijarasini 1951 yilgacha muhim izohlarsiz uzaytira oldi.[102] 1937 yil noyabrda Anderson qaytib keldi Atlanta va Akvilo King Countyga, chunki u faqat yo'lovchilar uchun mo'ljallangan ushbu kichik kemalarga boshqa ehtiyoj sezmadi.[103]

Vashington ko'li bo'ylab suzuvchi ko'prik 1921 yildayoq taklif qilingan, ammo 1937 yilgacha moliyalashtirish manbai bo'lmagan. Jamoat ishlarini boshqarish mavjud bo'ldi. Qurilish 1938 yil dekabrda boshlangan.[104] Ko'prikli obligatsiyalarni potentsial xaridorlari Andersonning parom xizmatidan butunlay voz kechishni talab qilishdi. Bu barcha sayohatchilarni ko'prik uchun to'lovni to'lashga majbur qiladi, bu esa obligatsiyalarni qaytarish uchun daromadni maksimal darajada oshiradi. 1938 yil dekabrda Qirol okrug komissarlari kengashi 1939 yil 1 yanvardan boshlab Andersonning parom tizimidagi ijarasini bekor qildi. Anderson, o'z navbatida, kutilgan zararni qoplash uchun 213 ming dollar talab qildi. Vashington pullik ko'prigi idorasi. U shunday dedi: "Biz shunchaki rasmdan chiqib ketmaymiz va okrug bizni jangsiz o'zimizga topshirib qo'yishiga yo'l qo'ymaymiz. Bunda bir oz adolat bo'lishi kerak".[105]

1938 yil 30-dekabrda Andersonga okrugning ijara shartnomasini buzishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun vaqtincha cheklov qo'llanmasi berildi.[106] Anderson, King County va Washington Toll Bridge Authority o'rtasida uch tomonlama muzokaralar boshlandi. 1939 yil 4-fevralda kelishuvga erishildi. King County komissiyasining uch a'zosidan ikkitasi, agar ular Andersonning paromlar raqobatidan xalos bo'lmasalar, suzuvchi ko'prik uchun obligatsiyalar chiqarilishi muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishini aytgandan keyingina bitimga rozi bo'lishdi. Ko'prik ochilganda, Anderson Leschi-Medina va Leschi-Mercer oroli yo'nalishlaridan voz kechgani evaziga 35000 dollar naqd pul oldi. Graflik ijarani buzish bo'yicha harakatlarini to'xtatadi va Anderson Madison Park-Kirkland yo'nalishida ishlashni davom ettiradi. Andersonning ta'kidlashicha, naqd pul to'lash - bu uning ijaraga berish muddatining qolgan qismida parkga sarmoya kiritgan pulning qaytarilishi. U kelajakda yo'qolgan foyda uchun hech narsa olmaganligini ta'kidladi.[107]

The Lacey V. Murrow yodgorlik ko'prigi 1940 yil 2-iyulda ochilgan,[108] ammo King County va Anderson o'rtasidagi munosabatlar sinov bo'lib qoldi. Uning ko'l bo'ylab qolgan bitta marshrutida, Madison Parkda Kirklandga, Anderson avtoulovlarning narxini yangi ko'prikdagi to'lov stavkasiga teng 50 sentdan 25 sentga tushirdi.[109] Ko'prik ochilganda va parkini qayta tuzishda Anderson kelishuv shartnomasida talab qilingan parom yo'nalishlarini yopdi. 1940 yil 12-iyulda Anderson ijara shartnomasini bekor qildi Vashingtonva uni tumanga qaytarib berdi. Shuningdek, u qaytib kelish niyati borligini ma'lum qildi Mercer avgust oyida.[110] Tuman kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yildi Vashington 2350 dollar va Mercer qutqarish firmasiga 1850 dollarga.[111] Ushbu kemalar ustiga osilgan 35 ming dollarlik ko'prikni o'rnatish bilan bog'liq yomon niyat va graflik Anderson feribotlarni yaxshi holatda saqlamay, ijara shartnomasini buzganligini tekshirdi.[112]

1940 yilda, Anderson "Vashington ko'li" parom tizimida ishlagan so'nggi to'liq yilda, u 102,966 dollar daromad bilan 7,423 dollar yo'qotdi. 658 796 piyoda yo'lovchi va 156 403 transport vositasi bo'lgan. To'xtatilgan marshrutlar tufayli daromad va trafik sezilarli darajada kamaydi.[113]

Anderson kemasozlik (1906–1920)

J. F. Kertis o'zining qayiqlarini qurishni boshladi Xyuton 1884 yilda orqa hovli.[114] U erda to'qqizta paroxod qurdi, shu jumladan Andersonning birinchi buyrug'i, C. Kalkinsva bu maydon Vashington ko'lida kema qurishning kichik markaziga aylandi.[115] 1904 yilda Kurtisning mol-mulkini kapitanlar Jorj Bartsch va Harri E. Tompkins sotib olishdi. 1906 yilda Bartsch & Tompkins transport kompaniyasi va Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasining birlashishi bilan,[37] kemasozlik Anderson kemasozlik kompaniyasi deb nomlana boshladi. Biroq, bu alohida huquqiy mavjudotga ega bo'lmagan ko'rinadi. Zamonaviy hisob-kitoblar ko'pincha uni Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasining "kema qurish bo'limi" deb ataydi.

Anderson kemasozlik kompaniyasi (1906–1917)

Anderson kemasozlik zavodi. Qurilayotgan kema, ehtimol Atlanta, Akvilo, yoki Triton. Markazda qora rangdagi raqam, ehtimol Jon Anderson.

Kema tersanesi dastlab mo''tadil ish bo'lib, asosan Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasining ehtiyojlarini qondiradi. Kema tersanesi asosiy edi; iskala, qo'l asboblari va xachir bilan ishlaydigan shamol oynasi.[116] Bu mulkning orqa yarmi teng darajada mo''tadil turistik diqqatga sazovor joyga, Atlanta Parkga aylantirilishi uchun juda kichik edi. Bu 1908 yildan 1916 yilgacha bo'lgan yozda Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasining ekskursiyalari paytida xizmat qilgan piknik maydonchasi va raqs pavilyoni edi. Atlanta Park 1917 yilda kengayganida kemasozlikning o'sishi uchun qurbon qilingan.[117]

1908 yilga kelib Anderson Xyuton hovlisida o'z kemalarini qurishni boshladi. Uning ustiga kichik yo'llar o'rnatilgan edi Atlanta 1908 yilda qurilgan va bu ikkinchi yo'l Triton va Akvilo bir vaqtning o'zida 1909 yilda qurilishi kerak.[118][49] 1910 yilga kelib do'konlar va yo'llar o'rtasida og'ir yuklarni tashish uchun kichik tramvay yo'li qurildi.[116]

Kemasozlik boshqalari uchun ham qurilgan. 1909 yil 16-yanvarda Rainier ishga tushirildi.[119] U Sietl Brewing and Malting Company prezidenti, ishlab chiqaruvchi Endryu Xemrichning xususiy yaxtasi edi Rainier pivosi.

Akvilo Xyuton kemasozlik zavodida qurilayotgan, 1909 yil

1913 yilda Anderson qurilishni boshladi Issaquaxa, uning eng katta qurilish loyihasi. U 600 yo'lovchiga va 40 ta transport vositasiga mo'ljallangan ikki tomonlama parom edi. Kema zavodi o'z imkoniyatlari, shu jumladan kranlar va bug 'quvvatlari bo'yicha ancha rivojlandi. Issaqua 1914 yil 7 martda ishga tushirilgan.[63][64] Uchun keel Tong ishga tushirilgandan so'ng darhol yotqizilgan Issaqua.[54]

Muvaffaqiyatli ishga tushirilishi bilan bezatilgan Issaqua, Anderson taklif qildi va qurish uchun shartnomani yutib oldi Linkoln, King County uchun yangi po'latdan yasalgan parom.[120] Uning loyiha uchun narxi $ 9,599 edi. Linkolnham muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi va 1914 yil 12-dekabrda ishga tushirildi [121]

Anderson kemasozlik zavodi qurildi Bothel shahri Bothell transport kompaniyasi uchun va uni 1914 yil may oyida ishga tushirdi.[120] Yozgi ekskursiya trafikining sezilarli darajada ko'tarilishini kutib, Anderson Steamboat kompaniyasi uni 1915 yil may oyida sotib oldi. U kemasozlik zavodiga qaytib keldi va qayta tiklanmasdan oldin ta'mirdan o'tdi. Oqqush.[122]

Muvaffaqiyatli ishga tushirilishi bilan bezatilgan Issaqua va Linkoln 1914 yilda Anderson kattaroq kemalar qurishga intildi. Xyuton kemasozlik zavodidan katta kemalar dengizga chiqa olmaganligi sababli, u erni ijaraga oldi Liman oroli Sietlda Sharqiy suv yo'lida Oregon-Vashington temir yo'li.[123] Bu erda u ikkinchi kemasozlik zavodini tashkil etdi. Ushbu hovlidan birinchi tashlangan kema parom edi Beynbridj, Eagle Harbor transport kompaniyasi uchun qurilgan. U 1915 yil 28-aprelda taxminan 42000 AQSh dollari miqdorida ishga tushirildi.[124]

1914 yil 9-noyabrda Anderson Shipbuilding kompaniyasi tomonidan shartnoma imzolandi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz chiroqlari xizmati Lighthouse Tender-ni qurish uchun Gul. Bu kemani 87,500 dollarga qurishni taklif qilgan holda, aniqroq qurilgan tersanalarni sezilarli darajada kamaytirdi.[125] Qurilish davom etmoqda Gul darhol boshlandi Beynbridj ishga tushirildi. 1916 yil 19 fevralda Gul muvaffaqiyatli ishga tushirildi va tezda Lighthouse Service tomonidan qabul qilindi.[126] Harbor Island orolida Anderson tomonidan qurilgan boshqa kemalar haqida hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q. 1917 yilda Vashington ko'li kema kanalining ochilishi unga Xyutondagi barcha kema qurish faoliyatini birlashtirishga imkon berdi.

Anderson kemasozlik korporatsiyasi (1917–1920)

Anderson 1917 yilda hukumatga qarashli kemalar raqobati tufayli parom biznesidan chiqib ketdi. Ushbu chekinish uning kemasozlik zavodining yangi imkoniyatlariga to'g'ri keldi. 1917 yil 8 mayda Xiram Chittenden qulflari qayiqda harakatlanish uchun ochilgan. Ushbu ulanishdan oldin faqat sayoz kemalar harakatlana oladigan kemalar Qora daryo Vashington ko'lidan Puget Sound-ga etib borishi mumkin. Endi Vashington ko'lida okean bo'ylab katta kemalar qurilishi va dengizga etib borishi mumkin edi. Xuddi shu paytni o'zida, Birinchi jahon urushi yangi okean kemalariga katta talab yaratdi. Yangi kemalarga bo'lgan ehtiyoj qisman yo'qotishlar bilan bog'liq edi U-qayiqlar va 1917 yil aprel oyida AQSh mojaroga qo'shilgandan so'ng, Amerikaning Evropadagi harbiy harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash zarurati. In April 1917 Anderson said, "It would simply be impossible for the shipbuilding industry to handle the enormous volume of business now offering."[127]

Anderson sensed a business opportunity to build ocean-going ships at his shipyard. In early 1917, Anderson Shipbuilding Company was incorporated with a capital stock of $1 million. Shortly after, on April 13, 1917, Anderson brought in allies, completing a three-way merger with the shipbuilding interests of D. H. Gray & Company, and R. F. Guerin.[128] The merged entity was renamed Anderson Shipbuilding Corporation, and had Anderson as its president.[129] Harrie E. Tompkins, Anderson's long-time partner, was night manager of the shipyard.[130] The merger brought new investment to the shipyard, most prominently, the construction of two new ways. These new facilities, added to the existing two ways, would allow the construction of four vessels at the same time.

Anderson also solicited repair and conversion work. Barja Bangor was hauled out and converted into four-masted schooner, the first ocean-going ship to be hauled out in Lake Washington.[131] The King County ferries Vashington, Linkoln, va Leschi were hauled out for maintenance, as were the retired ferries of Anderson's own fleet.[132][133]

The United States Shipping Board ordered fourteen ships from Anderson Shipbuilding Corporation. All were canceled after the armistice.
Anderson shipyard crowd for the launch of Osprey, July 3, 1918

By July 1917, Anderson had laid the keels for two 3,250 ton ocean-going steamships. They were 270 feet (82 m) long and cost $400,000 each, clearly the largest and most expensive ships ever build on Lake Washington.[134] Birinchi, Osprey, was launched on July 3, 1918. Five-thousand people in the shipyard and in boats surrounding it watched the launch of the first ocean-going ship ever to be built on Lake Washington.[135] The second ship, Oleander, was launched two months later on September 4, 1918.[136] Both ships were sold to the French government, with Osprey qayta tug'ilgan General Pau sotishdan keyin.[137]

On December 5, 1917, Hannevig Brothers of Norway signed a contract for two ocean-going ships priced at $380,000 each.[138][139] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Yuk tashish kengashi ordered fourteen ships. It appeared that Anderson Shipbuilding would prosper. The end of World War I, however, brought a new reality. In the fall of 1918 Anderson visited New York, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia. He came back concerned. He said, "The signing of the armistice has caused much uncertainty in the wooden shipbuilding industry and no one down East seems to know just what the future has in store for it". The contracts for the fourteen vessels for the United States Shipping Board were cancelled.[140]

Despite the goodwill surrounding the launches of Osprey va Oleander, they resulted in a flurry of lawsuits and other legal actions lasting well into the 1920s. Anderson contracted to have the ships completed in ten months. It took a year to launch them and longer still to install their machinery, and repair defects. Costs to finish the ships exceeded budget and Anderson lost money on the deal. The Scandinavian American Bank of Seattle, one of Anderson's long-time financial partners, guaranteed the performance of the contracts and in May 1922 was ordered to pay $167,363 the purchaser.[141][142]

The Hannevig contract also ran into trouble. In order to complete the over-budget Osprey va Oleander, Anderson used cash, at least some of which was paid to fund the Hannevig ships. There were assertions at the time that the Scandinavian American Bank pressed for this in order to minimize the cost of its performance guarantee on Osprey va Oleander. Given the cost overruns on his first two ocean-going ships, Anderson was unable to obtain a performance bond on the Hannevig contract. He was forced to deposit $75,000 of Hannevig's initial payment in a trust account, depriving the shipyard of needed cash. By February 1919, Anderson Shipbuilding was so short of cash that it notified Hannevig that it could not complete the contract without additional funding. In April 1919, construction on the ships stopped when they were 65% complete.[142][139] The partially completed hulls were purchased by John L. McLean. McLean contracted with J. H. Price Construction Corporation to finish the work, since Anderson could not. Anderson, in turn, leased the shipyard to Price.[143][144] Price finished the ships and launched Donna Lane va Muriel in the first half of 1920.[145]

Anderson lost money on his four largest shipbuilding contracts and was out of cash. Further, demand for wooden ocean-going ships had disappeared after the armistice. In early 1921 Anderson sold the shipyard to Lake Union Drydock and Machine Works Company. It, in turn, sold the facility to Lake Washington Shipyards, on October 7, 1923.[146] For the rest of his life, Anderson would order new ships and contract for repairs in shipyards, particularly his old plant in Houghton, but he would never own a shipbuilding business again.

Kitsap County Transportation Company (1925–1935)

When King County left the ferry business in 1922, the Lake Washington fleet was leased to Anderson, and the Elliot Bay and Puget Sound routes were leased to Kitsap County Transportation Company. Captain Lyman Hinckley, president of the Kitsap County Transportation Company, died suddenly of a heart attack on December 4, 1924.[147] On March 21, 1925, an investment group led by Captain Anderson purchased Hinkley's controlling interest in the company. Anderson assumed the presidency and immediate control of the company's operations. At the time of the acquisition, Kitsap County Transportation Company employed two ferries leased from King County, and eight other ships. Its routes from Seattle ran to Bainbridge Island, Vashon Island, and the mainland of Kitsap County. It carried 649,120 passengers in 1924, the year before Anderson took control, generating $234,348 in revenue.[148] In discussing the acquisition Anderson said, "The beauties of the Olympic Peninsula are drawing a great number of persons every year, and the ferries afford such a savings of time and distance to motorists that traffic is certain to be enlarged with the increase in popularity and the growth of the districts across the Sound".[149]

Anderson embarked on an aggressive expansion plan. Within days of taking control of the company, he ordered the construction of Kitsap, the largest ferry north of San Francisco. She could carry 90 cars and 1,500 passengers. He financed the construction with a $135,000 bond.[148] The new ship earned her keep; the company carried 102,274 cars in 1927 compared to 81,389 in 1926. In October 1927, Kitsap County Transportation Company grew by merger, purchasing Eagle Harbor Transportation Company for a reported $50,000. This deal brought the steamers Beynbridj va Tezroq, as well as dock space in Winslow.[150] A four-way merger in May 1928 added six more ships and several new routes to Anderson's firm.[151] On May 19, 1928, Kitsap County Transportation Company launched a new Beynbridj, a car ferry even larger than Kitsap. Anderson's niece, Selma Louise Anderson, christened the ship.[152] Anderson had Vashon, his biggest ferry yet, built to increase service to Vashon Island. She was launched May 10, 1930.[153] As the economy suffered in the Katta depressiya, this was the last major vessel he built.

Seeking deeper financial backing, Anderson signed a deal to sell Kitsap County Transportation Company to W. B. Foshay Company on April 8, 1929 for $1,075,000.[154] Anderson touted the benefits of, "unlimited financial resources" for the development of the companyl.[155] Various regulatory clearances were required to close the deal. While these approvals were pending, the stock market crashed on Qora juma. W. B. Foshay went bankrupt just days later in November 1929.[156] The deal fell through.

Kitsap County Transportation Company, and Puget Sound Navigation Company, known to the public as the "Black Ball Line", sparred continually. In 1930, Anderson opened a new front in this competition. Captain William E. Mitchell ran Anderson's ferry service between Seattle and Bremerton, called the Washington Line. U sotib oldi General Frisbi, a surplus passenger ferry from the San Francisco Bay. Uning nomi o'zgartirildi Qo'mondon by her new owners. The ship was surplus because she had almost no ability to carry cars. On the Washington Line, however, this deficit was less important since hundreds of workers from Seattle commuted to the Puget Sound dengiz kemasozlik zavodi in Bremerton every day.[157] The ferry dock in Bremerton was within walking distance of the naval shipyard, so the workers did not need a car ferry.[158]

Qo'mondonS egalari Sietl va Bremerton o'rtasida 0,60 dollar atrofida ketish narxini e'lon qilib, Qora to'pning 0,80 dollar narxini pasaytirdilar. Gazetalar buni "jangovar chiziqlar chizilgan" "urush urushi" sifatida tasvirlashdi. The board of Puget Sound Navigation Company, chose not to match the lower rate.[159] Instead, it intervened with the Washington Department of Public Works, which regulated ferry service, in April 1930 seeking to prevent Qo'mondon ishlashdan. Ushbu holatga qadar kurash olib borildi Vashington Oliy sudi 1931 yil 2 aprelda da'vogarlar foydasiga qaror qildi.[160] Anderson's new ship began sailing shortly thereafter, and the Black Ball Line never met her lower price.

By the early 1930s ferry workers were largely organized into unions. In February 1935, the Masters, Mates, and Pilots Association, and the Ferryboatman's Union began negotiating with the Washington Ship Owners Association for a new contract. The unions wanted an eight-hour work day, and to be paid for all the hours they worked. Meeting these demands would significantly increase payroll costs, and in the face of the Great Depression and the tough competition on Puget Sound, the owners balked. In early November 1935, crews began to walk off and most ferries were tied up.[161]

The unions were strategic as to which ferries they allowed to operate. They wanted to pressure the owners without turning the public completely against them. At the beginning of the strike, the only Kitsap County Transportation ferry that was allowed to operate was Winslow, which became Bainbridge Island's only direct connection to Seattle.[162] Keyinchalik, Qo'mondon was allowed to resume service. Bu Puget Sound Naval Shipyard ishchilariga ish joyiga borishiga imkon yaratdi, shu bilan birga faqat Black Ball kemalari xizmat ko'rsatadigan Bremertonga avtoulov paromini to'xtatdi.[163][164]

The strike became a political issue. The King County Board of Commissioners threatened to revoke Anderson's lease agreement unless Kitsap County Transportation Company resumed service to Vashon Island.[165] On that same day, November 14, 1935, Anderson bowed out of the struggle. He struck an agreement to merge Kitsap County Transportation Company into Puget Sound Navigation Company. Anderson's said that the strike forced him into the merger. He did not have the cash to fight on.[164]

Independent Ferry Company (1929–1930)

Passenger and auto service from Edmonds to the inner harbor at Viktoriya, miloddan avvalgi, kuni Viktoriya shahri was inaugurated on June 16, 1928. Prior to her repositioning to Puget Sound, the ship ran between Norfolk and Baltimore as Alabama.[166] She completed two round-trips to Victoria per day. The service was entirely driven by tourists, and ran only in the summer months.

Anderson created the Independent Ferry Company to charter Viktoriya shahri for the summer 1929 season. The charter contract included an option to buy the ship, the largest American-flagged ferry in Puget Sound waters.[167] She reflected Anderson's belief in the nautical excursion business. The ship had a glass-enclosed observation room, an orchestra for dancing, and over one hundred staterooms and suites, some of which had bathtubs.[168] City of Victoria's summer 1929 season was a great success. The onset of the Great Depression put a damper on the 1930 season, however. When the ship was idled for the winter in September 1930, Anderson said, "While traffic has not been as heavy this summer as we anticipated...we are confident that tourist traffic will regain its former volume in another year, and we shall be ready to resume the run next summer.[169] Hech qachon bunday bo'lmagan. The ship and the Independent Ferry Company drop out of press accounts in 1930. City of Victoria's Federal registry data shows that Anderson never executed his purchase option on the ship.

Anderson Water Tours Company (1926–1941)

Atlanta, with a tour group in 1931

Captain Anderson ran excursion tours on Lake Washington for his entire career starting at least as early as his ownership of Quickstep 1890-yillarda. In June 1922, Anderson started a new excursion route. Atlanta ran two-hour tours from Leschi Park, through the Hiram Chittenden Locks into Puget Sound, finally docking in downtown Seattle at the foot of Marion Street.[170] This route, "The Canal Tour", was a commercial success. He formed Anderson Water Tours Company in 1926 to exploit this and other tourism opportunities that were beyond the scope of his lease with King County.

The Canal Tour only operated in the pleasant summer months, typically starting in June and ending in September. In the summer of 1926, Atlanta sailed from Leschi Park at 11 a.m., and sailed back from Elliot Bay at 2:30 p.m. The fare was $1.50 per person.[171] Some time in 1933 or 1934, Anderson purchased Vashona dan Vashon navigatsiya kompaniyasi.[172] In the spring of 1935, Anderson sent Vashona to the shipyard for refurbishment. U paydo bo'ldi Sightseer, a purpose-built tour boat with seating for 300 passengers. The new boat took over the Canal Tour. Atlanta became a reserve boat available for special holiday events, and as a back-up, until she was returned to King County in November 1937.[173][174] Sightseer ran this excursion every summer for the rest of Anderson's life.[175]

In 1938 or 1939, Anderson purchased the steam yacht Mercer, which Anderson Water Tours used to run excursion trips around Mercer Island.[176][177]

In June 1942, Harrie E. Tompkins, who took over management of Anderson Water Tours after Anderson's death, made the decision to suspend the tours for the duration of Ikkinchi jahon urushi.[178] In fact, Anderson Water Tours never sailed again. In 1946, Emilie Anderson sold Sightseer ga Gray Line Tours. On June 23, 1946, Gray Line Tours recommenced the Canal Tour that John Anderson pioneered decades earlier.[179][180]

Decline and death (1941)

Captain Anderson was actively involved in his businesses until he had a heart attack in early May, 1941. He was admitted to Shvetsiya kasalxonasi where he died about a week later on May 18, 1941. He is buried at the Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Seattle. He was succeeded in operating King County Ferries and Anderson Water Tours by his long-time partner, Captain Harrie E. Tompkins.[181] Anderson's estate was valued at $92,316. The largest asset was stock in Puget Sound Navigation Company, which he obtained in 1935 in exchange for his interest in Kitsap County Transportation Company. The estate also included the two Anderson Water Tours Company ships, Mercer va Sightseer.[182]

Shaxsiy hayot

John Anderson married Emilie K. Matson on September 28, 1895 at the Diller Hotel.[183] U tug'ilgan Meriden, Illinois who had come to Seattle in 1884[2] Er-xotinning bolalari yo'q edi. Emilie died on January 25, 1959.[184]

John's brother Adolph, who lived near John and Emilie in Seattle, had his own maritime business. His was focused on tug and barge operations. John helped him start his business. Tortish C. F. was bought by Anderson Steamboat Company on April 3, 1907 for use towing log rafts to mills on Lake Washington.[185][186] When John sold her to Adolph, she became the first tug in his fleet.[187] Adolph's tug company appears to have been largely independent of John's ventures. John did use Adolph's services when he needed a grounded ferry pulled off the beach and for other towing needs, a relationship that involved Adolph in the 1922 indictments. Adolph had three children, Selma, John A., and Clarence.[188] He predeceased his older brother, dying on January 4, 1936.[189]

John's brother Albert was also a mariner. In the 1910 census he listed his occupation as a mate on a schooner.[190] In 1930 he was living in Ketchikan, Alyaska working as a paltus baliqchi.[191]

John's sister, Clara Mattson, also lived in Seattle. She had five children, Olga, Tage, Clara, Frank, and Adolph. Clara passed away in 1948.[192]

As of the 1910 census John and Emilie lived at 112 Erie Avenue, just north of Leschi Park. They lived with John's brother, Albert.[190] In June 1928, Anderson was issued a building permit for a $10,000 home at 503 Lakeside Avenue, just south of Leschi Park.[193] The family moved in 1929. As of the 1930 census, they lived with Emilie's brother Milard F. Matson[194] John and Emilie lived in this home until their deaths in 1941 and 1959.

John was active in numerous local clubs and community organizations. U tegishli edi Nile Temple of the Shrine, Seattle Chamber of Commerce, Transportation Club, Swedish Club, Swedish Businessmen's Association, Kirkland Service Club, among others.[181]

Adabiyotlar

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  123. ^ "New Shipbuilding Firm Is Formed". Sietl Daily Times. 1914 yil 8-noyabr.
  124. ^ "Bainbridge Takes Dip Among Cheers". Sietl Daily Times. April 29, 1915.
  125. ^ "Tender Rose To Be Built Here". Sietl Daily Times. November 7, 1914.
  126. ^ "Lighthouse Tender Rose Take Baptismal Plunge". Sietl Daily Times. February 19, 1916.
  127. ^ "Offers Of Shipbuild Contracts Aggregating $32,000,000 Refused". Sietl Daily Times. April 15, 1917.
  128. ^ "Shipyards Plan To Start Building". Sietl Daily Times. 1917 yil 14-aprel.
  129. ^ "Kema qurish uchun eslatmalar". Xalqaro dengiz muhandisligi: 79, 279. February 1917.
  130. ^ "Lake Washington Is Preparing For Launching". Sietl Daily Times. June 11, 1918.
  131. ^ "Barge Called To Sea As Schooner". Sietl Daily Times. January 20, 1918.
  132. ^ "Lake Washington Is Preparing For Launching". Sietl Daily Times. June 11, 1918.
  133. ^ "Lincoln To Go Back On Old Run". Sietl Daily Times. 1919 yil 12 aprel.
  134. ^ "To Lay Keel For New Wooden Ship". Sietl Daily Times. 1917 yil 4-iyul.
  135. ^ "Dream Comes True s Steamer Osprey Races Into Lake Washington". Sietl Daily Times. July 4, 1918.
  136. ^ "Anderson Plant Launches Vessel". Sietl Daily Times. September 5, 1918.
  137. ^ "4 Launchings In Next Two Weeks". Sietl Daily Times. March 29, 1919.
  138. ^ "Hannevigs Order Two More Wooden Ships". Sietl Daily Times. 1917 yil 6-dekabr.
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  140. ^ "Captain Anderson Finds Industry Uncertain". Sietl Daily Times. December 22, 1918.
  141. ^ "$550,000 Suit Is Filed". Sietl Daily Times. April 11, 1922.
  142. ^ a b United States Norway Arbitration Under The Special Agreement. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Hukumatning bosmaxonasi. 1922. pp. 354–355.
  143. ^ "Price Co. Leases Anderson Plant". Sietl Daily Times. December 31, 1919.
  144. ^ "New Ship Industry For Seattle". Sietl Daily Times. October 5, 1919.
  145. ^ "Launched In Lake Washington". Sietl Daily Times. June 27, 1920.
  146. ^ "Shipyard On Lake Sold". Sietl Daily Times. 1923 yil 7 oktyabr.
  147. ^ "Lyman Hinckley Dies". Sietl Daily Times. December 5, 1924.
  148. ^ a b "New Issue To Be Offered". Sietl Daily Times. 1925 yil 18-may.
  149. ^ "Buys Steamboat Line". Sietl Daily Times. May 22, 1925.
  150. ^ "Kitsap Firm Buys Eagle Harbor Co". Sietl Daily Times. 1927 yil 7 oktyabr.
  151. ^ "Ferryboat Lines Are Consolidated On Puget Sound". Sietl Daily Times. May 22, 1928.
  152. ^ "Big Automobile Ferry Launched From Lake Yard". Sietl Daily Times. 1927 yil 20-may.
  153. ^ "Big Crowd Sees New Vessel Go Down The Ways". Sietl Daily Times. 1930 yil 11-may.
  154. ^ "Receiver Loses In Foshay Suit". Sietl Daily Times. December 5, 1929.
  155. ^ "Big Development Of Sound Ferry Lines Forseen". Sietl Daily Times. May 9, 1929.
  156. ^ "W. B. Foshay Co. Files Petition In Bankruptcy". Sietl Daily Times. 1929 yil 1-noyabr.
  157. ^ "Bremerton feribotni o'zgartirishni so'raydi". Sietl Daily Times. 1933 yil 24 mart. p. 16.
  158. ^ Ham kemasozlik zavodi, ham parom terminali Bremertonning muhim nuqtasidir, shuning uchun aksariyat hududlar xaritalar ularni ko'rsatadi.
  159. ^ "Qora to'p tomonidan chaqirilgan feribotlar urushi yig'ilishi". Sietl Sunday Times. 1930 yil 9 mart. p. 26.
  160. ^ "Fermer Bremerton qatnovida xizmatga tayyorlandi". Sietl Daily Times. April 3, 1931. p. 13.
  161. ^ "Ferry Owners Explain Stand". Sietl Daily Times. November 8, 1935.
  162. ^ "Union Predicts Strike Peace". Sietl Daily Times. November 8, 1935.
  163. ^ "Ovozli avtoulovlarni taqiqlash taqiqlangan". Sietl Daily Times. 1935 yil 16-noyabr. P. 1.
  164. ^ a b "Feribot hujumi bilan 400 ta marooned". Sietl Daily Times. 1935 yil 15-noyabr. P. 1.
  165. ^ "Kitsap Line Ordered To Resume Run To Vashon". Sietl Daily Times. 1935 yil 14-noyabr.
  166. ^ "Victoria Ferry From Edmonds To Start Tomorrow". Sietl Daily Times. June 15, 1928.
  167. ^ "Charter Holders Expecting To Buy City Of Victoria".
  168. ^ "City Of Victoria Is Chartered To Ferry Company". Sietl Daily Times. May 12, 1929.
  169. ^ "Ferry Withdrawn". Sietl Daily Times. September 3, 1930.
  170. ^ "Summer Trips On Lake". Sietl Daily Times. June 12, 1924.
  171. ^ "Most Unique Trip In America". Sietl Daily Times. 1926 yil 8-iyul.
  172. ^ Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining savdo kemalari. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Hukumatning bosmaxonasi. 1935. p. 163.
  173. ^ "From The Crow's Nest". Sietl Daily Times. June 16, 1935.
  174. ^ "Feribotlar qaytarib berildi". Sietl Daily Times. 1937 yil 22-noyabr.
  175. ^ "Interesting Travel Spots". Sietl Daily Times. June 27, 1935.
  176. ^ "Mercer Island Tours Renewed". Sietl Daily Times. June 7, 1939.
  177. ^ Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining savdo kemalari. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Hukumatning bosmaxonasi. 1939. p. 434.
  178. ^ "Sightseer Cruises Halted For Duration". Sietl Daily Times. June 10, 1942.
  179. ^ "Saltwater People Log: ❖ The Sweet SIGHTSEER ❖". Saltwater People Log. Saltwater People Historical Society. 2014-03-05. Olingan 2020-03-30.
  180. ^ "See Seattle". Sietl Daily Times. 1946 yil 23-iyun.
  181. ^ a b "Captain Anderson, Pioneer Lake-Ferry Operator, Dies". Sietl Daily Times. May 19, 1941.
  182. ^ "Capt. Anderson's Estate Valued At $92,316". Sietl Daily Times. 1941 yil 16 sentyabr.
  183. ^ "Anderson - Matson". Daily Intelligencer. November 3, 1895.
  184. ^ "Mrs. Emilie Anderson". Sietl Post-Intelligencer. January 27, 1959.
  185. ^ "Three Tug Boats Are Sold". Sietl Daily Times. March 23, 1907.
  186. ^ "Bills Of Sale". Sietl Daily Times. April 7, 1907.
  187. ^ "Towboat Buckeye Enters Lake Trade". Sietl Daily Times. June 14, 1920.
  188. ^ "Johan Adolph Anderson". www.ancestry.com. Olingan 2020-03-31.
  189. ^ "Death Claims Capt. Anderson". Sietl Daily Times. 1936 yil 5-yanvar.
  190. ^ a b "Thirteenth Census Of The United States". www.ancestry.com. Olingan 2020-03-27.
  191. ^ "Albert Severin Anderson". www.ancestry.com. Olingan 2020-03-31.
  192. ^ "Mattson". Sietl Daily Times. March 22, 1948.
  193. ^ "Building Permits". Sietl Daily Times. June 1, 1928.
  194. ^ "Fifteenth Census Of The United States". www.ancestry.com. Olingan 2020-03-27.