Birinchi jahon urushi yodgorliklari va Shampan-Ardennesdagi qabristonlar ro'yxati - List of World War I memorials and cemeteries in Champagne-Ardennes
Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)
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Bu Birinchi jahon urushi yodgorliklari va Shampan-Ardennesdagi qabristonlar ro'yxati.
Zamonaviy Shampan-Ardenne, Frantsiyaning shimoli-sharqida Belgiya bilan chegaradosh, to'rttasini qamrab oladi bo'limlar: Aube, Ardennes, Yuqori Marne va Marne. Ushbu mintaqada juda ko'p janglar bo'lgan Birinchi jahon urushi (1914-1918) va ko'plab janglar bo'lib, ulardan eng muhimi, eng muhimi Marnadagi birinchi jang va Marnadagi ikkinchi jang. Marnadagi birinchi jang, shuningdek Marne mo''jizasi, 1914 yil 5-dan 12-sentyabrgacha bo'lgan davrda jang bo'lib o'tdi bir oy davom etgan nemis hujumi urush va oltita qarshi hujumni ochgan Frantsuz dala armiyalari va Britaniya ekspeditsiya kuchlari (BEF) bo'ylab Marne daryosi Germaniya imperatorlik armiyasini Parijga qarshi turishdan voz kechishga va shimoli-sharqdan orqaga chekinishga majbur qildi Aisne daryosi, to'rt yillik xandaq urushi uchun zamin yaratmoqda G'arbiy front
1918 yil 15-iyuldan 6-avgustgacha bo'lgan Ikkinchi Marne jangi (Reyms jangi) Germaniyaning ularning besh bosqichli so'nggi so'nggi hujumi edi. Spring Offensive. Frantsuz kuchlari boshchiligidagi ittifoqchilarning qarshi hujumi va shu qatorda bir necha yuzta tanklari o'ng qirg'oqdagi nemislarni mag'lubiyatga uchratib, og'ir talafotlarga uchraganida, nemislarning hujumi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Germaniyaning mag'lubiyati Ittifoqning tinimsiz oldinga siljishini boshladi Yuz kunlik tajovuz bu Sulh shartnomasi bilan yakunlandi.
Mojaroda juda ko'p odam halok bo'lganligi, xususan qoldiqlari noma'lum bo'lib qolganlar va Frantsiyada nomi ma'lum bo'lgan urush yodgorliklari bilan kelishish zarur. yodgorliklar aux morts, so'zma-so'z "o'liklarning yodgorliklari" - markazga aylandi va alohida qabrlar va qabr toshlarini almashtirdi. 1919-1926 yillarda butun Frantsiya bo'ylab minglab yodgorliklar, shu jumladan yirik milliy yodgorliklar, fuqarolik yodgorliklari, urush qabristonlari, shaxsiy yodgorliklar, zallar va bog'lar barpo etildi. Tantanalar ko'pincha yodgorliklarda, shu jumladan, yodgorliklarda o'tkaziladi Sulh kuni va Fêtes de la Victoire.
Marne janglari
Mondemontda birinchi Marne jangiga yodgorlik
Mondemontda birinchi Marne jangiga yodgorlik |
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Mondemontdagi yodgorlik 1914 yil 5-dan 12-sentyabrgacha bo'lgan birinchi Marne jangini yodga oladi. Uning joylashgan joyi St Gond botqoqlaridan janubdagi Chateau de Mondement o'rnida joylashgan. 1917 yil 6 sentyabrda Respublika Prezidenti Raymond Puankare bu erda jangning uch yilligini xotirlash marosimini o'tkazdi. Keyinchalik Frantsiya parlamenti Mondemontni yodgorlik uchun eng maqbul joy sifatida ovoz berdi. 1929 yilda Beaux-Arts ma'muriyati yodgorlik uchun mos dizaynni tanlash uchun tanlov tashkil qildi. Oxir-oqibat, komissiya me'morga bordi Pol Bigot kim taklif qildi Anri Buchard asosiy haykaltaroshlik ishi uchun. Yodgorlik nemis avansining to'xtatilishi muhimligini anglatuvchi ulkan ustun shaklida bo'lishi kerak edi va tepada Buchardga barelyef paytida beriladigan "G'alaba farishtasi" ning relyefidagi haykal qo'yilgan edi. bazasida belgilangan haykaltaroshlarga tayinlangan bo'lar edi Alfred Bottiau, Albert Patrisse va Rene André Dyupark. 1933 yil dekabrda yodgorlik qurib bitkazildi, ammo haykalni yakunlash uchun mablag 'yig'ishda qiynaldi. Yodgorlik 1938 yilgacha haykaltaroshlik ishlari tugaguniga qadar iskala bilan qoplangan. Inauguratsiya 1939 yil 19-sentabrga belgilangan edi, ammo boshlanishi Ikkinchi jahon urushi buni 1951 yil 23 sentyabrgacha kechiktirdi. Yodgorlik 35,5 metr (116 fut) balandlikka ko'tarilgan va uning beton pushti rangga bo'yalgan. Metall poydevori va chuqur poydevori bilan yodgorlikning barchasi 2000 tonnani tashkil etdi. Yodgorlik ko'lami dizayner ko'zlaganidek kuch va itoatsizlikni ham keltirib chiqaradi. Baza-rölyeflarda jangda qatnashgan barcha asosiy generallar tasvirlangan Jozef Joffre markazda, qo'lini frantsuz askari atrofida. Uning atrofida Joffrning generallari jangda o'tkazgan geografik tartibda (Verdundan Senlisgacha) joylashtirilgan. Chapdan o'ngga ular generallardir Sarrail (Uchinchi armiya), Langle de Kari (To'rtinchi armiya), Foch (To'qqizinchi armiya), Franchet d'Espèrey (Beshinchi armiya), Feldmarshal frantsuz (BEF), Manuriya (Oltinchi armiya) va Gallieni (Parij armiyasi). Ustunda ikkita asosiy yozuv mavjud:ikkinchisida Joffrening 1914 yil 6 sentyabrdagi "Kunning tartibi":
Boshqa yozuvlar Ittifoq tuzilishida ishtirok etgan turli xil qo'shinlarning tarkibini va ularning har biri hujumning boshida turgan joyga qarab qamrab olgan. Bular:
Ularning har biri ostida turli xil Korpuslar ro'yxati keltirilgan. Falsafiy yozuvni ta'kidlaydigan bitta so'nggi yozuv mavjud:
1940 yildan 1944 yilgacha bo'lgan ishg'ol paytida nemislar yodgorlikni daxlsiz qoldirdilar. Mahalliy xalq uni "sabzi" deb ataydi. Yodgorlikning yuqori qismida keltika arfi sharqqa qarab turadi va G'alabaning qanotli haykali sharqdan g'arbga uchib, momaqaldiroq, chaqmoq va jangovar karnaylar orqali uchadi:
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Mondemontdan olingan ba'zi rasmlar
Joffrning boshi "Mondement" ustuniga o'yilgan.
Buchardning "G'alaba farishtasi" ustuni ustki qismida
Joffre o'z generallari bilan o'ralgan frantsuz askari bilan Mondemont yodgorligi tagida o'yilgan.
Mondemontdagi ustun.
Dormansdagi Marne janglariga yodgorlik
Dormansdagi Marne janglariga yodgorlik |
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Dormansdagi yodgorlik Marnadagi ikkala urushni ham yodga oladi. Yodgorlik Dormanlar Chateau-ga tegishli o'rmonzorda joylashgan. Bu erda cherkov, kripto va ossuar mavjud. Cherkovdagi vitraylar Lorinning Chartres firmasining ishi va haykallar Firmin-Marcelin Michelet (1875-1951) tomonidan yaratilgan. Kobelning yonida yopiq joy bor va devorlarda ikkala jangda qatnashgan turli polklarning nomlari va yengil o'ymakorliklari yozilgan. Jozef Joffre va Ferdinand Foch, 1914 va 1918 yillardagi janglarning Ittifoqchi armiyasi rahbarlari. Ularning yutuqlari qayd etilib, janglarning ahamiyati ta'kidlandi.[2] |
Butte-de-Shalmontdagi Marne ikkinchi jangiga yodgorlik
Butte-de-Shalmontdagi Marne ikkinchi jangiga yodgorlik |
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Marne shahridagi Ikkinchi jangdagi g'alabaga bag'ishlangan Butt de Chalmontdagi milliy yodgorlik 1935 yil 21 iyulda Prezident Lebrun tomonidan ochilgan. Bu haykaltaroshning ishi Pol Landovski va G'arbiy frontning eng ajoyib yodgorliklaridan biri hisoblanadi.[kimga ko'ra? ] Yodgorlik tepalikning sharqiy tomonida (butta) joylashgan bo'lib, u ittifoqchilar qarshi hujumni boshlagan platoning bir qismi bo'lgan. Tepalikning pastki yonbag'rida chap qo'lida qalqon ko'targan oddiy plashli ayolning haykali bor; u Frantsiyani anglatadi va oldinga qarab yurib, sharqqa qarab turibdi. Uning orqasida to'rtta uzoq qadam bor, bu 1914-1918 yillardagi urushning to'rt yilligini anglatadi. Bular haykalning yon tomoniga 150 metr narida olib boriladi les fantômes. Uning sakkizta figurasi yosh yollovchini, muhandisni, pulemyotchini, grenaderni, mustamlakachi askarni, piyoda askarni va uchuvchini o'z kafanini tark etayotgan o'limni tasvirlaydi. Raqamlar ko'zlarini yumib olgan; ular yo'qolgan o'rtoqlarini qidirmoqdalar. Yodgorlikning chap va o'ng tomonida ikkita o'ymakor tosh lavha bor. Chap tomonda jang voqealari va o'ng tomonda Ittifoqdosh qo'shinlarning bosh qo'mondoni Ferdinand Fox boshchiligidagi jangda qatnashgan ittifoqchi generallar ro'yxati ko'rsatilgan. Chap tarafdagi tosh lavhada shunday yozilgan
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Yo'qolganlarga bag'ishlangan yodgorliklar
Ushbu janglar ko'plab erkaklarning o'limiga taalluqli bo'lib, yo'qolganlar uchun Britaniyaning ikkita yirik "Yo'qolganlarni yod etish" yodgorliklari mavjud bo'lib, ularning qoldiqlari aniqlanmagan. La Ferté-sous-Jouarre-dagi yodgorliklar Marnadagi birinchi jangga va 1918-yilgi jangga aloqador bo'lgan Sussonsdagi jangga aloqador.
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre yodgorligi
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre yodgorligi |
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La Ferté-sous-Jouarre yodgorligi janubiy sohilida joylashgan Marne daryosi, kommuna chetida La Ferté-sous-Jouarre, Parijdan 66 kilometr sharqda, bo'limida Sen-et-Marne. Shuningdek, Marne bedarak yo'qolganlarni yodgorligi deb nomlanuvchi ushbu qabristonda 1914 yil avgust, sentyabr va oktyabr oyi boshlarida qabri bo'lmagan va shu erda jangda halok bo'lgan ingliz va irlandiyalik askarlar yodga olinadi. Britaniya ekspeditsiya kuchlari (BEF), va polk, martabasi va ismi bilan yodgorlikda keltirilgan. Yodgorlikning o'zi oq toshdan to'rtburchaklar blok bo'lib, uning balandligi 19 metrdan 9 metrgacha va balandligi 7 metrni tashkil etadi (balandligi 62 futdan 30 futgacha va balandligi 24 fut), uning ustiga bayroq, nayzalar va dubulg'a bo'lgan katta tosh sarkofag o'rnatilgan. "1914" yil sarkofag ostida o'yilgan. Yodgorlikning ikki qisqaroq tomonida pastga yo'naltirilgan qilich o'ymakorligi tasvirlangan bo'lsa, yodgorlikning old va orqa tomonlarida o'ymakor gulchambar va toj ustiga o'rnatilgan panellarga yozuvlar yozilgan. Daryoga qaragan tomonidagi yozuv frantsuz tilida, qarshi tomonidagi yozuv esa ingliz tilida. Yodgorlik pog'onali tosh yulka ustiga o'rnatilgan bo'lib, uning to'rt burchagida gerblar bilan o'yilgan tosh ustunlar bor. Britaniya imperiyasi va tepasida toshdan yasalgan qutilar bor. Yodgorlik qoplamasining old qismida yodgorlik toshi bor: "Ularning nomi abadiy yashaydi". Yodgorlik yozuvida (inglizcha) shunday deyilgan:
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre yodgorligi 1928 yil 4-noyabrda ochilgan. Bag'ishlash marosimida ishtirok etgan ingliz va frantsuz harbiy zobitlari Ferdinand Foch, Maksim Veygand, Jorj Milne va Uilyam Pulteni Pulteni. Tantanali marosim ham o'z hissalarini yodga oldi Jozef Joffre, Jon frantsuz va Mishel-Jozef Maunuri, mintaqada jang qilgan qo'shinlarning qo'mondonlari.[4]La Ferté-sous-Jouarre-dagi asosiy yodgorlik yonida va daryoning har bir qirg'og'ida va yaqin atrofdagi ko'prikning ikkala tomonida ikkita bir xil yodgorliklar mavjud. Qirol muhandislari 1914 yilda nemislarning o'qi ostida bu joyda suzuvchi ko'prik qurgan.[5] Yodgorlik G'arbiy frontning bezatilgan faxriysi Jorj X. Goldsmit tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan. Haykaltarosh aniqlanmagan, ammo qalay dubulg'a haykalga noto'g'ri kiritilganligi haqida 1914 yilda qalay dubulg'a kiyilmaganligi va keyinchalik u standart nashr bo'lmaganligi haqida ko'p yozilgan.[6] |
Soissonda bedarak ketganlarni yod etish
Soissonda bedarak ketganlarni yod etish |
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Yo'qolganlarni yodga olish yodgorligi yodgorliklarida Buyuk Britaniya kuchlarining 1918 yilda Aisne va Marne janglari paytida vafot etgan va hech qanday qabri bo'lmagan zobitlari va odamlari xotirlanadi. Yodgorlik G X Xolt va V O Ris tomonidan ishlangan va haykaltaroshlik bilan ishlangan Erik Kennington. Yodgorlik general-leytenant tomonidan ochilgan. Xemilton-Gordon 1928 yil iyulda. Xotira qilinganlarning nomlari yodgorlikning orqa qismidagi panellarda qayd etilgan. Xotira yodgorliklarida shunday yozuv bor: [7] |
Reyms va uning atrofidagi yodgorliklar
Reyms Urushning to'rt yilida oldingi shahar edi va nemis artilleriyasining bombardimoniga uchradi. The Reyms sobori ko'p hollarda bombardimon qilingan va zarar ko'rgan va uning tasvirlari nemis bo'lmagan dunyoda mitingga aylangan. 1914-1918 yillardagi urush paytida Reymsning 60 foizi vayron qilingan va 4567 Reyms erkaklari mojaroda o'ldirilgan, yana 740 fuqarolar halok bo'lgan.
Reymsdagi yodgorlik
Reymsdagi yodgorlik |
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Ushbu markaziy figuraning ikkala tomonida ham yengilliklar mavjud. Chapdagi relyef "1914 le курманligi" deb nomlangan va marhumlarning oilalariga bag'ishlangan ("Aux familles des morts pour exalter la grandeur de leur курманligi."), O'ng tomonda esa "1918 la leçon du" afsonasi mavjud. passé "va ota-onalarining qurbonliklarini unutmasliklarini eslatib, kelajak avlodlar bilan suhbatlashmoqda (" Aux avlodlari nouvelles pour qu'elles sachent et se souviennent "). Vafot etganlarning ismlari ro'yxati yodgorlikning g'ishtlaridan biri bilan muhrlangan va Reyms shahar hokimligida ushbu ma'lumotlar mavjud bo'lgan kitob mavjud. Yuqorida yozuv bor:[8] |
The Monument aux infirmières de Reims
The Monument aux infirmières de Reims |
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Reyms - Fransiyada va chet elda urushda qatnashib hayotini yuqotgan hamshiralarga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik joylashgan joy. "À la gloire des infirmières françaises et alliées victimes de leur dévouement" yodgorligi Juliette Adam tomonidan tashkil etilgan va boshqaradigan qo'mita tomonidan tashkil etilgan xalqaro obunalar tomonidan moliyalashtirildi. Me'mor edi Charlz Jiro va haykaltaroshlik ishlari Denis Puech. Inauguratsiya 1924 yil 11-noyabrda bo'lib o'tdi va marosimga yig'ilganlar orasida Kardinal Lyuchon (Reyms arxiyepiskopi), ruhoniy Gonin, ravvin Hermann va General Pau.[9] |
132 va 332-chi frantsuz piyoda polklari yodgorligi va 46-hududlar
132 va 332-chi frantsuz piyoda polklari yodgorligi va 46-hududlar |
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132 va 332-chi frantsuz piyoda polkining plyusiga va 46-hududiga oid yodgorlikda frantsuz askarining haykali tasvirlangan (poilu). Bu urushdan keyin Reymsni rekonstruktsiya qilish sxemasining bir qismi edi, bu me'morlar Gippolit Portevin va Maks Sainsaulieu. Haqiqiy yodgorlik me'mor Emile Fanjatning dizayni edi va 132-chi faxriylar tomonidan ko'tarilgan obunalar tomonidan moliyalashtirildi. Éparges 1914 yil 23 oktyabrdan 1915 yil 12 aprelgacha bo'lgan davrda. Yodgorlikdagi yozuv shunday deb yozilgan Yodgorlik tepasidagi askar Reyms monument aux morts ustida ishlagan Pol Lefevrning ishidir.[10] |
Loivrdagi 24, 28, 133 va 363-frantsuz piyoda polklariga yodgorliklar
Loivrdagi 24, 28, 133 va 363-frantsuz piyoda polklariga yodgorliklar |
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Da Loivr, Reymsning shimolida bir nechta polk yodgorliklari mavjud. Bu erda namoyish etilganlar 363-yilga bag'ishlangan va 1930 yil 24-avgustda namoyish etilgan. Haykaltarosh edi Antuan Sartorio 363-chi kishining o'zi bilan xizmat qilgan. Yodgorlikda 363-jang sharaflari ro'yxati berilgan: Vosges, Somme, Aisne, Elzas, Argonne va Shampan. 24, 28 va 133 yodgorliklari 1923 yil 14 oktyabrda ochilgan. Ushbu yodgorlik yillar o'tishi bilan yomonlashdi va bir qator yozuvlar. endi o'qish mumkin emas.[11] |
Loivrdagi nemis qabristoni
Loivrdagi nemislar qabristonida 4139 kishining qoldiqlari bor, ulardan 1913 kishi aniqlanmagan va ularning qoldiqlari ossuariyada.[12]
119 va 319 frantsuz piyoda polklari yodgorligi va Cauroy-les-Hermonville-dagi 20-hududlar.
Ushbu yodgorlik joylashgan Cauroy-les-Hermonville Reyms yaqinida. 119-chi odamlarning ko'plari yiqilib tushishdi Sharlerua jangi 1914 yil 22-avgustda, urush boshlangan janglardan biri va nomi bilan tanilgan Chegaralar janglari.Bir belgi Belgiyadan bo'lib, 119-chi odamlarga hurmat bajo keltiradi (aux frères - ularning qurolli birodarlari)[13]
Britaniya qabristoni Xermonvill
Chemin des Dames
Chemin-des-Dames (so'zma-so'z "ayollar yo'llari") daryolar vodiylari orasidagi tizma bo'ylab 30 kilometr (19 mil) yuradi. Aisne va Aile bo'limida Aisne. Marnadan chekinishganidan so'ng, Germaniya armiyasi uchun burilishni tanlash va ittifoqchilarning yutuqlarini tekshirishga urinish mantiqiy joy edi. Nemis qo'shini urushning aksariyat qismida tizmani ushlab turdi, ammo frantsuzlar ularni bu erdan olib tashlash uchun ko'plab urinishlarni amalga oshirdilar; bu o'ta katta yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Tog'ning ostida 20-40 metr (66-131 fut) deyarli 1 kvadrat kilometr (0.39 sqm) g'orlar tarmog'i "Ajdaho uyi" (La Caverne du Dragon). G'orlar dastlab 17-asrda qurilish maqsadlari uchun ohaktosh toshlarini qazish natijasida hosil bo'lgan tunnel tizimi bo'lgan va urush paytida ular Frantsiya va Germaniya kuchlari tomonidan ishlatilgan dala kasalxonalari va buyruq postlari.
Chemin des Dames urush davomida ko'plab ko'rinadigan eslatmalarga ega. Fort Malmaison strategik mavqega ega bo'lgan va La Royerada mustamlaka qo'shinlarining urushda qatnashgan qismi qayd etilgan. Da Cerny-en-Laonnois, kichik cherkov - Chemin des Damesni eslash uchun rasmiy sayt. Caverne du Dragon muzeyi nemislar eski karerni yer osti barakasi sifatida ishlatgan joyda joylashgan. Basklar yodgorligi 36-diviziya xotirasiga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, ularning aksariyati Frantsiyaning janubi-g'arbiy qismidan bo'lgan. Kaliforniyadagi plato Aisne vodiysining manzarasini namoyish etadi va hujum boshlangan sahna bo'ldi General Nivelle 1917 yil 16-aprelda. 1920-yillarda qayta tiklangan Kraonne qishlog'ida Arboretum de Craonne yodgorlik va Milliy tank yodgorligi. Ushbu yodgorliklarning barchasi qabristonlar va o'liklarning kichikroq yodgorliklari bilan birlashtirilgan.
Ushbu sohada 130 mingdan ortiq erkak hayotdan ko'z yumdi. Frantsuz, nemis, ingliz va italyan qabristonlarida vafot etgan erkaklarning faqat yarmini aniqlash mumkin edi va ko'plari ossuarlarda yotar edi.
Urush paytida Chemin-Des-Dames bo'ylab har doim deyarli har doim to'qnashuvlar bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, uchta yirik jang bo'lib o'tgan. Bular:
- Aisne birinchi jangi (1914) - Birinchi Marna jangidan keyin ingliz-frantsuz qarshi hujumi.
- Aisne ikkinchi urushi (1917) - qismi Nivelle tajovuzkor.
- Aisne uchinchi jangi (1918) - Uchinchi bosqich (Ishlash Bluxer ) nemis Spring Offensive.
Birinchi Aisne jangi ittifoqchilarning o'ng qanotiga qarshi keyingi hujumi edi Germaniya birinchi armiyasi (boshchiligidagi Aleksandr fon Klak ) va Ikkinchi armiya (boshchiligidagi Karl fon Budov ) 1914 yil sentyabrda Marnadan chekinishganida. Aisne jangi 13 sentyabr kuni kechqurun boshlangan edi, ammo bu natija bermadi va ikkala armiya yakka yutuqqa erishib bo'lmaydi degan xulosaga kelishdi va Dengizga poyga birin-ketin muxolifat qanotini egallashga urinish bilan. Shimoliy dengiz qirg'og'iga etib borganlaridan so'ng, "harakat urushi" tugadi va xandaq urushi o'z o'rnini egalladi.
Birinchi Aisne jangidan so'ng, 1917 yil martgacha bu erda hech qanday yirik janglar bo'lmagan, ammo shu vaqt ichida bir necha ming askar mahalliy kutilmagan hujumlarda vafot etgan yoki coup de main operatsiyalar va 1915 yil 25-yanvarda nemis kuchlari Kreyut fermasini egallab olishdi (bugun La Caverne du Dragon yoki platodagi so'nggi frantsuz pozitsiyasi.Bu "Kreut jangi" deb nomlangan edi. Keyin nemislar tog 'tizmasida ustunlik qildilar.
Ikkinchi Aisne jangi 1917 yil 16 va 25 aprel kunlari bo'lib o'tdi. Bu "Nivelle hujumi" deb nomlanishi kerak edi. Umumiy Robert Nivelle o'qitishda artilleriya xodimi bo'lgan va jangni olti kunlik 5300 ta qurolni o'z ichiga olgan olti kunlik bombardimon bilan boshlagan, ammo bu, shubhasiz, nemislarga hujum kelayotgani to'g'risida ogohlantirishdan boshqa narsa emas. 16 aprelda Frantsiyaning etti armiyasi Chemin des Dames tizmasi bo'ylab Germaniya chizig'iga hujum qildi, ammo Nivelle dushmanning mudofaa tayyorgarligini past baholagan edi (nemislar tog 'tizmasi ostidagi eski er osti tosh karerlarida chuqur boshpana tarmog'ini yaratdilar, bu erda ularning qo'shinlari joylashgan frantsuz hujumi paytida boshpana olishga qodir edi) va puxta tayyorlangan nemis pozitsiyalari frantsuz xujumchilari ilgarilab borayotgan janubiy yonbag'irda hukmronlik qildilar, nemislar yangi narsalardan maksimal darajada foydalanishdi MG08 / 15 avtomatlar. Birinchi kunning o'zidayoq frantsuzlar 40 ming talofat ko'rdilar va keyingi 12 kunlik jang davomida frantsuzlar 120 ming talofat (o'lganlar, yaradorlar va bedarak yo'qolganlar) ga ko'payishda davom etishdi. Hujum tugagandan so'ng, yakuniy hisob 271,000 frantsuz va 163,000 nemislar halok bo'ldi; garchi nemis himoyachilari kamroq azob chekishgan bo'lsa-da, ular 20 mingga yaqin mahbusni, 40 ta to'pni va 200 ta avtomatni yo'qotishdi. Bunday kichik vaqt oralig'ida va shu qadar minimal yutuqlarga ega bo'lgan frantsuz qurbonlari sonining ko'pligi shtab-kvartirada va frantsuz jamoatchiligi tomonidan halokat sifatida qabul qilindi. Shuningdek, frantsuz yaradorlarini og'riqli darajada sekin evakuatsiya qilish bo'yicha tanqidlar ko'p bo'lgan, chunki bu logistika tayyorgarligining etishmasligini ko'rsatgan. Nivelle iste'foga chiqishi kerak edi va frantsuz armiyasining ruhiy holati yomonlashdi, askarlar buyruqlarni qabul qilishdan bosh tortgan holatlar ko'payib ketdi.
Bu holat tahdidga aylandi to'liq parchalanish va General Pétain hujumga qarshi bo'lgan, tartibni tiklash uchun Nivelle o'rnini egalladi. U uzoq muddatli uy barglari va qo'shinlarga oziq-ovqat va tibbiy yordamni yaxshilash kabi ijobiy o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. 1917 yil kuziga kelib, ingliz qo'shini tizmaning g'arbiy qismida mudofaani o'z qo'liga oldi.
1917 yil yozida bu erda Observatoriyalar jangi bo'lib o'tdi, bu Kraonne va Laffaux o'rtasidagi qarashlarni boshqaradigan yuqori lavozimlarga egalik qilish uchun mahalliy hujumlar va qarshi hujumlar seriyasidir va oktyabrda, ittifoqdoshlar g'alabadan keyin. Malmaison jangi nemis kuchlari Chemin des Damesni tark etib, Ailette daryosi vodiysining shimoliga qarab harakat qilishdi.
Uchinchi Aisne jangi Germaniyaning "Bahor hujumi" ning bir qismi bo'lib, unda nemislar Amerika ekspeditsiya kuchlari (AEF) juda ko'p kelguncha Chemin des Dames tizmasini qaytarib olishga intilishdi. Bu "deb nomlanuvchi bir qator jinoyatlardan biri edi Kaiserschlacht, 1918 yil bahorida va yozida nemislar tomonidan boshlangan. 92-piyoda diviziyasining Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va 93-piyoda diviziyasi (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari) Amerika ekspeditsiyasidan ajralib chiqqan bo'lsa-da, Frantsiyada jang qilgan birinchi amerikaliklardir. Kuch va Frantsiya qo'mondonligi ostida. Katta kutilmagan hujum (Blyuxer-Yorkni Napoleon urushlarining ikki prussiyalik generallari nomi bilan nomlangan) 27 maydan 1918 yil 6 iyungacha davom etdi.
Blyuxer-York operatsiyasi asosan Erix Ludendorff tomonidan rejalashtirilgan bo'lib, u Aisne shahridagi muvaffaqiyat nemis qo'shinlarini Parijdan juda uzoq masofaga olib borishiga amin edi. BEFni asosiy tahdid deb bilgan Lyudendorff, bu o'z navbatida ittifoqchilarni Flandriya kuchlarini Frantsiya poytaxtini himoya qilishga yordam berishiga olib keladi va bu nemislarga o'zlarining Flandriya hujumlarini yanada osonlik bilan davom ettirishlariga imkon beradi. Shunday qilib, Aisne qo'zg'alishi asosan katta diversion hujum sifatida rejalashtirilgan edi.
Aisne hududini himoya qilish Frantsiya oltinchi armiyasining qo'mondoni general Denis Ogyust Dyuchenning qo'lida edi. Bundan tashqari, general-leytenant ser Aleksandr Xamilton-Gordon boshchiligidagi Buyuk Britaniyaning IX korpusining to'rtta bo'linmasi Chemin des Dames tizmasini ushlab turdi; ular "Maykl" jangidan omon qolganlaridan keyin dam olish va dam olish uchun o'sha erga joylashtirilgan edi. 1918 yil 27-may kuni ertalab nemislar ittifoqchilar frontini 4000 marta bombardimon qilishni boshladilar va inglizlar katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi, chunki Dyuchen (tark etishni istamadi) Chemin des Dames Ridge o'tgan yili shuncha mablag 'evaziga qo'lga olinganidan so'ng, ularni Frantsiya Bosh qo'mondoni Anri-Filippin Pitanning ko'rsatmalariga zid ravishda ularni oldingi xandaqlarda to'plashni buyurgan edi. Bombardimondan keyin zaharli gaz tushishi kuzatildi va bir marta gaz Germaniyaning Sturmtruppen 17 ta bo'linmasi tomonidan piyoda askarlarning asosiy hujumini boshladi.
Butun ajablanib qabul qilindi va mudofaasi ingichka darajada tarqaldi, ittifoqchilar hujumni to'xtata olmadilar va nemis armiyasi ittifoqchilar safidagi 40 kilometr (25 mil) masofani bosib o'tdi va olti soat ichida Aisnega etib keldi. Aslida nemislar Reyms va Sussons o'rtasidagi chiziqda ittifoqchilarning sakkizta bo'linmasini bosib o'tib, ittifoqchilarni Vesle daryosiga qaytarib yuborishdi va kechqurungacha qo'shimcha 15 kilometr (9,3 milya) hududga ega bo'lishdi.
1918 yil 30-mayga qadar 50 mingdan ziyod ittifoqchi askarni va 800 dan ortiq qurolni qo'lga kiritgan nemislar uchun g'alaba yaqin bo'lib tuyuldi, ammo 3 iyun kuni Parijdan 56 kilometr (35 mil) uzoqlikda yurib, nemis qo'shinlari ko'plab muammolarga duch kelishdi. ta'minotning etishmasligi, charchash, zaxiralarning etishmasligi va ko'plab qurbonlar, shu qatorda yangi kelgan Amerika bo'linmalarining qarshi hujumlari va ularga qarshilik ko'rsatishda. Chateau-Thierry janglari va Belleau Wood va 1918 yil 6-iyunda Germaniya avansi Marnada to'xtadi.
Frantsuzlar 98000 dan ortiq, inglizlar esa 29000 atrofida yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi. Nemislarning yo'qotishlari deyarli og'irroq bo'lmasa ham deyarli katta edi. Dyucheni Frantsiya bosh qo'mondoni Filipp Pétain ingliz va frantsuz qo'shinlari bilan yomon muomalada bo'lganligi uchun esladi, ammo ijobiy natija bilan amerikaliklar kelib, urushda birinchi marta o'zlarini jangda isbotladilar. Davomida Marnadagi ikkinchi jang, Chemin des Damesdagi so'nggi jang 1918 yil 2-avgust va 10-oktyabr kunlari bo'lib o'tdi va nemislar oxir-oqibat tog 'tizmasidan voz kechib, shimol tomonga surildilar.[14]
Chemin des Dames hududidagi qabristonlar
Chemin des Dames hududidagi qabristonlar |
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To'rt yillik urush davomida bu hududda ko'plab askarlar (asosan frantsuz va nemislar) o'ldirilgan va ko'plab harbiy qabristonlar mavjud. 20-asrning 20-yillari davomida butun hududga tarqalgan frantsuz qabrlari 14 ta milliy harbiy qabristonga ko'chirildi. Ba'zi hollarda, bu qabristonlar ingliz yoki rus qurbonlarini ham o'zlashtirgan va o'liklarning faqat yarmini aniqlash mumkin bo'lganligi sababli, ko'pchilik ossuariyalarga yotqizilgan. Chemin des Damesdagi ba'zi qabristonlarda Soissonda yoki Marne jangida o'ldirilgan odamlarning jasadlari saqlanadi; conversely the French military cemetery of Maison Bleue (in Cornicy, Marne) shelters some combatants who had fallen on the Chemin des Dames, particular in the area of Berry-au-Bac. The 14 French Military cemeteries located in the Chemin des Dames area are:
There are 9 German cemeteries in the area. Some of these cemeteries were laid out by the German Army during the war (Veslud, Laon -Bousson and Montaigu in particular) and the others were built by the French authorities in the beginning of the 1920s in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles, which had stated that the victorious countries had the exclusive right to organise the German graves. Bodies in individual graves scattered around the area were concentrated into these 9 cemeteries. In 1966, management and care of the cemeteries was passed to the "Service d'Entretien des Sépultures militaries", the French subsidiary of the German Volksbund Deutsche Krieggräberfürsorge. These cemeteries are:
There are 5 British military cemeteries in the Chemin des Dames area, although many British graves remain within Chemin des Dames communal cemeteries, and some of the British dead from the Chemin des Dames are buried in Grand-Seraucourt British military cemetery, near St-Quentin, and in Montcornet British cemetery. The graves of many British and Irish soldiers can also be found in French military cemeteries, in particular in Vauxbuin French military cemetery, Berry-au-Bac military cemetery and in Crouy French military cemetery, The British Cemeteries are:
There is also a Danish cemetery at Braine, near the French military cemetery, which contains the graves of 79 Danish soldiers. They were from Schleswig, a territory annexed by Prussia in 1886, and had no choice but to serve in the German ranks. To commemorate their loss, a monument designed by Danish architect Gundlach-Petersen was unveiled in the cemetery on 7 May 1934.[44] |
Le Calvaire de l'Ange Gardien
The "Guardian Angel" Calvary /"Le Calvaire de l'Ange Gardien" |
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At the crossroads of the N2 and the D18 between Laon and Soissons, there is a kalvari (Crucifixion sculpture), Le Calvaire de l'Ange Gardien (The Guardian Angel Calvary), dedicated to those soldiers who fought on the Chemin des Dames and in the La Malmaison jangi. The inscription on the calvary reads:
There is also a plaque on the calvary dedicated to those who served in the 165th and 365th French Infantry as well as plaques remembering Claudius Champromis and Lieutenant René de Wismes.[45] |
The Monument to the Missing on the California Plateau
The Monument to the Missing on the California Plateau |
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This monument is located at Kronn and pays tribute to all who fell in the Chemin des Dames between 1914 and 1918 but have no known graves. The bronze sculpture is nearly 4 metres (13 ft) in height and was designed by Haim Kern. It was unveiled on 5 November 1998 by the French First Minister Lionel Jospin accompanied by the Minister of Culture and Communication and the State Secretary to War Veterans. This work is entitled Ils n'ont pas choisi leur sépulture (English: they didn't choose their grave). Kern's composition is enigmatic and presents what appears to be metal netting in which the faces of soldiers appear at intervals. They appear trapped in the meshing and unable to escape – they are, as it were, caught in a situation that has resulted in their death but they are lost, as their remains were lost, and could not be found.[46] |
Monument for the Régiment d'infanterie coloniale du Maroc (RICM)
Monument for the RICM – The Moroccan Colonial Infantry |
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This monument stands in the Chemin des Dames area between the Malmaison farm and the Malmaison Fort, and was inaugurated on 8 July 1934. The inscription tells of the efforts made by the Régiment d'infanterie coloniale du Maroc (RICM) (English: Moroccan colonial infantry regiment) on 23 October 1917, when they took the quarries at La Bohéry on the southern slope of the ridge. Under the command of Lt Colonel Debailleul they successfully fought the Prussian Guard, taking 950 prisoners and capturing 10 German guns.[47] |
Monument commemorating Captain Joost van Vollenhoven, RICM
Monument commemorating Captain Joost van Vollenhoven, RICM |
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This monument celebrates RICM Captain Xost van Vollenxoven, who was killed in the nearby village of Pharmacy in 1918. The monument depicts Van Vollenhoven leading his men for the last time, and scenes from his previous service in the colonies of Africa and Indochina. Citations to both the Regiment and Van Vollenhoven adorn the sides of the monument. Like some of the other monuments in the area, it was restored following damage by the German occupiers during World War II.[48] |
"Constellation de la Douleur" – dedicated to the Tirailleurs "Sénégalais"
"Constellation de la Douleur" – Dedicated to the Tirailleurs "Sénégalais" |
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Near the Caverne du Dragon is this tribute to the soldiers of Sénégal who served on the Chemin des Dames. It was commissioned as part of the celebrations marking the 90th anniversary of the end of World War I. It is the work of Christian Lapie and is composed of nine wooden figures. The inauguration took place on 22 September 2007.[49] |
Monument to the 31st French Infantry Regiment
Monument to the 31st French Infantry Regiment |
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This monument is located in the Pontavert National Cemetery and is dedicated to the 31st Infantry and in particular to those who fell in the assault of the "Bois des Buttes" and Ville-aux-Bois on 16–18 April 1917 during the Nivelle Offensive.The inscription reads:
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The Basque Memorial
The Basque Memorial |
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The Basque Memorial, unveiled 30 September 1928, commemorates the people of the Basklar mamlakati who lost their lives on the Chemin des Dames. Both the architect Forest and the sculptor Claude Grange were veterans who had been wounded in the war. The stone used is from Sho'rvalar-sur-Loing.[51] At the base of an obelisk, 14 metres (46 ft) high, laurel wreaths bear the names of the administrative areas from which soldiers of the 36th Infantry Division came, and the sides bear the division's monogram. A Bask stands at the foot of the obelisk in an'anaviy kiyim, wearing the Basque béret, and looks towards the Aisne Valley.[52] |
Images of Basque Memorial
"Landes" mention on Basque Memorial.
"Hautes Pyrenees" mention on Basque Memorial
"Basses Pyrenees" mention on Basque Memorial
Memorial to the 2nd Colonial Corps
Memorial to the 2nd Colonial Corps |
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This private memorial stands between Cerny and the d'Hurtebise farm, commissioned by the parents of 2nd Lieutenant Louis Astoul, who died along with many others of the 2nd Colonial Corps, assaulting the heavily defended German positions as part of the Nivelle offensive.[53] |
Memorial to the 36th French Infantry Division at the Fort de la Malmaison
Memorial to the 36th French Infantry Division at the Fort de la Malmaison |
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At the site of the Fort of Malmaison there is a memorial which remembers the actions of the 36th Infantry in the Battle of Malmaison on 23 October 1917
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Tank Memorial at Berry-Au-Bac
Mémorial des Chars d'Assaut at Berry-Au-Bac |
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The Tank Memorial (Mémorial des Chars d'Assaut ) pays tribute to all those tank drivers who fell in the course of 1917–1918. Ishi Maksim Real del Sarte, it was erected following the efforts of a group of ex-infantrymen, and inaugurated on 2 July 1922 in the presence of Marshals Foch and Pétain and Generals Mangin and Weygand, as well as General Estienne, deb nomlangan Père des Chars ("father of the tank"). The monument is located at Choléra Farm, Berri-o-Bac, from where a mass attack of French tanks was thrown in the direction of Juvincourt on 16 April 1917. A plaque to the rear of the memorial recalls that on 16 April 1917, the 151st Infantry Regiment continued to advance with the assistance of Bossut's tanks right up to Béliers Wood. Tanks dating back to the 1950s are on display near the memorial.[55] |
The Calvary at Choléra
The Calvary at Choléra |
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The Calvary in front of the Tank Memorial at Berry-au-Bac indicates the spot where the first attack was made by French tanks and also remembers all who fell on the Chemin des Dames. There was a farm at this spot called "La Ferme du Choléra".[56] |
Monument to the aviators Vernes and Peinaud
Monument to the aviators Vernes and Peinaud |
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This monument, situated between Vailly-sur-Aisne and Ostel, was erected in 1921 by the Vernes family to remember Lieutenant-aviator Marcel Vernes and Sergeant-pilot Jean Peinaud who were killed in aerial combat on 24 March 1917. There are quotations attached to the monument from the Old and New testaments:
English: They fly like eagles. They run and never grow tired (Isaiah). They walk and don't tire themselves. Let each of you put at the others' disposal the gift you have received (Peter 4:20).[57] |
The Chapel at Cerny-en-Laonnois
The Chapel at Cerny-en-Laonnois |
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Cherkov Cerny-en-Laonnois has become the main memorial to those who died on the Chemin des Dames and inside are numerous plaques dedicated to units or individuals who had been killed in the area. It is intended as a place for reflection and spiritual refuge for all who visit the battlefield area. In front of the chapel is a white lighthouse and behind, two cemeteries, one French the other German. In front of the chapel is a plaque commemorating the deeds of the 38th Division. On 8 July 1962, during a private visit to the German Cemetery, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was met by President Charles de Gaulle in what became a precursor to the Franco-German Treaty of 1963.[58] |
The Monument des Crapouillots
The Monument des Crapouillots |
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A plaque by the monument informs us that it was damaged in June 1940 during nearby fighting and repaired: [59] |
Turli xil
The monument to the 11th Company of the 72nd Infantry Regiment
The monument to the 11th Company of the 72nd Infantry Regiment |
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This monument is located at La Buisson, to the east of Vitri-le-Fransua. It carries a quotation from Victor Hugo: "Ceux qui pieusement sont morts pour la patrie ont droit qu'à leur cercueil la foule vienne et prie." The inscription refers to the fighting which took place on 6 September 1914.[60] |
Bridge to the 28th Infantry Division (US)
28-piyoda diviziyasi |
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Italian Cemetery at Bligny and the Italian volunteers who fought in France 1914–1915
The Italian Cemetery at Bligny |
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Many Italians living in France joined the French army as volunteers, and on 5 November 1914, part of the Foreign Legion took the name "Régiment des Garibaldian" (after Juzeppe Garibaldi ). These units were dissolved in 1915 when Italy officially joined the war, but in 1918 Italy sent 41,000 soldiers to fight in Champagne and the Chemin des Dames. From April to November 1918 they lost more than 9,000 men, many of whom are buried in the Bligni qabriston. Opposite the cemetery a "Roman Way" was established, lined with cypress trees and leading to a symbolic broken column.[61] |
Memorial to the 1st Loyal North Lancs at Vendresse, Troyon
Memorial to the 1st Loyal North Lancs at Vendresse, Troyon |
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The 1st Battalion Sadoqatli Shimoliy Lankashir polki were part of 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, and commanded by Lieutenant Colonel G.C. Ritsar. The battalion's first action was alongside the 2nd Royal Sussex of the same Brigade, at Priez on 10 September 1914, when Lieutenant Colonel Knight was mortally wounded. Following the charge of 4th Dragoon Guards, the battalion crossed the Aisne at Bourg on 13 September and advanced towards the Chemin des Dames, halting at Vendresse. From here the battalion attacked Troyon on 14 September 1914, under the command of (Acting Lieutenant Colonel) Major W.R. LLoyd. In this action, the unit suffered heavy casualties, with nine officers being killed, five wounded and 500 other ranks killed or wounded. Among the dead was Lt-Col Lloyd, the second commanding officer to be killed since arrival in France. The survivors dug-in on the slopes of the Chemin des Dames and held these positions until relieved by 1st East Yorks on 19 September 1914. The 1st Loyals remained on the Aisne until mid-October, when they were moved north to take part in the fighting in Flanders. They lost their third commanding officer, Major A.J. Carter DSO, at Ypres in November 1914. On the crest of the ridge at Troyon, the regiment erected a memorial to their dead. The inscription on it reads:Files held at the National Archives in Kew, covering the years 1919 to 1923, offers further background information on this memorial. C.T. Atkinson, who served on the committee whose approval was needed for memorials to be erected and to approve where they were to be located, wrote:
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Cemeteries in Soupir
Cemeteries in Soupir |
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Janubida joylashgan Chemin des Dames, the village of Soupir was largely destroyed during the Aisne ikkinchi urushi. Five national cemeteries are now located in Soupir: two French, one German, one British and one Italian. The two French cemeteries are Soupir French Military Cemetery No. 1 and Soupir French Military Cemetery No. 2 and the German cemetery joins onto Soupir French Military Cemetery No. 2. There are 11,089 German soldiers buried there. 5,134 have their own graves (19 of them unknown soldiers – unbekannt ) while a further 5,995 are buried in the mass grave in the centre of the cemetery. |
The Italian Cemetery at Soupir
The Italian Cemetery at Soupir |
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This cemetery sits on the western outskirts of Soupir village on the D 925, between Vailly-sur-Aisne and Bourg-et-Comin. This area is known as Mont Sapin and was the subject of fierce fighting throughout the war. The 2nd Italian Army Corps arrived in France on 25 April 1918, as a sign of mutual aid from the Italian Government. Under the command of General Albricci, the Corps consisted of the 3rd and 8th Italian Divisions. They were initially positioned alongside French Divisions near Verdun in order to acclimatise themselves to conditions on the Western Front. Four months later, on 15 July 1918, the Germans attacked when the 2nd Battle of the Marne opened. The Germans struck either side of Reims, in what was to be their last offensive of the war. The attack on the eastern side of Reims against General Guro 's First Army came to a grinding halt on its first day. The western prong against Degoutte's Sixth Army made better progress and established some semblance of a breakthrough. Reinforcements from the French Ninth Army plus British, American, and the two Italian Divisions were all used to shore up the front. The German offensive was brought to a halt and then pushed back. On 20 July 1918, the Germans ordered a retreat and by 3 August 1918 they were back at their initial positions. Following their participation in this success, the 2nd Italian Corps was positioned on the river Aisne, just south of Soupir below the Chemin des Dames, on 22 September 1918. On 1 October, they took Soupir and spent the remainder of the month fighting along the Chemin des Dames as the Germans were slowly pushed north. During the course of the war, the 2nd Italian Corps lost 4,375 killed and 10,000 wounded. The cemetery at Soupir contains the bodies of 593 Italian soldiers, the majority of whom fell in fighting along the Chemin des Dames. From April to November 1918, the 2nd Italian Army Corps, made up of the 3rd and 8th Divisions (The Brescia and Alpi Infantry Brigades), fought in the Reims sector between Vrigny and Jaulgonne in the Ardennes sector, and in the Aisne to the east of Soissons, fighting under the 5th, 10th and the 3rd French Armies. The Italian forces commanded by General Alberico Albricci suffered more than 9,000 soldiers killed during its victorious campaigns. 592 of them rest in this Military Cemetery created and maintained by the Italian Ministry of Defence. The entrance to the cemetery at Soupir in shown here.[64] |
The Guards' Grave at Villers-Cotterêts
The Guards' Grave at Villers-Cotterêts |
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To the north and north-east of Villers-Cotterêts bo'ladi great Retz forest, through which the British Army I Corps were to march on 1 September 1914, and where three rearguard actions were fought. In one of these actions the 4th (Guards) Brigade, which included two platoons of Grenadiers, were covering the rear of the I Corps' 2nd Division and ran up against the Germaniya III korpusi. They held the Germans for 4 hours, suffering many casualties. This action took place in an area known as the "Rond de la Reine", a clearing on the main road; it is marked by the Guards' Memorial and the graves of those who lost their lives are found nearby. The Guards' Grave originally made by the people of Villers-Cotterêts and was moved slightly to its present location by the Irish Guards in November 1914. It is a mass grave and contains the bodies of 98 guardsmen. A stone set in the ground states: "Here lie ninety-eight British soldiers".[65] |
The Monument to the United States First Division at Buzancy
The Monument to the United States First Division at Buzancy |
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This memorial commemorates the part played by the United States 1st Division at Soissons at the end of the Second Battle of the Marne. An obelisk is surmounted by an American eagle whose wings protectively envelop the 1st Division's crest. A bronze plaque recounts how the 1st Division advanced 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) into the German lines taking the village of Berzy-le-sek and arriving just in front of Shov-shuvli. The Division lost 2,213 men killed and 6,347 wounded from 18 to 21 July 1918, before being relieved by the 15-chi (Shotlandiya) divizioni. The memorial to the Scots can be found in the nearby Buzancy Military Cemetery.[66] |
Monuments in and around Château-Thierry
Chateau-Thierry is a commune in northern France, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) east-northeast of Paris, a sub-prefecture of the Aisne department in Picardy. There are monuments and a cemetery to American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) which fought in this region in the summer of 1918, when they arrived to aid the Allies in the Second Battle of the Marne and the Hundred Days Offensive at the war's conclusion.
Château-Thierry American Monument
Monument de la Côté 204 |
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This monument, also known as Monument de la Côté 204, commemorates "the sacrifices and achievements of American and French fighting men in the region, and the friendship and cooperation of French and American forces during World War I." It specifically remembers the joint action in the Shato-Tierri jangi, part of the Second Battle of the Marne, and other fighting in the area. Much of this fighting was to secure Hill 204 (Côté 204), 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Château-Thierry. Inaugurated in 1930, the monument was constructed by the Amerika jang yodgorliklari komissiyasi (ABMC), designed by architect Pol Filipp Kret tomonidan haykallar bilan Alfred-Alphonse Bottiau. It comprises a double colonnade standing on a long terrace, with two figures on the west face representing France and the United States. An enormous eagle and shield stand in front of the east face of the monument. The monument also includes a map showing the battle area.[67] |
The US Third Infantry Division Memorial at Château-Thierry
The US Third Infantry Division Memorial at Château Thierry |
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This memorial stands next to the river Marne, and commemorates the 3rd US Infantry Division's World War I casualties of 3,177 killed in action and 12,940 wounded. It first saw combat in the Second Battle of the Marne where it was called the "Rock of the Marne".[kimga ko'ra? ][68] |
The Aisne-Marne American Cemetery
The Aisne-Marne American Cemetery |
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The Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial is a 42-acre (17 ha) World War I cemetery in Belleau, at the foot of the hill where the Belleu Vud jangi jang qilindi. It was a temporary cemetery during the war (AEF Cemetery No. 1764-Belleau Wood), and was agreed to be retained as a permanent US WWI cemetery. The site is maintained by the ABMC, and its dedication ceremony was held on Xotira kuni, 30 May 1937. The Memorial Chapel is in the French Roman arxitekturasi style, with sculptural work by Alfred-Alphonse Bottiau on designs by William F. Ross and Company[69] (with memorial features designed by Kram va Fergyuson ). It was constructed on the site of front-line battle trenches. A crusader in armour is central in a relief on the tympanum above the chapel entrance, flanked by shields of the US and France intertwined with branches of oak, a symbol of unity between the two countries. Scenes from the trenches are carved on the columns to either side of the entrance. Above the inside door is the inscription: "The [1,060] names recorded on these walls are those of American soldiers who fought in this region and who sleep in unknown graves." On the belfry columns are 11 carvings representing various units involved in the war, which are repeated on each side of the chapel. The arches of the belfry openings carry additional carvings, of small arms ammunition and other objects of war. Below the belfry openings and on each side of the chapel are sculpted heads: a French soldier, a French nurse, a US aviator, a Scottish soldier, a Russian soldier, a Portuguese soldier, a Canadian aviator, and a British Women's Army Corps driver. The exterior steps, walls, and tartar are of native limestone.[70] |
Belleau Wood Memorial
Belleau Wood and the Belleau Wood Memorial |
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In the centre of the road leading through Belleau Wood is a monument and flagpole; the monument bears a relief by Feliks de Ueldon depicting a US Marine. This marks the battle fought in Belleau Wood in June 1918, part of the Second Battle of the Marne. The US Army 2nd and 3rd Divisions (which included large numbers of marines) launched multiple attacks to take heavily defended German positions in the wood, taking casualties of 1,811 dead and 7,966 wounded.[71] |
The area to the east of Reims
The area to the east of Reims |
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The area between Reims and the Argonne o'rmoni – 30 by 4 kilometres (19 by 2 mi) – saw fierce fighting over the four years of war. 103 different French Divisions were engaged along with 4 American Divisions and 2 Russian Brigades, as well as Polish and Czechoslovakian units. Seven villages in the area were so badly damaged that they were never rebuilt. In the present French military camp of Moronvilliers, there is a small chapel commemorating the destroyed villages of Nauroy and Moronvilliers. Erected in 1920 and positioned on the site of Nauroy, the chapel has been restored by "L'Amicale des Diables bleus d'Épernay". Five ruined villages lie in the camps at Moronvillers, Mourmelon and Suippes, and the French Army allows public access in September of every second year, organising tours known as "La Journée des Villages Détruits". At Souhain there is a monument and ossuary dedicated to the French Foreign Legion.[72] |
The monument aux morts at Sillery
The monument aux morts at Sillery |
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Aux morts yodgorligi Sillery, inaugurated in 1925, features a sculpture by Édouard Sediey. It is composed of a distraught woman before a cross inscribed with the names of the dead and the words: "Sillery à ses morts glorieux 1914–18". Near this memorial is another dedicated to the martyrs of the Resistance. Bu Lotaringiya xochi (a symbol of French patriotism) upon which are carved the faces of three of those deported by the Germans and the names of 8 people who died while deported.[73] |
Military cemeteries at Aubérive
Military cemeteries at Aubérive |
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The French Military Cemetery at Oberve holds the remains of 6,424 French soldiers. 2,908 could not be properly identified and their remains were placed in three ossuaries.[74] The Polish cemetery at Aubérive is situated southeast of Reims and is a part of the French cemetery at Le Bois du Puits. It contains the graves of 129 Polish soldiers killed in World War I (and 256 killed in World War II). Many of these volunteered for the French Foreign Legion. At the cemetery is a memorial to these 129 men, composed of an obelisk surmounted by a cross. There is also a monument to the 1st and 2nd divisions of Polish Infantry, formed in 1917 and known as the Moviy armiya.[75] The German cemetery at Aubérive lies to the rear of the French cemetery at Le Bois du Puits. 5,359 German soldiers were buried here; 3,124 could not be identified and their bodies were laid in an ossuary. Many of the soldiers were Thüringian. |
Monument to the 103rd French Infantry Regiment
Monument to the 103rd French Infantry Regiment |
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This memorial was erected by the French veterans organisation "Souvenir français" and is located in the village of Aubérive. The inscriptions include:
[76] There is also the monument Borne No. 77, one of the series created by Paul Moreau-Vauthier to mark the furthest points of German advance along the Western Front. Those bornes (stone markers) in France were made from pink granite from Andlau Elzasda. This borne bears the inscription: "Ici fut repoussé l'envahisseur Juillet 1918", corresponding to the liberation of Château-Thierry.[77] |
Memorial remembering the "Eugène" trench and the Monument to the 8th Army Corps
Memorial remembering the "Eugène" trench |
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The memorial to the "Eugène" trench, funded by Souvenir Français, and the 8th Army monument are located in the Val-de-Vesl, east of Reims in the direction of Sainte-Ménehould. The memorial is dedicated to those soldiers who were killed in the area in the offensives of April 1917. Nearby are Vauthier Bornes 36 and 37.The inscription does not mince words: Visitors are entreated to not forget the dead (translation): "They too loved life and gave their lives to ensure that there would be peace between all men! Passersby do not forget this!"[78] |
The Fort de la Pompelle and the defence of Reims
The Fort de la Pompelle and the defence of Reims |
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Souvenir Français organised this memorial at the Alger farm, 4 kilometres (2 mi) from Reims, where fighting took place to defend the Pompelle Fort. On it is inscribed "Aux héros de la Grande Guerre" (To the heroes of the Great War). The monument was restored in 1998 on the 80th anniversary of the armistice, and carries the inscription:
|
La Croix Brisée de Confrécourt
The Farm at Confrecourt |
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Near the village of Confrécourt is the memorial known as "La croix brisée" (broken cross). It was commissioned and erected in 1929 by the owner of the farm at Confrecourt, and it bears his family crest. It was intended to symbolise the suffering of all Frenchmen who fought on the Confrecourt plateau in WWI and includes the words "La croix est tombée, le Christ est vivant". The farm and the many quarries and limestone caves in the area were to serve as living quarters for French troops during the war of the trenches.[80] |
Monument to the African Soldiers who died 1914–1918
Monument to the African Soldiers who died 1914–1918 |
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This monument stands at the junction of the Boulevard Giroud and the Rue Vasquier on the eastern side of Reims. The original monument was erected in July 1924, and was a copy of a monument in Bamako, sarmoyasi Frantsiya Sudan (hozirda Mali). Ushbu egizak yodgorliklar Frantsiya xizmatida jonini bergan afrikalik mahalliy askarlarning xotirasini ulug'lashdi. 1922 yil 29 oktyabrda poydevor yaratishda, André Maginot 34-bataylon serjanti Amadu Dialening jasoratini esladi Senegallik tiraylerlar; va 1924 yil 13-iyulda ochilish marosimida, Bosh Archinard xususan, mustamlaka armiyasining 1-korpusi Reymsga tahdid solgan nemislar hujumiga qarshi Pompelle Fortini o'tkazishda qo'shgan hissasini eslatib o'tdi. Yodgorlikning o'zi ikkita Parisienning ishi edi: haykaltarosh Pol Mau-Votye va me'mor Ogyust Blyuzen. Uning balandligi 4 metr (13 fut) bo'lgan postamentdan iborat bo'lib, ustiga Afrika qo'shinlari ishtirok etgan asosiy janglarning nomlari yozilgan edi. Pedestalning tepasida 3 metrli (10 fut) bronza haykaltaroshlik bo'lib, unda Frantsiya milliy bayrog'ini ushlab turgan oq tanli ofitser atrofida to'plangan mustamlaka armiyalarining to'rt askaridan iborat guruh tasvirlangan edi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida nemis bosqinchilari yodgorlikni yiqitib, Reymsdan temir yo'l vagonida olib ketishgan, ehtimol qurollanish uchun bronzani eritib yuborishgan. Oxiri bilan Jazoir urushi, fikrlar o'rnini bosuvchi shaxsni qurishga aylandi va dizaynni tanlash uchun tanlov tashkil etildi. 1963 yil 6 oktyabrda yangi yodgorlik harbiy vazir tomonidan ochildi Per Messmer. Dizayn jihatidan zamonaviy bo'lib, ohaktoshdagi ikkita ustun afrikalik va frantsuzcha askarlarning birligini va ushbu ustunlar turgan joyda Jahon urushidagi Reymsning qarshiligini ifodalaydi. |
Sommepi-Tahure shahridagi Blank Mont-Amerika yodgorligi
Sommepy Tahure shahridagi Blank Mont-Amerika yodgorligi |
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Sommepy yodgorligi tepada joylashgan Blank Mont tizmasi, shimolida Sommepy-Tahure va Shampan mintaqasida frantsuzlar bilan birga jang qilgan 70 ming AQSh askarlarini nishonlaydi. 1937 yilga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, unda AQShning 93, 36, 2 va 42 diviziyalari va ular qaerda jang qilganliklari to'g'risida belgi mavjud. Yozuvda shunday deyilgan:
Yodgorlik minora shaklida. Eshikdagi panjara ichkarisida AQShning ushbu hududdagi operatsiyalarining qisqacha mazmuni ko'rinadi. Mehmonlar uchun ochiq bo'lsa, minora tepasida joylashgan kuzatuv platformasiga ko'tarilish mumkin.[81] |
Sommepy-Tahure shahridagi frantsuz harbiy qabristoni
Sommepy-Tahure shahridagi frantsuz harbiy qabristoni |
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Sommepy-Tahure frantsuz harbiy qabristonida 22201 frantsuz askarining qoldiqlari bor, ulardan 704 nafari bu erda ko'rsatilgan ossuariyada yotadi. Qabriston 1920 yilda Reymsning sharqiy qismida eksgumatsiya qilingan jasadlar uchun yaratilgan.[82] |
Ville-en-Tardenoisdagi 60-frantsuz piyoda polkiga yodgorlik
Ville-en-Tardenoisdagi 60-frantsuz piyoda polkiga yodgorlik |
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Ushbu yodgorlik Reymsning janubi-g'arbiy qismida RD 980-da, xuddi bitta barg kabi Ville-en-Tardenois Dormanlar yo'nalishi bo'yicha. Yozuv mehmonlarga 60-frantsuz piyoda polkining ko'plab erkaklari 1918 yil 26-iyuldan 2-avgustgacha nemislarga qarshi hujumlarda Courmont, Bonval va Cohette o'rmonlarida va Ville-en-Tardenois atrofidagi janglarda qulashganini eslatadi. |
Sommepy-Tahure shahridagi 5-chi va 6-chi Amerika dengiz piyodalari yodgorligi
Sommepy-Tahure shahridagi 5-chi va 6-chi Amerika dengiz piyodalari yodgorligi |
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Sommepy-Tahure cherkovi joylashgan tepalikning etagida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari 2-diviziyasining ikkita polkiga qo'yilgan yodgorlik. Yozuv tashrif buyuruvchilarga 5 va 6-polklar Sommepi va Blan-Montning shimolidagi hududlarni bosib olganliklari haqida xabar beradi. |
Suain-Perthes-les-Hurlusdagi nemis harbiy qabristoni
Suain-Perthes-les-Hurlusdagi nemis harbiy qabristoni |
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Ushbu qabriston hududida joylashgan Suain-Perthes-les-Hurlus va "La Crouée" da Frantsiya harbiy qabristoni yaqinida. Qabristonda 13 786 askarning qoldiqlari saqlanadi. 11 322 jasadni aniqlab bo'lmadi va ular ossuarga joylashtirildi. |
Navarin fermasidagi yodgorlik |
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Reymsdan 45 kilometr (28 milya) sharqda joylashgan "Le Monument aux morts des Armées de Champagne" 1924 yilda ochilgan General Guro 1916 yilda va 1917 yil iyundan 1918 yil noyabrgacha Shampan shahrida 4-frantsuz armiyasiga qo'mondonlik qilgan Parij harbiy gubernatori. Yodgorlik "Monument aux morts des Armées de Champagne et Ossuaire de Navarin" tashkiloti tomonidan olib boriladi. Souhain qishlog'iga yaqin joyda a Seltik xoch frantsuz 28-piyoda brigadasi yodgorligini va "Ferme de Navarin" haykalini belgilash. Bu birlashtirilgan yodgorlik va ossuariy bo'lib, uning ichida Shampan tekisligida qulagan 10 000 askarning qoldiqlari yotadi. Yodgorlik - Piramidaga o'xshash inshoot, uning ustiga uchta askardan iborat Maksim Real del Sartening haykali o'rnatilgan. O'rta raqam Gurani tasvirlash uchun mo'ljallangan; o'ngdagi askar vakili Kventin Ruzvelt 1918 yil 14-iyulda Kambrayda o'ldirilgan; chap tomonda esa del Sartening Shampan shahrida o'ldirilgan akasi tasvirlangan. Yodgorlik tagida Shampan shahrida jang qilgan ko'plab bo'linmalar ro'yxati keltirilgan. Shifrdagi 10 000 askar orasida to'rt o'g'il ham bor Pol Dumer. 1946 yilda general Guro vafot etganida, u o'z odamlari bilan "Ferme de Navarin" da dafn etilishini iltimos qilgan edi va uning qabri bu erda joylashgan.[83] |
Rossiya ibodatxonasi va Sen-Xil-le-Granddagi qabriston
Rossiya ibodatxonasi va Sen-Xil-le-Granddagi qabriston |
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Qabriston "L'Espérance" deb nomlanuvchi joyda joylashgan Mourmelonda Frantsiya harbiy lager, va 4000 xotirasiga o'rnatildi Rossiya ekspeditsiya kuchlari (REF) askarlari Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya qo'shinlari bilan bir qatorda jang qilgan shampan jang maydonlarida. Ularning brigadalari Reyms yaqinidagi Pompelle Fortini egallab olishdi va Nivelle hujumida katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi. Qachon tugatilgan Rossiya inqilobi 1917 yil oktyabrda boshlandi, ofitserlar safdagi ba'zi bir ko'ngillilar bilan "Légion russe d'honneur" ni tuzdilar va urush oxirigacha kurashni davom ettirdilar, frantsuz formasini kiyib yurishdi. Marokash polki. O'lganlar sharafiga omon qolganlar ushbu rus qabristonini ochdilar va keyinchalik qurilgan ibodatxonani qo'shdilar Rus pravoslav uslubi. Qabristonda 915 rus askarining jasadlari ossuariylarga yoki alohida qabrlarga ko'milgan (tarkibiga kiritilgan) galereya ushbu maqolaning oxirida odatdagi bosh toshining surati va qabristondagi ossuarlardan biri uchun marker mavjud).[84] |
"Wacques Farm" dagi qabriston va 28-brigada yodgorligi
Nécropole nationale de Suain - 28e brigada |
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Ushbu kichik frantsuz harbiy qabristoni yaqinida joylashgan Chalon-en-Shampan va Sen-Xil-le-Grand, va 147 frantsuz askarlari dafn etilgan joy. 28-brigada yodgorligi Wacques fermasiga qaragan qabristondagi tepalikda joylashgan. Ushbu yodgorlik "Aux morts de la XXVIIIe Brigada" yozuvi tushirilgan va ko'plab kichik xochlar bilan o'ralgan katta xoch yoki kalvordan iborat. 1915 yil 25-30 sentyabr kunlari ushbu hududda 28-brigada jang qildi va 393 zobit, shu jumladan 1133 kishini yo'qotdi. Urushdan so'ng, 28-brigadaning ruhoniysi va bir nechta ko'ngillilar qolgan o'rtoqlarini topish va dafn qilish uchun jang maydoniga qaytib kelishdi va yodgorlik va qabriston 1919 yil 25 sentyabrda ochilgan. Ushbu qabriston rasman "Nécropole nationale de Souain" deb nomlangan. - 28e brigada ". 44-piyoda askarlariga bag'ishlangan "Wacques Cross" yonida kichikroq yodgorlik mavjud bo'lib, unda "Aux camarades tombés pendant les journées du 25-26-27-28-29 sentyabr 1915 yil. Etat-Major" deb yozilgan. . Yaqin atrofda 60-piyoda askarlari yodgorligi yozilgan: "Aux morts du 60e RI Attaques des 25 au 29 - 09 - 1915"[85] |
1915 yilda Sueynga o'q uzilgan to'rtta kapralning yodgorligi
1915 yilda Sueynga o'q uzilgan to'rtta kapralning yodgorligi |
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1915 yil mart oyida 336-piyoda askarlar polkining 21-kompaniyasining to'rtta koptaleri - Lui Jirard, Lusyen Lexat, Lui Lefoulon va Teofil Maupalar - isyonga va otishma otib tashlangan. Maupas rafiqasiga yozgan so'nggi xatida "Je n'ai rien à me reprocher, je n'ai ni volé, ni tué, je n'ai sali ni la réputation ni l'honneur de personne. Je puis marcher la tête" haute ". To'rt askar xandaqdan chiqib, dushmanga hujum qilish to'g'risidagi 10 martdagi buyruqni bajarishdan bosh tortganida, misol keltirish uchun tasodifiy tanlangan edi. Ko'p yillar davomida Maupasning rafiqasi Blanche Maupas va boshqalar bu odamlarni avf etish uchun kurashdilar. 1923 yilda Blanche erining qoldiqlarini qabrdan olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Suippes va jamoat qabristoniga ko'chib o'tdi Sartilly La-Mansh shahrida. 1925 yilda Pol Mortu-Voteening yodgorligi Sartilliydagi Maupas qabri ustiga o'rnatilib, to'rtta kapitalni yodga oldi. Suhayn. 1934 yilda to'rtta korpusga rasmiy ravishda berildi afv etish ular olgan buyurtma asossiz degan xulosaga kelgan maxsus sud tomonidan. The Suain korporatsiyalari ishi Frantsiyada eng munozarali hisoblanadi; 1957 yil Stenli Kubrik filmi Shon-sharaf yo'llari, Souhaindagi voqealarga asoslanib, Frantsiyada 1975 yilgacha taqiqlangan va 1982 yilgacha televizorda namoyish qilinmagan. 1962 yilda Blanche Maupas vafot etdi va eri yonida dafn etildi. Suipesda to'rtta kapralni sharaflagan yodgorlik harbiy tribunal ularni qatl etishga hukm qilgan shahar hokimligi oldida joylashgan. Uning ochilish marosimi 2007 yil 1 dekabrda bo'lib o'tdi: "m la mémoire des caporaux de Suain Theophile Maupas, Louis Girard, Lucien Lechat et Louis Lefoulon Fusillés pour l'exemple, à Suippes, le 17 mars 1915".[86] |
Montagne de Blignydagi yodgorlik
Montagne de Blignydagi yodgorlik |
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Ushbu yodgorlik Britaniya armiyasining 19-diviziyasi harakatlarini yodga oladi. Milliy arxivda saqlangan WO 32/5885 fayli Reyms yaqinidagi Montagne de Blignydagi yodgorlikni o'z ichiga oladi. Faylda yodgorlikning fotosurati bor, u oddiy xoch shaklida bo'ladi. |
Saint-Etienne-a-Arnesdagi nemis qabristoni
Saint-Etienne-a-Arnesdagi nemis qabristoni |
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Sent-Etien-a-Arnes 12.541 jasadni o'z ichiga olgan katta nemis harbiy qabristoniga va bu erda namoyish etilgan omon qolgan noyob nemis yodgorligiga ega. "GOTT MIT UNS" yozuvi nemis askari ham Xudoni uning tomonida deb o'ylaganini eslatadi. Ossuariyda noma'lum nemis askarlari qoldiqlari va 2 Korinfliklarga 6: 9 dan olingan "barcha noma'lum erkaklar biladigan noma'lum odamlar; biz hali ham yashayapmiz". |
Galereya
Confrecourt-dagi yodgorlik
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre yodgorligining bir qismi
Fox Dormansda Marne ikkinchi jangining tavsifini o'z ichiga olgan lavhada tasvirlangan.
Sussonning "Yo'qolganlarga yodgorlik" da Kennington haykali.
Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida Germaniya armiyasi tomonidan bombardimon qilingan Reyms sobori frantsuz multfilmi
Reyms sobori aks etgan plakat frantsuz kanadaliklaridan ro'yxatdan o'tishni so'raydi.
Aubérivedagi nemis qabrlari
Frantsiyadagi rus askarlari
Ferme de Navarin yodgorligi ustidagi haykal
Frantsuz prezidentining to'rtta o'g'li Ferme de Navarinda yodga olingan lavha
Sen-Hilaire-le-Granddagi rus qabristonidagi ossuariy
Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand shahridagi qabristondagi ruscha tosh
Tank yodgorligidagi Jan-Batist Estiennening yordami, Berri-O-Bac
Joffre Dormansda tasvirlangan
Yo'qolganlar xotirasiga bag'ishlangan yodgorlikdagi yozuv
Erik Kenningtonning Yo'qolganlarga bag'ishlangan yodgorlik yodgorligi haykaltaroshligi
La Ferté-sous-Jouarre shahridagi qirol muhandislari yodgorligi
Chateau Thierry yodgorligi
Shuningdek qarang
- Birinchi jahon urushi yodgorliklari
- Aux Morts yodgorliklari - Frantsiya urushidagi yodgorliklar haqida batafsilroq ma'lumot
- Birinchi jahon urushidagi Elzasdagi yodgorliklar va qabristonlar ro'yxati
- Argonne shahridagi Birinchi Jahon urushi yodgorliklari va qabristonlari ro'yxati
- Artoisdagi Birinchi Jahon urushi yodgorliklari va qabristonlari ro'yxati
- Birinchi jahon urushi yodgorliklari va Shampan-Ardennesdagi qabristonlar ro'yxati
- Birinchi jahon urushi yodgorliklari va Flandriyadagi qabristonlar ro'yxati
- Lotaringiyadagi Birinchi Jahon urushi yodgorliklari va qabristonlari ro'yxati
- Somme shahridagi Birinchi Jahon urushi yodgorliklari va qabristonlari ro'yxati
- Verdundagi Birinchi Jahon urushi yodgorliklari va qabristonlari ro'yxati
- Birinchi jahon urushi yodgorliklari va Sankt-Mihiel hududidagi qabristonlar ro'yxati
- Urushga bag'ishlangan yodgorliklar (Aisne)
- Urushga bag'ishlangan yodgorliklar (Oise)
- Urush yodgorliklari (Sharqiy Somme)
- Urush yodgorliklari (G'arbiy Somme)
Adabiyotlar
- ^ Mondemontda birinchi Marne jangiga yodgorlik Assotsiatsiya Mondement 1914. Mondement-dagi keng qamrovli veb-sayt (frantsuz tilida, lekin Google tarjima imkoniyatidan foydalanish mumkin) Qabul qilingan 20 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Dormans yodgorligi Le Mémorial des batailles de la Marne. Qabul qilingan 20 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Balt de Chalmont Arxivlandi 2013 yil 12 aprel Arxiv.bugun WW1 yodgorliklari. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012005/http://www.la-ferte-sous-jouarre.fr/commune/htm/histoire2.htm. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 27 sentyabrda. Olingan 7 fevral 2013. Yo'qolgan yoki bo'sh
sarlavha =
(Yordam bering) - ^ La Ferté-sous-Jouarre yodgorligi Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi. Qabul qilingan 19 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ La Ferté-sous-Jouarre yodgorligi Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ Soissonda bedarak ketganlarni yod etish Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi. Qabul qilingan 20 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Monument aux Morts Reims www.memorial-genweb.org. Qabul qilingan 21 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Hommage aux infirmières Reims yodgorligi Les mémoriaux, mausolées, yodgorliklar, stèles and plaques commémoratives de la 1ère guerre mondiale dans la Marne. Qabul qilingan 21 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 132-frantsuz piyoda polkiga yodgorlik CNDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 24, 28, 133 va 363-frantsuz piyoda polklari yodgorliklari CRDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Loivrdagi nemis qabristoni CRDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 119-piyoda askarlari CNDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Chemin des Dames www.memorial-chemindesdames.fr. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ Berri-o-Bac frantsuz qabristoni Arxivlandi 2015 yil 28 sentyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Kalvari vabo Picardie 1418. Olingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Braine frantsuz qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Cerny-en-Laonnois frantsuz milliy qabristoni Arxivlandi 2015 yil 18-noyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Craonnelle frantsuz milliy qabristoni Arxivlandi 2015 yil 16-iyul kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Crouy frantsuz milliy qabristoni Arxivlandi 2015 yil 17-noyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Ouilly frantsuz milliy qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Pontavert frantsuz milliy qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sho'rva n ° 1 Frantsiya milliy qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sho'rva n ° 2 frantsuz milliy qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vailly-sur-Aisne frantsuz milliy qabristoni Arxivlandi 2015 yil 18-noyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vauxaillon frantsuz milliy qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vauxbuin frantsuz milliy qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Cerny-en-Laonnois nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Laon-Bousson nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Montaigu n ° 1 nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Montaigu n ° 2 nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Mons-en-Laonnois nemislar qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sho'rva nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sisonne nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Veslud nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vauxbuin nemis qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Buyuk Seraukur Britaniya qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ La Ville-aux-Bois-les-Pontavert ingliz qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Montkornet qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sissonne Britaniya qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Buyuk Britaniyadagi qabriston Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vendresse ingliz qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vailly-sur-Aisne Britaniya qabristoni Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Chemin des Damesdagi qabristonlar Arxivlandi 2013 yil 28 yanvar Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Le Calvaire de l'Ange Gardien Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Kaliforniya platosidagi yodgorlik Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Marokash piyodalari yodgorligi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Xost van Vollenxoven www.webmatters.net. Qabul qilingan 28 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Burj yulduzi Arxivlandi 2015 yil 13 fevral Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 31-frantsuz piyoda askarlari yodgorligi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Bask yodgorligi Arxivlandi 2008 yil 14 noyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi www.racines-en-sevignac.fr. Qabul qilingan 20 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Bask yodgorligi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ 2-mustamlaka korpusiga yodgorlik www.webmatters.net. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ kaverne-du-ajdar Arxivlandi 2016 yil 5 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ Berri-Au-Bakdagi tank memoriali Pikardiya 14-18. Qabul qilingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Choléra-dagi kalvari Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vernes va Peinaud aviatorlariga yodgorlik Chemin des Dames. Qabul qilingan 26 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Cerny-en-Laonnoisdagi cherkov www.webmatters.net. Qabul qilingan 25 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Crapouillots yodgorligi Arxivlandi 2015 yil 18-noyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi www.memorial-chemindesdames.fr. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 72-piyoda askarlar yodgorligi CRDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 27 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ [1][doimiy o'lik havola ] www.champagne-ardenne-tourism.co.uk. Qabul qilingan 28 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vendressda (Troyon) 1-sodiq shimoliy lanklarga yodgorlik Jang maydonlari 1418. Olingan 20 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Vendressda (Troyon) 1-sodiq shimoliy lanklarga yodgorlik Hamdo'stlik urushlari qabrlari komissiyasi. Qabul qilingan 19 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Soupirdagi Italiya qabristoni www.webmatters.net/france. Qabul qilingan 20 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Villers-Cotteretsdagi soqchilar qabri Arxivlandi 2013 yil 20 iyul Orqaga qaytish mashinasi WW1 qabristonlari. Qabul qilingan 19 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Buzansidagi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining birinchi divizioniga yodgorlik www.webmatters.net. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ Chateau-Thierry Amerika yodgorligi Arxivlandi 2010 yil 19-noyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Amerika jang yodgorliklari komissiyasi. Qabul qilingan 18 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 3-divizionga yodgorlik Arxivlandi 2013 yil 8-dekabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi WW1 yodgorliklari. Qabul qilingan 18 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20120207002513/http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/am_base.pdf. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2012 yil 7 fevralda. Olingan 7 fevral 2013. Yo'qolgan yoki bo'sh
sarlavha =
(Yordam bering) - ^ Aisne-Marne Amerika qabristoni Arxivlandi 2013 yil 8-dekabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi WW1 yodgorliklari. Qabul qilingan 18 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Belleau Wood www.historylearningsite.co.uk. Qabul qilingan 18 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Reymsning sharqidagi mintaqaning vayron qilingan qishloqlari CRDP de Shampan-Ardenne. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sillery-dagi yodgorlik CRDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ Aubérivedagi Frantsiya harbiy qabristoni crdp-reims. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Aubérive-dagi Polsha qabristoni www.polishwargraves.nl. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Le Monument aux morts du 103e Regiment d'infanterie Les mémoriaux, mausolées, yodgorliklar, stèles and plaques commémoratives de la 1ère guerre mondiale dans la Marne. Qabul qilingan 21 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 103-chi frantsuz piyoda polkiga yodgorlik va "Borne № 77. 23 yanvarda olingan
- ^ "Evgeniya" xandagi va 8-armiya korpusi yodgorligi yodgorligi CXRDP de Shampan-Ardenne. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Pompelle Fort CRDP de Shampan-Ardenne. Qabul qilingan 24 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Confrecourt fermasi Picardie 1418. Olingan 25 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sommepy Tahure Amerika yodgorligi CRDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 25 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Sommepy-Tahure shahridagi frantsuz harbiy qabristoni CRDP de Shampan-Ardenne. Qabul qilingan 22 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ Ferme de Navarin CRDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 11 fevral 2013 yil
- ^ Rossiya ibodatxonasi va Sen-Xil-le-Granddagi qabriston CRDP de Shampan-Ardenne. Qabul qilingan 21 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ "Wacques Farm" dagi qabriston va 28-brigada yodgorligi CRDP Reyms. Qabul qilingan 25 yanvar 2013 yil
- ^ 1915 yilda Sueynga o'q uzilgan to'rtta kapralning yodgorligi Arxivlandi 2008 yil 20 avgust Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Do'zax olovi. Qabul qilingan 25 yanvar 2013 yil