Nottusvara - Nottuswara

The notusvara (nōṭṭusvaras, "danEslatma " + "svaralar ") - bu 33 ta kompozitsiyadan iborat (kitobda ko'rsatilganidek) prathama abhyasa pustakamu muallifi Shri Subbarama Dikshitar) ichida Karnatika musiqasi tomonidan Mutusvami Dikshitar (18-asr), kimlar orasida biri sifatida nishonlanadi Karnatika musiqasining uchligi. Uning g'oyasi va niyatiga sodiq qolgan shogirdlari tomonidan keyinchalik yana bir nechta notusvaralar qo'shildi. Nottusvaralar Sharq va G'arb o'rtasidagi o'zaro ta'sir sifatida e'tiborga loyiqdir Sharqiy Hindiston kompaniyasining qoidasi, G'arb manbalariga asoslanib, asosan Shotlandiya va Irlandiya kuylaridan ilhomlangan oddiy kuylar.[1] Ularning barchasi tarkib topgan Sanskritcha G'arbda so'zlar Mayor pog'onali intervallarni bilan mos keladigan shkala Shankarabharana raga Karnatika musiqasidagi miqyosi yoki Bilaval bu Hindustani musiqasi. Texnik jihatdan, kompozitsiyalar mavjud emas Shankarabharana to'g'ri, oddiy ohanglarga asoslangan va bezaklardan mahrum bo'lgan (gamaka) bu karnatika musiqasiga xosdir.[2] Boshqa tomondan, so'zlar (sahitya) ushbu kompozitsiyalar butunlay hindistonlik va qolganlariga mos keladi stotra- adabiyot yoki shunga o'xshash xudolarga qaratilgan boshqa qo'shiqlar.[1]

Ba'zan "notusvara" nomi Mutxusvami Dikshitar tomonidan emas, balki G'arb notalariga asoslangan boshqa kompozitsiyalarga murojaat qilish uchun ishlatiladi.[3]

Skripka

Bir mashhur akkauntga ko'ra,[4] skripka Karus musiqasiga Mutusvami Dikshitarning ukasi Balusvami Dikshitar (1786–1858) tomonidan kiritilgan. U mustamlakachi Madrasda ingliz guruhlari chalayotgan asbobga duch keldi va uni o'rganishga qaror qildi. Musiqa asosan Irlandiyalik va Shotlandiyalik mittigina edi G'arb klassik musiqasi. Uch yillik darslardan so'ng u skripkani karnatika musiqasiga moslashtirdi. Mutusvami Dikshitar akasining oddiy yozuvlarni egallashiga yordam berish uchun ushbu so'zlarni yaratgan deb ishoniladi skripka.[5]

Nashr tarixi

Ular dastlab bosma shaklda hujjatlashtirilgan C. P. Braun 1833 yilda. 1893 yilda Manali Chinnasvami Mudaliar ularni Evropa yozuvlari bilan nashr etdi va 1905 yilda ular Subbarama Dikshitar tomonidan "Prathamaabhyaasa pustakamu" nomi bilan tuzildi. Telugu. So'nggi yillarda Kanniks Kannikesvaran ushbu kompozitsiyalarni yanada o'rganib chiqdi, bir nechta kompozitsiyalar manbalarini topdi va bir nechta ma'ruzalar qildi.[1][6]

Misollar

Evropa qo'shiqlari orasida "Limerick", "Castilian Maid", "Lord MacDonald's Reel", "Voulez-vous Danser?" Va "Xudo qirolichani qutqaradi" qo'shiqlari mavjud.[7]

TarkibiAsoslangan
"Santatam Pahimam" Misol"Xudo qirolichani asrasin "/"Mening yurtim, 'sening tis "/" Grand Dieu sauve le roi " Madhiya[8]
"Vande Meenakshi" An'anaviy sozlash /"Hind-Seltik""Mallowning Rakes " Leroy Anderson /Jonli versiya
"Kamalasana Vandita Padabje" FleytaGalopede / Yarmouth g'altagi / Fors Rikardo Jabara /Konsert /G'altak
"Shakti Sahita Ganapatim" An'anaviy /Hind-Seltik"Voulez-vous danser?"
"Shyamale Meenakshi" Video"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star "/Motsartning "Ah! Vous dirai-je, Maman" variantlari[6]
"Jagadisha Guruguha""Lord MacDonald's Makarasi"[9]

Ro'yxati NottusvaramMutusvami Dikshitar tomonidan yaratilgan

  1. Anjaneyam sadaa http://www.karnatik.com/c3326.shtml
  2. Chintayeham sada http://www.karnatik.com/c3328.shtml
  3. Dasharathe dinadayanidhe http://www.karnatik.com/c3145.shtml
  4. Dinabandho dayasindho http://www.karnatik.com/c3330.shtml
  5. Guruguha padapankaja http://www.karnatik.com/c3332.shtml
  6. Guruguha sarasijakarapada http://www.karnatik.com/c3333.shtml
  7. U may maam http://www.karnatik.com/c3334.shtml
  8. Jagadisha guruguha http://www.karnatik.com/c3335.shtml
  9. Kamalasana vandita http://www.karnatik.com/c3336.shtml
  10. Kanchisham ekamranayakam http://www.karnatik.com/c3337.shtml
  11. Maye chitkale http://www.karnatik.com/c3338.shtml
  12. Muchukundavarada tyagaraja http://www.karnatik.com/c3339.shtml
  13. Paxi durge http://www.karnatik.com/c3340.shtml
  14. Pahi mam janaki vallabha http://www.karnatik.com/c3341.shtml
  15. Pankajamuxa shankarahitha http://www.karnatik.com/c3342.shtml
  16. Paradevate bhava http://www.karnatik.com/c3343.shtml
  17. Parvati Pate http://www.karnatik.com/c3344.shtml
  18. Pitavarnam bhaje http://www.karnatik.com/c3345.shtml
  19. Ramachandram rajivaksham http://www.karnatik.com/c3348.shtml
  20. Ramajanardana http://www.karnatik.com/c3347.shtml
  21. Shakthisahitha ganapathim http://www.karnatik.com/c3354.shtml
  22. Shyamale Meenakshi http://www.karnatik.com/c3357.shtml
  23. Sadashiva jaye http://www.karnatik.com/c3349.shtml
  24. Sakala Suravinuta http://www.karnatik.com/c3350.shtml
  25. Samagana Priye http://www.karnatik.com/c2642.shtml
  26. Santana Saubhagya http://www.karnatik.com/c3352.shtml
  27. Santatam Paxi Mam http://www.karnatik.com/c1826.shtml
  28. Shankaravara http://www.karnatik.com/c3355.shtml
  29. Somaskandam http://www.karnatik.com/c3358.shtml
  30. Varashivabalam http://www.karnatik.com/c3363.shtml
  31. Varadaraja http://www.karnatik.com/c3362.shtml
  32. Vagdevi Mamava http://www.karnatik.com/c3360.shtml
  33. Vande meenakshi http://www.karnatik.com/c3361.shtml

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v Muttusvami Dikshitarning Nottusvara Sahityas - K Kannikesvaran
  2. ^ Veydman (2006), p. 32)
  3. ^ Karnatik qo'shiqlar - inglizcha eslatma: noma'lum bastakor bilan mashhur kompozitsiya
  4. ^ Veydman (2009 yil), 52-54 betlar)
  5. ^ Sharq G'arb bilan uchrashadi: Karnatika musiqasidagi g'arbiy asboblar
  6. ^ a b Dikshitarning "notasi", ovozli parvarishi va sangitasi, Hind, 2007 yil 28-dekabr, juma
  7. ^ Veydman (2009 yil), p. 54)
  8. ^ Ijodiy daho, Columbus Carnatic Music uyushmasi, Ogayo shtati
  9. ^ Buyuk bastakorga hurmat - Shri Mutusvami Dikshitar

Adabiyotlar

  • M R Shankaramurti (1990), Mutxusvami Dikshitarning Evropadagi havolari, Bangalor: Guruguha Gana Nilaya
  • Vaydman, Amanda (2009), "Janubiy hind mumtoz musiqasida skripka tinglash", Richard K. Wolf (tahr.), Mahalliy nazariyani nazarda tutish: Janubiy Osiyoda va undan tashqarida musiqa, amaliyot va tajriba, Oksford universiteti matbuoti AQSh, 49-64 betlar, ISBN  978-0-19-533138-7
  • Amanda J. Veydman (2006), Klassikani kuylash, zamonaviyni ifodalash: Janubiy Hindistondagi postkolonial musiqa siyosati, Dyuk universiteti matbuoti, p. 32, ISBN  978-0-8223-3620-4

Tashqi havolalar