R. T. Klaridj - R. T. Claridge

Kapitan Richard Tappin Klaridj, FSA (taxminan 1797)[1]/1799[2][a] - 1857 yil 5-avgust),[3] taniqli edi asfalt pudratchi va kapitan Midlseks Buyuk Britaniya Militia, hozirgi kunda taniqli gidropatiyani targ'ib qilish bilan mashhur bo'lgan gidroterapiya, 1840-yillarda.[4][5] Bundan tashqari, Sovuq suv tizimi yoki Sovuq suvni davolash.[b] Usullarini joriy etganligi sababli Klaridjga katta e'tibor beriladi Vinsent Priessnits Angliyaga, shu bilan o'sha davrdagi populistik harakatni boshlagan.[6][c] Darhaqiqat, Priessnits haqida ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan dunyoda ma'lum bo'lgan narsalarning aksariyati ikkita yarim nashrdan olingan. Birinchidan, Klaridnikiga tegishli Gidropati; yoki Vinsent Priessnits tomonidan qo'llaniladigan Sovuq suvni davolash ... (1842 & 1843).[7][8][9] Ikkinchidan, Richard Metkalfniki Vinsent Priessnits hayoti (1898),[10] Metkalfning o'zi Klaridjga murojaat qilgan bo'lsa-da, Metkalf keyinchalik tarixiy obzor yozgan va Klaridj va uning gidropatiya targ'ibotidagi o'rni haqida ko'proq ma'lumot qo'shgan.[11]

Biografik konspekt

Richard Tappin Klaridj okrugdagi qishloq yoki cherkov Farnboroda tug'ilgan Warwickshire,[2][12][13] va tomonidan boshqariladi Stratford-on-Avon tuman Kengashi. Klaridj, a'zosi Rimdagi Arkadiya akademiyasi,[14] Jeyms va Xanna Klaridjlarning katta va tirik qolgan o'g'li edi,[1][2] va cherkov xizmatkori va undan keyingi avlod Quaker, Richard Klaridj. Ruhoniy Jeyms Klaridj o'zi tashkil etilgan yoki Episkopal cherkovida kurator bo'lgan.[2][14] Ruhoniy Jeyms Klaridj tasodifan vafot etdi va Richard sakkiz yoshida etim qoldi.[2][15]

Klaridj ikki marta turmushga chiqdi. 1822 yil 28-iyunda, soat Sent-Jorj, Gannover maydoni, u Elizabeth Ann Aldsworth Grin bilan turmushga chiqdi,[16] Marhum Uilyam Grinning, Bolton-Stritning, Pikdadilli va Kyu, Surreyning yagona farzandi edi.[2][17] 1824 yil aprel oyida ularning Emma Grin ismli qizi bor edi,[18] keyinchalik Mari Etienne Charlz Anri, Markis de Sent-Aignan,[2][19] va keyinchalik yashagan Yaxshi.[20] Klaridj mustaqil shaxs edi, u 1841 yilda Priessnits tashkil etilganida qatnashgan Graefenberg xotini va qizi bilan birga.[7][9] U o'zining gidropatiyani targ'ib qilishini "to'liq xayrixohlik edi. O'z sog'lig'imni topdim va Graefenbergdagi qizimning hayotini saqlab qoldim va u erda eng hayratlanarli davolarga guvoh bo'ldim", deb aytdi va ushbu tizimni ilgari surmoqchi edi.[21] Yelizaveta 1842 yil 24-avgustda vafot etdi.[22] Klaridj bir muncha vaqt Italiyada bo'lib, u erdan 1847 yilgacha iltimosnoma bilan gidropatiyani targ'ib qilishni davom ettirdi[23] va Bagni de Luckoda 1847 yil 12-mayda yozilgan xat.[24] 1854 yil 7-yanvarda Klaridj hozirda Nitstsa shahridagi Paillonning chap qirg'og'idagi villada istiqomat qilmoqda, ikkinchi rafiqasi Eliza Ann Morganga (Bevil niysi) uylandi. Uchlik cherkovi, Marylebone.[25][26] Eliza ilgari marhum Jorj Gould Morgan bilan turmush qurgan edi Tredegar tengdoshlik.[27][28][29] Eliza Morgan Klaridj 1866 yilgacha vafot etdi.[30]

Gidropatiya targ'ibotchisi sifatida taniqli bo'lishidan oldin, Klaridj boshqa sohalarda o'zini sinab ko'rdi: haqiqatan ham, ba'zi tanqidchilar uni yopishib olishlari kerak edi.[31][d] Bunga etik va poyabzal ishlab chiqaruvchisi sifatida sheriklik kiradi va sheriklik 1824 yil 7-fevralda tarqatib yuboriladi.[32][33][34] Va kamida 1824 yil maydan 1825 yil avgustgacha bo'lgan vino savdogari sifatida va u o'zini bankrotlikning potentsial kreditori sifatida topdi. Ayni paytda Klaridj Uigmor ko'chasida 37-uyda istiqomat qilgan, Marylebone.[35][36][37] Klaridjning o'zi 1826 yilda bankrot deb e'lon qilindi.[38][39]

Biroq, bu Klaridj birinchi marta taniqli bo'lgan yana bir sohadir, ya'ni Buyuk Britaniyada asfalt qoplamasini kashshof qilish,[40][41][42] u 1836 yilda Evropaga gastrol safarlaridan qaytgandan so'ng boshlagan.[41][42] Shuningdek, u Midlseks militsiyasi, kapitan unvoniga erishish,[2][14][43] iste'foga chiqishdan oldin 1854 yilda.[44] Umrining oxirida Klaridj hali ham yashagan Yaxshi va vafot etdi Castellammare_di_Stabia 1857 yil 5-avgustda[45],[3] va uning vasiyatnomasi nusxasi joylashgan Milliy arxiv, Kew.[46] Klaridjning kamida bitta portretini rassom Jeyms Jon Xill yaratganligi ma'lum. U 1844 yilda namoyish etilgan Britaniya rassomlari qirollik jamiyati, Suffolk ko'chasida, Pall Mall,[47][48] va sarlavhali Kapitan Klaridj portreti, Gidropatiya muallifi yoki Sovuq suv bilan davolash.[49][e]

Gidropatiyadan oldin

1836 yilda, gidropatiyani targ'ib qilishda ishtirok etishidan oldin, Klaridj Evropani bosib o'tdi va yo'lda yozuvlar yozdi, undan 1837 yilda o'zining birinchi taniqli asarini nashr etdi. Dunay bo'ylab qo'llanma ...uchun u 1837 yil 1 mayda Venetsiyada muqaddima yozgan.[50] Bu Dunay bo'ylab sayohat qilish uchun qo'llanma bo'lib, so'nggi ijtimoiy-siyosiy o'zgarishlar va "Dunay, Qora dengiz, Bosforiya, Arhipeligo va Adriatikaning butun uzunligi bo'ylab bug 'navigatsiyasini o'rnatish" tufayli amalga oshirildi. "shu paytgacha mehnat va xavf-xatar safari bo'lgan narsalarni aralashmagan zavq va zavqga aylantirdi".[51]

1837 yil 10-iyunda, Bentning oylik adabiy reklama beruvchisi kitobning uzoq sarlavhasini o'z ichiga olgan "Richard T. Claridge, Esq." tomonidan nashr etilishi kutilayotgan va "Turkiya va Gretsiyadagi so'nggi siyosiy va ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarga oid kuzatuvlar" deb nomlangan qisqa reklama e'lon qildi.[52] Ko'p sonli qo'shimchalar bilan ikkinchi nashr 1839 yilda nashr etilgan bo'lib, Klaridjning ta'kidlashicha, birinchi nashrning "juda qulay qabul qilinishi".[53] Bir sharhda bu "sayohatchiga vaqtni va pulni iloji boricha kam sarflab juda qiziqarli va ibratli ekskursiyani o'tkazish uchun kerakli ko'rsatmalarni ixcham tarzda" etkazish kabi ko'rinadi.[54] Ikkinchi nashrda bir qator yangi materiallar, jumladan:

Dunay daryosi bo'ylab sayohat qilishdan va Konstantinopol, Kichik Osiyo, Gretsiya, Italiya va boshqalarga sayohat qilishdan tashqari, Parijdan O'rta dengizgacha bo'lgan yo'l, orqali Marsel va Malta - Parijdan Anconaga yo'l, orqali Jeneva va Milan - Parijdan Myunxenga yo'nalishlar, orqali Nensi, Strasburg, Badenbaden; va orqali Metz va Frankfort - Myunxendan Venetsiya va Trieste yo'nalishi, orqali Tirol - Londondan Reyn va Dunaygacha bo'lgan yo'llar - va Hindistonga boradigan yo'lda Iskandariyadan Qohiraga va boshqalar.[55]

Ushbu nashrlarda Klaridj hali kapitan deb nomlanmagan edi, uni faqat nashrdan foydalanib boshlagan unvon Gidropatiya 1842 yildan boshlab. 1839 yilda Klaridj Gentleman-dan Militsiyaning Qirollik Vestminster Midlseks polkida leytenantga ko'tarildi,[56] keyin 1842 yilda u kapitan unvoniga ega bo'ldi,[57] oxir-oqibat 1854 yil 24-iyunda iste'foga chiqqunga qadar.[44] Ayni paytda, 1836 yilgi Evropa qit'asiga safari va 1840 yillardan boshlab gidropatik sarguzashtlari orasida Klaridj ba'zi bir kashshof biznes ishlarini boshladi. asfalt yulka, ba'zi patentlarni olish va kompaniyani tashkil etish.[42]

Claridge's Patent Asphalte kompaniyasi

Klaridjning patentlari

Britaniyadagi birinchi asfalt patenti 1834 yilda "Kassellning patentlangan asfalt yoki bitum" patentidir.[58] va mastik qoplamani ishlatishda muvaffaqiyatsiz urinish bo'ldi Vauxxoll Klaridjning raqobatchisi tomonidan.[59] Ammo aynan Klaridjning sa'y-harakatlari sanoatni rivojlantirishga turtki bo'ldi. Frantsiyada Seyssel asfaltini graf de Sassenay tomonidan asfaltlash uchun muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirilmoqda.[59] 1837 yil 25-noyabrda Richard Tappin Klaridj (o'sha paytdagi "Solsberi ko'chasi, janob") Britaniyadagi yo'llarda foydalanish uchun Seyssel asfaltini (patent № 7849) patentladi,[42][60] u erda Sassenay ishlarini boshqargan,[59] Klaridj Seyssel asfaltini Frantsiya va Belgiyada ishlaganda ko'rgan Frederik Uolter Simms, u bilan asfaltni Britaniyaga olib kirishda ishlagan.[3][61] 1838 yilda Klaridj (Middlesex, 8 Regent St-ning gentlari ro'yxatida)[62] 27 martda Shotlandiyada, 23 aprelda Irlandiyada patent oldi.[58][63][64][65] 1847 yilda Klaridj patentlarga bo'lgan qiziqishini kompaniyasining ishonchli vakillariga sotdi,[66] 1851 yilda har uchala patent muddatini uzaytirishga intilgan,[63] muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lsa ham.[66]

Asfalt patentidan tashqari 1842 yil 26 aprelda olti oylik patent[67] Klaridj va yana ikki kishiga, ya'ni Richard Xojson va Raul Armand Jozef Jan Komte de la Chatrega (patent № 9331) "orofolit" deb nomlangan kompozitsiya uchun berilgan.[42][68][69] Bu "pollarni, tomlarni va boshqa sirtlarni qoplash uchun matolarni tayyorlashda" ishlatiladigan kompozitsiyadan iborat bo'lib, ular matolarni bir tomondan quruq dasturlar uchun, yoki ikkala tomonlarini "nam va namlangan tomlar va boshqa sirtlar uchun" qoplashni o'z ichiga oladi.[69] Ushbu patentni olish paytida Klaridj yashagan deb ta'riflangan Veymut ko'chasi, okrugida Midlseks.[42]

Klaridj kompaniyasining shakllanishi va o'sishi

Claridge's Patent Asphalte kompaniyasi Buyuk Britaniyaga "Frantsiyadagi Pirimont Seysel shaxtasidan asfaltni tabiiy holatida" tanishtirish maqsadida tashkil etilgan,[70] va "Uaytxollda birinchi asfalt qoplamalardan birini yotqizdi".[71] Sinovlar 1838 yilda Uaytxollda, Knightsbridge kazarmasidagi otxonada,[70][72] "va keyinchalik Waterloo Place-dan Sent-Jeyms bog'iga olib boradigan qadamlarning pastki qismidagi bo'shliqda".[72] "1838 yilda Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company tashkil topgan[73] (aristokrat homiylarining taniqli ro'yxati bilan va Mark va Isambard Brunel mos ravishda ishonchli va maslahatchi muhandis), Britaniya asfalt sanoatining rivojlanishiga ulkan turtki berdi.[64] Klaridj haqidagi so'rovga javoban "1839 yilda kompaniyaning ofislari Vestminsterning Stangeyt shahrida joylashgan edi. Afinaum 1838 yil 4-may, s.342 ".[72]

Asfaltdan foydalanish 1830-yillarda boshlangan bo'lsa-da, Mexanika jurnali 1621 yildan beri "ma'lum bir Mye'ye d'Eyrinys" tomonidan Neufchatel yaqinida katta miqdordagi asfaltni kashf etganligini va uning kashf qilinishidan oldin asfaltum faqat O'lik dengizda bo'lganligi ma'lum bo'lgan risolaning mavjudligini ta'kidladi. Mexanika jurnali "biz hayron bo'lamizki, xayr-ehson bilan, hech qanday" O'lik dengiz asfalt kompaniyasi "hali bozorda ko'rinishini yaratmagan" va ikki asr ichida bunday bozor ko'tarilishining yo'qligi mahsulotning cheklanganligidan dalolat beradimi deb hayron bo'ldik.[74] Shunga qaramay, "1838 yil oxiriga kelib, kamida ikkita boshqa kompaniya, Robinson va Bastenne kompaniyalari ishlab chiqarila boshlandi".[75][76] Darhaqiqat, 1838 yilda asfalt ustida ishbilarmonlik faoliyati shov-shuvga aylandi. Masalan, asfalt shuningdek pollarni taxlash, binolarda nam o'tkazmaydigan binolar va har xil turdagi suv havzalari va hammomlarni suv o'tkazmasligi uchun ishlatilishi mumkin edi, ammo bular o'zlari 1800 yillarda ko'paygan.[77][78][79] London birjasida Frantsiya, Germaniya va Angliyadan asfalt sifatining eksklyuzivligi to'g'risida har xil da'volar mavjud edi. Frantsiyada ko'plab patentlar berildi, bir-biriga o'xshashligi sababli Angliyada o'xshash miqdordagi patent talabnomalari rad etildi. Angliyada "Klaridj 1840-50 yillarda eng ko'p ishlatiladigan tur edi",[75] shu jumladan maktab pollari kabi narsalarda.[80] 1847 yilda Klaridj kompaniyasi o'zini "ishlab chiqaruvchi" deb tanitdi faqat o'tkazmaydigan va doimiy arklar va tomlarning qoplamasi va suv omborlari, oluklar va boshqalarni qoplash "[81]

1870-yillarda Klaridj kompaniyasi Pyrimont Wharf-da asfalt ishlab chiqarishni o'z zimmasiga oldi Kubitt shahri. "Cubitt Townda ishlaydigan ishlab chiqarish jarayoni isitish tizimini o'z ichiga olgan bitumli ohaktosh oltita katta yopiq qozonlarda, bug'larni ishlab chiqarish ko'plab mahalliy aholi tomonidan haqoratli hisoblanadi. Materiallar asosan binolarning poydevorini qoplash va himoya qilish uchun ishlatilgan. U, masalan, Viktoriya Doksidagi tamaki do'konlarida ishlagan ".[82][83]

Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co. kompaniyasining so'nggi yillari

1914 yilga kelib, Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company ko'plab shartnomalarni imzolagan, shu jumladan HM Stationery Office-da 70,000 fut asfalt qoplamasi; British American Tobacco Company omboridagi nam kurslar, pollar va tomlar va W.H. Smith & Sons yangi matbaa ishlari.[84] Ularning kengayib borayotgan biznesi, Vestminster shahridagi 3-sonli Markaziy binolarda yangi ofislari bilan katta binolarga o'tishni talab qildi. "Ular, shuningdek, boshqa biznesga kirishdi smolali shlakli macadam - Clarmac Roads, Ltd "nomi ostida,[85] bir xil manzildagi ofislar bilan.[86] Clarmac Roads - bu Claridge's Asphalte Co tomonidan materiallarni ishlab chiqarish uchun targ'ib qilingan va 1914 yil 14-sentyabrda ro'yxatdan o'tgan sho''ba kompaniya.[87][88][89] Avtoulovlarning ko'payishi bilan Claridge's Asphalte Co kompaniyasining direktorlari ushbu yo'llardan foydalangan holda yo'llar qurish uchun kelajak bor deb o'ylashdi. qatron bilan bog'langan makadam usul,[90] (endi keng tarqalgan sifatida tanilgan asfalt ) va yangi kompaniyaga katta miqdordagi mablag 'kiritgan,[91] buning uchun qarz olish.[92] Ikkita mahsulot, natijada Klarmakva Klarfalt, birinchisi Clarmac Roads tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lsa, ikkinchisi Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co. Klarmak kengroq ishlatilgan. Scott's Lane, Bekxem; Dorset ko'chasi, Marylebone; Lordsvud yo'li, Birmingem; Xirsol-Leyn, Koventri; Valkyrie xiyoboni, Dengizdagi Westcliff; va Lennard yo'li, Penge "ko'pchilik orasida" Klarmak "bilan yotganlar" deb suratga tushishdi.[93]

1915 yilda Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co., Yangi Zelandiya Dominion Hukumatining Strand idoralari uchun asfalt etkazib berdi.[94] 1915 yil iyul oyida Klarmak Yo'llari tufayli moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi Birinchi jahon urushi va Claridge Company direktorlari ushbu qiyinchiliklarni vaqtinchalik deb hisoblab, overdraftni ta'minlash uchun Clarmac Company bankirlariga katta miqdordagi qarzlarni topshirdilar. Biroq, Clarmac kompaniyasi hech qachon tiklanmadi.[92] 1915 yil 16-oktabrda Klarmak Yo'llarini shamollatish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi va belgilangan tartibda tayinlangan tugatuvchi,[86] va kreditorlar yig'ilishi chaqirildi.[95] 1916 yil yanvar oyida R.T. Uilkinson Klaridj kompaniyasining direktori lavozimidan 63 yillik assotsiatsiyadan so'ng nafaqaga chiqdi.[96] Clarmac Roads-ning ishlamay qolishi Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company kompaniyasiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi va 1917 yil 2-noyabr kuni Oliy sudga kompaniya direktori Uilyam Allback tomonidan yuborilgan iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qildi.[97] Klaridjning Patent Asphalte kompaniyasi nihoyat 1917 yil 10-noyabrda o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi,[82][98] 1914 yilda tuzilgan qo'shma korxona ishlamay qolgandan keyin to'lovga layoqatsiz bo'lganidan keyin.[99] Buning davomi likvidator tomonidan Klarmak Yo'llari targ'ibotida va u erdagi mablag'larni investitsiyalashda muhim rol o'ynagan Allbackdan yo'qolgan mablag'larni qaytarib olish bo'yicha qonuniy choralar bo'ldi.[100] Ushbu holatning o'zi ba'zida korporativ qonunlarda keltirilgan, chunki kompaniyaning direktorlari vijdonan yuridik maslahat so'rab murojaat qilgan va yuridik javobgarlikdan ozod qilishning dastlabki misoli sifatida.[101][102][103][f]

Klaridjning gidropati kitobi

Gidropatiya va boshqalar

Klaridj bir qator asarlar yozgan, ammo uning eng taniqli va eng ko'p tilga olingan nashri shu edi Gidropati; yoki Vinsent Priessnits tomonidan qo'llaniladigan Sovuq suvni davolash .... Ishning o'zi o'sha paytda gidropatiyaning ta'siri va mashhurligini ko'rsatmoqda. Birinchi marta 1842 yilda nashr etilgan, 1842 yil 21 yanvarda birinchi nashrga kirish so'zi bilan.[g] Uchinchi nashrga 1842 yil 23-mayda yozgan muqaddimasida Klaridj "bu kitob katta e'tiborni jalb qilganini" ta'kidlagan. U "uch oylik qisqa vaqt ichida" o'zining uchinchi nashriga chiqdi va shu vaqt ichida "risolalar shaklida bir nechta nomukammal ekstraktlar" paydo bo'ldi va Gidropatik Jamiyat tashkil topdi,[104] 1842 yil 17 martda,[105] "Adelphi San'at Jamiyati xonalarida".[106][107][h] Beshinchi nashrda reklama nashr etilgan (keyingi nashrlarda qolgan), unda "asar haqida birinchi e'lon paydo bo'lganidan beri to'qqiz oydan ozroq vaqt o'tdi; shu qisqa vaqt ichida har biri ming nusxadan beshta nashr va "Avtoreferat" ning sakkiz nashri matbuot orqali o'tdi, bundan tashqari, bir nechta ruxsatsiz nashr etilgan, risolalar shaklida, asardan chiqarilgan, juda ko'p sonda sotilgan ". Klaridj jamoatchilik orasida tobora ommalashib borayotgani, bir nechta tibbiyot amaliyotchilari tomonidan yozilgan ba'zi bir qulay nashrlar va bir nechta gidropatik muassasalar to'liq ish olib borayotganligi sababli, Klaridj "1842 yil bu mamlakatda kasallikni davolash rejimida yangi davr sifatida qaralishi mumkin" deb e'lon qildi.[108]

Klaridjning ta'kidlashicha, uning diqqatini birinchi navbatda gidropatiya mavzusiga Venetsiyadagi dengiz piyoda xodimi jalb qilgan: "Meni revmatizm va bosh og'rig'i hujumiga uchraganini ko'rib, bu ikkalasiga ham umrimning ko'p qismida shikoyat qilganman. , do'stim 1840 yil qishda menga undan o'rnak olishimni qat'iy tavsiya qildi va "Priessnits" ning Graefenbergdagi muassasasiga borishni maslahat berdi. U buni amalga oshirdi, lekin Rimda Florentsiyaga kelganidan keyin "ikki oyga yaqin" yotoqda yotishdan oldin.[109] U Graefenbergda uch oy turdi, "shu vaqt ichida davolanishga uchragan oilamning sog'lig'i mukammal darajada aniqlandi; biz mo''tadil yashash, ko'proq mashq qilish, ko'proq suv ichish va odat tusiga kirdik. tashqi tahoratda odatlanib qolganimizdan erkinroq foydalanish; va, qo'shimcha qilib aytganda, og'riqni yumshatishni o'rgandik ".[110] Graefenbergda bo'lganida, Klaridj 1842 yilgi poydevorini yaratadigan yozuvlar yozgan Gidropatiya Priessnitz va boshqa bemorlar bilan bo'lgan suhbatlaridan, o'z tajribalaridan, boshqa bemorlarning tajribalarini va ishlatilgan usullarni kuzatishlaridan. Shuningdek, u 1841 yil sentyabr oyining boshiga qadar bemorlarning soni va millati bo'yicha ajratilgan statistik ma'lumotlarni yig'di.[111]

Klaridj va uning oilasi 1841 yil noyabrda Angliyaga qaytib kelishdi va Temza ko'chasidagi mehmonxonada qolishdi, ular Veymut ko'chasida turar joy topguncha, 1842 yil 6-yanvarda uydagi oshpaz bir qancha kontinental o'g'irlab ketgan deb da'vo qilindi. Klaridjning rafiqasi va qiziga tegishli dantel. Oshpaz boshqa buyumlarni o'g'irlashda 14 fevral kuni yana ayblandi. Ikkala ish ham 1842 yil 28 fevralda ko'rib chiqildi va oshpaz aybsiz deb topildi.[112][113]

Greyfenbergdagi gidropatik qo'llanmalar, Klaridjning "Gidropati" kitobiga ko'ra

.

Gidropatiyani targ'ib qilish va javoblar

Angliyaga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Klaridj Britaniyada birinchi bo'lib 1842 yilda Londonda, so'ngra 1843 yilda Irlandiya va Shotlandiyada ma'ruza safarlarida gidropatiyani targ'ib qila boshladi. Uning Irlandiyadagi 10 haftalik safari Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin va Belfast,[114] 1843 yil iyun, iyul va avgust oylarida, Glazgodagi ikkita keyingi ma'ruzalar bilan.[115] Klaridjning ta'kidlashicha, "etakchi nashrlar mening ishimni ijobiy ko'rib chiqdilar; Angliya, Irlandiya va Shotlandiyadagi ma'ruzalarim jiddiy e'tibor bilan kutib olindi; hammom va yuvinish uylari Edinburgda o'qiganim ma'ruzamdan kelib chiqqan".[116]

Boshqa ba'zi inglizlar Klaridjdan oldin Graefenbergga borishgan, garchi ko'p bo'lmaganlar. Ulardan biri o'zi bilan birga bo'lgan doktor Jeyms Uilson edi Doktor Jeyms Menbi Gulli, da suvni davolash muassasasini boshqargan Malvern. 1843 yildagi nashrida Klaridj gidroterapiyani targ'ib qilishda ko'p ish qilganligini e'tirof etar ekan, Uilson "men Graefenbergda ancha vaqt bo'lganman" va Klaridj "Graefenbergga u erda bo'lganimdan bir muncha vaqt o'tib kelganman" deb ta'kidlaydi.[117] Shunga qaramay, 1842 yilgi bir nashrda Uilson Klaridjni maqtagan holda shunday deb yozgan edi:

Men janob Klaridjning "Sovuq suv bilan davolash" asarini o'qidim va buni sezishim kerak deb o'ylayman. Kasbiy bo'lmagan odam sifatida, bu unga cheksiz kredit beradi; u professional va shuningdek noprofessional erkaklarning asarlaridan juda ko'p dalillarni to'plagan va bu tizim himoyachilari uni har doim qiziqish bilan o'qiydilar. Janob Klaridj kabi odamlarni xo'rlash kerak emas u yo'q bo'lishi mumkin edi cho'ntak uni ishlab chiqarishda motiv; Aytish mumkinki, u bu masalalarda bir oz g'ayratli - ozgina ishtiyoq ba'zan janob Klaridgidek motivlar bo'lganida katta foyda keltiradi.[118]

Xuddi shunday, Ser Jon E. Eardli-Uilmot, uning ichida Gidropatiyaga hurmat, har bir gidropatist "chuqur minnatdorlik qarzi" bo'lgan Klaridjni "bu boradagi mashaqqatli harakatlari uchun" maqtagan.[119] Ammo hamma ham Klaridj va uning gidropatiyasini targ'ib qilish to'g'risida ijobiy yoki hatto xushmuomalalik bilan yozmagan. Klaridjning bir satirik sharhi Gidropatiya, nemis va ingliz tillarida o'ynash (masalan, yomon =Vanna nemis tilida, ammo yomon ingliz tilida - Graefenbergdagi gidropatik dasturlarning rasmini ko'ring), Priessnitsning suv bilan davolashni g'ayrat bilan targ'ib qilishini sarhisob qildi:

Klaridjni "Gidropatiya" kitobini o'qiganimizdan beri, kasal Drakening Sent-Jeyms parkidagi dispanserda "Sovuq suv bilan davolash" dan foydalanganini ko'rish bizning omadimiz edi. Avvaliga u belkurakda Fuss-Badni oldi; keyin u Sitz-badni oldi va keyin jingalak dumini osmonga burab, Kopf-Badni oldi. Va nihoyat, u ikkinchi uchida deyarli tik ko'tarildi va qanotlari bilan shunday g'alaba qozondi: biz uni "Priessnits abadiy!" Deb baqirishni kutgan edik. Ammo bunday narsa yo'q. U faqat yig'lab yubordi: "Quack! Quack! Quack![120][men]

Eng tanqidiy sharhlardan biri Lanset tibbiyot jurnali 1842 yil 1842 yil, unda Klaridj jaholatda va plagiatda ayblangan, uning antiqa tadqiqotlarga berilib ketganligi uchun tanqid yanada yomonlashgan.[31] Bundan tashqari, 1843 yilda doktor Tomas J. Grem Graefenbergdan qaytib kelganidan keyin "bu mamlakatda eng g'ayratli gidropatistlardan biri - umumiy suhbatida sovuq suvdan boshqa hamma narsaga xorlik bilan gapiradigan janob odam kasallik haqida mulohaza yuritadi" deb yozgan edi. ", og'zidagi oshqozon yarasi va bronxial shikoyatlar uchun uning maslahatini so'radi" Sovuq suvni davolash "Doktor Grem" unga sabzavotli alternativani buyurdi va shu bilan uni olti hafta ichida mukammal davolashga yordam berdi ". Izohda Grem" Bu kapitan Klaridjdan kam bo'lmagan gidropatist edi "deb ta'kidladi.[121]

Gidropatiya va tegishli harakatlar

Shunga qaramay, Klaridj va boshqalar o'z sa'y-harakatlarini davom ettirdilar va gidropatik harakat katta qiziqish uyg'otdi.[122] Qachon Gidropatiya birinchi bo'lib 1842 yilda nashr etilgan, ikkita taniqli suvni davolash muassasalari mavjud edi. O'n yil o'tib, Buyuk Britaniya va Irlandiyada 24 ta korxona mavjud bo'lib, ularning ko'pchiligi shunchaki egasining ismi bilan taniladigan darajada mashhur edi.[5] Metkalf 1820 yildan 1850 yilgacha gidropatiya bo'yicha nashrlarni o'rganib chiqib, 69 inglizcha muallifning ro'yxatini va ikkita "Water-cure" jurnalini sanab o'tdi - biri Londonda (1847 yildan) va yana biri Amerikada (1845 yildan). Shuningdek, u nemis asarlarining 136 ta, frantsuzcha asarlarning 48 ta, lotin tilidagi 43 ta va boshqa tillardagi to'qqizta muallifni sanab o'tdi.[123] Gidropatik muassasalar ham rivojlandi. Evropada gidropatiya Klaridjning birinchi tashrifi paytida allaqachon aniqlangan edi: In his Gidropatiya kitob, u 1840 yilga qadar ma'lum bo'lgan 47 ta korxonani sanab o'tdi.[124] 1845 yil oktabrga kelib Klaridj "Germaniyada kamida ellikta; Frantsiya, Shveytsariya, Tirol, Vengriya, Rossiya, Irlandiya, Shotlandiya hammasi o'z muassasalariga ega, Angliya esa kamida yigirma odamni hisobga oladi. va ularning tarqalishini namoyish qilish uchun faqat Graefenbergda hozirda tashrif buyuruvchilar orasida Angliya, Rossiya, Polsha, Avstriya va Italiyaning etakchi zodagonlari borligini aytish kerak ".[125] 1997 yilda gidropatik harakatni ko'rib chiqishda shunday deyilgan: "XIX asr oxirlarida harakatning eng yuqori cho'qqisida Britaniyada ellikdan ortiq gidropatik mehmonxonalar mavjud edi, ulardan eng taniqli bo'lganlari Smedlining Derbishdagi Matlokdagi va Shotlandiyaning Lids shahri yaqinidagi Ben Rhidding bo'lgan. ammo, yigirmadan ortiq "bilan haddan tashqari vakili edi, Irlandiya esa bitta edi.[126]

O'n to'qqizinchi asrda sanitariya islohotlari yo'lida bir qator harakatlar bo'lgan va bunga gidropatiya harakati hissa qo'shgan. "Hammom va yuvinchilar harakati bu mamlakatga gidropatiyani joriy qilish va natijada suv uskunalarining davolovchi fazilatlarini tarqatish orqali katta rag'batlantirganiga shubha yo'q va sanitariya islohotchilari shaxsiy tozalikni ta'minlash uchun mukammal sog'liq ".[127] Metkalfning ta'kidlashicha, Klaridjning "boshqalar tomonidan ta'qib qilingan" asarining nashr etilishi e'tiborni gidropatiyaga qaratgan va bu harakatga yana bir turtki bo'lgan, natijada Vanna va yuvinish to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilingan. Ser Jorj Grey, 1846 yilda o'zi g'ayratli gidropatiya himoyachisi ".[127] Keyinchalik "Hamomchalar va yuvinish xonalari 1846 yildan 1896 yilgacha bo'lgan aktlar" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan bir qator nizomlardan keyin.[128][129][130] Bu o'sha paytlarda sanitariya sharoitlari va aholi salomatligini yaxshilashda muhim voqea bo'ldi,[77][131] kabi sanitariya islohotlarining taniqli tarafdorlaridan jamoat hammomlari va yuvinish xonalarini targ'ib qilish uchun erta, kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan Erasmus Uilson jamoat hammomlari va yuvinish xonalari tashkil etilishini olqishlagan u "muassasa ichida eng zodagonlar qatorida ... chunki ular hozirgi zamonning eng buyuk kashfiyotlaridan biri".[132] Klaridjning o'zi 1843 yilda Edinburgda o'qigan ma'ruzasidan boshlangan erta advokat edi.[2] Klaridjning Shotlandiyadagi ma'ruza safarlarida yana bir harakatning gidropatiya harakati bilan, ya'ni mo''tadillik harakati bilan o'zaro to'qnashuvi, bir-birlarini mamnuniyat va gidropatiya harakatlari ta'kidlaydi.[133][134]

Klaridj Graefenbergni qayta ko'rib chiqdi, u erdan 1845 yil iyul oyida u maktub yozdi New York Tribune, Nyu-Yorkda takrorlangan Suvni davolash jurnali 1846 yil may oyida.[125] Va 1845 yil oktyabr oyida Klarid o'z manzilida imzo chekkan 124 kishidan biri edi Arch-gertsog Frants Karl, Vinsent Priessnits va uning usullarining fazilatlarini ulug'lash.[135] U 1846 yil 4 martda Graefenbergdan yana bir xat yubordi, bu safar amerikalik tanishiga. Ushbu keng ko'lamli maktubda, boshqa narsalar qatori, Amerikadagi Water-Cure taraqqiyotini maqtaydi va Buyuk Britaniyadagi taraqqiyotni, shu jumladan yuvinish xonalarining ko'payishini tasvirlaydi. Shuningdek, u o'ziga va boshqa gidropatiya tarafdorlariga qarshi ba'zi tanqidlarga izoh beradi va doktor Erasmus Uilsonning kitobini muhokama qiladi. U, shuningdek, gidropatiyaning qadimgi davrini va uning oldingilarining ishlarini, masalan, tan oladi "Doktor Ser Jon Floyer" va uning ishi Febrifugum Magnumva Doktor Jeyms Kurri. Gidropatiyaning qadimiyligi to'g'risida Klaridj ba'zi tanqidchilariga murojaat qilib, "biz uni chaqirmayapmiz yangilik, lekin uning FOYDALANIShI "(2-bet, asl matnda ta'kidlaydi) va Priessnitsni yana uni oldinga surgani uchun maqtaydi.[136]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi gidropatiya

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida birinchi gidropatik inshootga tegishli Joel Sheu (1816-1855), 1843 yilda[137] yoki 1844,[138][139] va ga Rassel Thacher Trall ('R.T. Trall'. 1812-1877)[140] 1844 yilda.[141] Metkalf doktor Charlz Mundening birinchi imkoniyatiga ega,[142] garchi bu Mundening o'zi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmasa yoki hozir mavjud bo'lgan tarixiy dalillar. Munde o'zini 1836 yilda Priessnitsning usullari bilan tanish bo'lganini va keyinchalik Germaniyadan ko'chib ketganini, u erda 1845-46 yillarning qishida Drezdenda skarlatina kasalligini davolaganini tasvirlaydi.[143][144][145][j] Mundening o'g'li, oila hozirda chaqirilgan hududga borganini eslaydi Florensiya, Massachusets "ellikinchi yillarning boshlarida" otasi "deyarli bir yil davomida Nyu-Yorkda amaliyot izlab" qiynalganidan keyin. Ismli ko'r odam Devid Raggles ilgari suvni davolash bo'yicha amaliyotni yo'lga qo'ygan va 1849 yilda vafot etganidan so'ng, Charlz Munde "sevimli usulini qo'llash imkoniyati to'g'risida" bilib, uni Ruggles to'xtagan joydan olib ketishga, shu yerdan Florentsiya deb nom olishga,[146] va shunga ko'ra, nomi Florensiyadagi suvni davolash, shuningdek Munde suvni davolash.[147][148]

AQShga kirib kelgandan so'ng, keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lgan gidroterapiya tomonidan ish bilan ta'minlangan Jon Xarvi Kellogg da Battle Creek sanatoriyasi 1866 yilda ochilgan. Ammo "Priessnitsning asl tizimining avstriyalik Sileziyaning tog'li tog'lari orasida rivojlangan qo'pol, ammo sinchkovlik bilan ishlaydigan usullari, amerikalik nogironlar uchun juda nozik va uyushtirilganligi uchun juda mashaqqatli edi. O'tgan asrning birinchi yarmida suvdan foydalanishni tavsiflovchi xiralashgan empiriklik, qachonlardir davolovchi davo deyarli modaga aylanib, davolovchi vosita sifatida suvni obro'sizlantirdi va bu bebaho agentning ilmiy rivojlanishiga katta to'sqinlik qildi ".[149]

Gidropatiya marketingi uning printsiplari yoki mexanizmlari bilan emas, balki bahsli

Kelloggning sharhlari avvalgi tibbiy sharhlovchilarning fikriga o'xshashdir, ular asosiy gidropatiya tamoyillari yoki hali to'liq tushunilmagan mexanizmlar bilan emas, balki uni targ'ib qilish va haqiqatan ham bozorga chiqarish usuli bilan bog'liq masalani hal qilishgan. Masalan, 1881 yil noyabr oyida British Medical Journal gidropatiya termodinamikaning umumiy tamoyillarining o'ziga xos misoli yoki "alohida ishi" ekanligini ta'kidladi. Ya'ni, "umuman issiqlik va sovuqni qo'llash", chunki bu gidropatiya vositasida fiziologiyaga tegishli. Muammo shundaki, "bunday qoidalarning qo'llanilishi, umuman olganda, maxsus shaklga ega bo'lib, muomala muayyan maxsus va deyarli mazhablar nomlari bilan ataladigan va ko'pincha ba'zi joylar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan davolash shakllariga olib keldi" va bundan ham yomoni, " ba'zi maxsus, odatiy suvlardan foydalanish ". Darhaqiqat, gidropatiyaning asosiy printsiplari "albatta tibbiyotning umumiy amaliyotiga tegishli" bo'lsa ham,

jamoat kompaniyalarining reklamasi va boshqa noxush amaliyotlar orqali jamoat ongida shunchaki tasavvuf bilan bog'liq bo'lib, deyarli kraker va aldanish ayblovini oqlamoqda. Shunga qaramay, bu quvonch bilan yo'q bo'lib ketmoqda; va, shubhasiz, jamoatchilik ma'lumoti oshgani sayin, umuman yo'q bo'lib ketishga moyil bo'ladi, ayniqsa, keng printsiplar jamoatchilik oldida tor va izolyatsiya qilingan detallar o'rniga barqaror saqlanib qolsa ".[150]

Yozuvchilardan biri "katta miqdordagi tuzatuvchi kuch haqiqiy gidropatiyada ishlatilmasligi aniq va bu shoshilinch ravishda chuqur o'rganish va izlanishni talab qiladi", deb ta'kidlagan va "Gidropatiya bu suv bilan muomala qilish emas, lekin suv tanaga issiqlik va sovuqni kiritish vositasidir ". Ushbu dasturda uning foydaliligi bahsli bo'lmagan. Aksincha, fiziologik mexanizmlar va "gidropatiya ta'sirini o'lchash va boshqarish mumkin bo'lgan" vositalarni ishonchli ilmiy tekshiruvdan olingan ma'lumotlarning etishmasligi mavjud edi.

Ehtimol, jiddiy izlanishlarni to'xtatish uchun hech narsa odatdagidek shu nom bilan yuradigan amaliyotni buzadigan quackery shubhasidan ko'proq ish qilmagan bo'lishi mumkin. Katta korxonalarni to'lashni faqat yaxshi saqlangan uylar to'lashi mumkin, va bu qoida tariqasida ularning chaqiruvi bir vaqtning o'zida juda maxsus va ommabop ilmiy va haqiqiy bo'lishi uchun kattalashtirilishini talab qiladi.[151]

The British Medical Journal issiqlik va sovuqning fiziologik jarayonlarga ta'siri haqida xulosa qilish mumkin bo'lgan "oddiy umumlashmalar" mavjudligini ta'kidlagan va "terapevtik idoralar" tomonidan bunday umumlashmalar yo'qligiga afsuslanib, ilmiy tadqiqotlar u yoqda tursin.[152]

O'shandan beri asosiy fiziologik mexanizmlarni, shu jumladan qon aylanishini va mexanizmlarini tushunishda katta tadqiqotlar va yutuqlar mavjud termoregulyatsiya,[153][154][155] va ularning gidroterapiyaga tatbiq etilishi.[149][156][157]

Klaridj tomonidan ma'lum bo'lgan nashrlar

Ushbu ro'yxat Klaridj tomonidan ma'lum bo'lgan nashrlardan iborat. Ispan tilidagi tarjimasi va Gidropatiyaning mavhumligi, bu erda asosiy manbalar Metkalf,[10] Klaridjning ushbu maqolada tilga olingan barcha nashrlarini sanab o'tgan va Krounj va uning asarlari haqida maqolasining birinchi sahifasida qisqacha eslatib o'tgan Braun.[5]

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Metcalfe, Richard (1898). Gidropatiya asoschisi Vinsent Priessnitsning hayoti. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Xemilton, Kent & Co., Ltd.. Olingan 3 dekabr 2009. To'liq matn Internet arxivida (archive.org)
  • "Hydropathy". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. XIV. 1910. pp. 165–166. Olingan 29 oktyabr 2009.. Note, the encyclopaedia lists authors for signed articles, but the Gidropatiya article is listed amongst those that are unsigned.

Izohlar

a. ^ It is difficult to resolve the birth year discrepancies without access to a copy of original documents, although the IGI record looks specific, whereas the biographical sketch clearly includes indirect sources for some of its information (which does match collateral sources already cited in this article). However, a range of collateral information leaves no doubt that they refer to the same person.

b. ^ Gidropatiya, Cold Water systemva Cold Water cure, were essentially synonymous in that era, with publications under those titles all referring to the same legacy, namely Priessnitz, and - for U.K. publications - often also Claridge. So searches for publications from that period would need to try all three variations to capture relevant works.

v. ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) states that Claridge introduced hydropathy to England in 1840. However, Claridge describes himself as first paying attention to hydropathy in the winter of 1840, following which he was confined to bed for nearly two months before proceeding to Graefenberg, where he stayed for three months. From his comments on page 81, it is evident that he was at Graefenberg sometime around September 1841. Claridge himself cites 1842 as the year in which "a new era" commenced.

d. ^ The Lancet review states (p. 833): "Mr Claridge will probably find that he made a mistake in turning his talents to physic, and crying suv about the streets; he had better have continued crying 'there is nothing like teri ', or 'there is nothing like aspalt ', or 'there is nothing like yog'och '. We do not feel called upon to notice his asphaltic squireship's aspersions on the character of the medical profession".[31]

e. ^ To aid in finding information on Claridge's portrait, it is noted that at the time (1844), artist James John Hill was residing at 58 Newman Street, as listed in Johnson's book,[49] and was still there in 1848, per Graves (1908).[158]

f.' ^ Indeed, a search for material for the section on Claridge's Patent Asphalte Co. brings up increasing reference to the case as the range of search terms is both expanded and refined.

g. ^ The preface to the first edition remained in all known subsequent editions, including the third (which had its own additional preface), the fifth, and the eighth (both of which contain only the preface from the first edition)

h. ^ The pagination for the text of the fifth and eighth editions are the same, so where practical, citations will be from the eighth, since that is available online. The only visible differences between the fifth and eighth editions are that the fifth includes two additions at either end of the book, not affecting the pagination. These are, the inclusion of a hand-written letter at the front, and at the back, "Critical notices of Captain Claridge's Hydropathy."

men. ^ At least some hydropathy proponents appreciated the humour in this, as evidenced it being quoted in the humour section of the 1849 Water-Cure Journal.[159] Light-hearted satire about the water cure was also engaged in by a theatrical group.[160]

j. ^ Munde operated the Florence Water-Cure, at Florence, Massachusetts (see preface in his 1857 book, p.vi). He previously migrated from Germany at an unknown date. However, in his text, he does cite a case he dealt with in Dresden in the winter of 1845-46. His own familiarity with Priessnitz's methods date back to circa 1836, when he was "almost a novice in Priessnitz's practice". "During an epidemic of scarlatina" in the city of Freiberg, two of his children, boys aged about 5 and 8, contracted the disease (p. 65). Two Internet Archive texts are available, each with missing pages at the front. All pages are covered between the two online texts. Alternatively, the full text is available on the Project Gutenberg site.[143]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b "Claridge Christening date". IGI Individual Record. Xalqaro nasl-nasab indeksi. Olingan 28 sentyabr 2010. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering)
  2. ^ a b v d e f g h men "Biographical Sketch of Captain Claridge". The Journal of Health. Vol. 2. 1847. pp. 127–130. Olingan 12 iyun 2010.. Pay per view.
  3. ^ a b v Broom, DC (1963). "Zamonaviy asfalt yo'lni rivojlantirish". Surveyer va shahar va tuman muhandisi. London. 122 (3278 & 3279): 1437–1440, 1472–1475. Snippet view: Claridge 1799-1857 p.1439
  4. ^ Price, Robin (July 1981). "Hydropathy in England 1840-70". Tibbiyot tarixi. 25 (3): 269–280. doi:10.1017 / s002572730003458x. PMC  1139039. PMID  7022064.
  5. ^ a b v Browne, Janet (1990). "Spas and sensibilities: Darwin at Malvern". Tibbiyot tarixi. Supplement No.10 (10): 102–113. doi:10.1017/s0025727300071027. PMC  2557456. PMID  11622586.
  6. ^ "Hydropathy". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. XIV. 1910. pp. 165–166. Olingan 29 oktyabr 2009. To'liq matn Internet arxivida (archive.org)
  7. ^ a b Klaridj, kapitan R.T. (1842). Gidropati; yoki Vinsent Priessnits tomonidan qo'llaniladigan Sovuq suvni davolash, Grafenberg, Sileziya, Avstriya (3-nashr). London: Jeyms Madden va Co. Olingan 29 oktyabr 2009. To'liq matn Internet arxivida (archive.org)
  8. ^ Klaridj, kapitan R.T. (1843). Gidropati; yoki Vinsent Priessnits tomonidan qo'llaniladigan Sovuq suvni davolash, Grafenberg, Sileziya, Avstriya (5-nashr). London: James Madden and Co.
  9. ^ a b Klaridj, kapitan R.T. (1843). Gidropati; yoki Vinsent Priessnits tomonidan qo'llaniladigan Sovuq suvni davolash, Grafenberg, Sileziya, Avstriya (8-nashr). London: Jeyms Madden va Co. Olingan 29 oktyabr 2009. To'liq matn Internet arxivida (archive.org)
  10. ^ a b Metcalfe, Richard (1898). Gidropatiya asoschisi Vinsent Priessnitsning hayoti. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Xemilton, Kent & Co., Ltd.. Olingan 3 dekabr 2009. To'liq matn Internet arxivida (archive.org)
  11. ^ Metcalfe, Richard Lee (1912). The Rise and Progress of Hydropathy in England and Scotland (2-nashr). London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. Olingan 27 aprel 2010. Claridge. (Google Books snippet view).
  12. ^ Xinson, Kolin (2003). "Description of Farnborough in Claridge's time". Per the National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (1868). GENUKI: UK & Ireland Genealogy. Last updated 24 April 2009. Olingan 28 yanvar 2010.
  13. ^ "Warwickshire's Past Unlocked: PlaceCode Lookup Table". Table listing Farnborough as Parish in County of Warwickshire. Uorvikshir okrugi kengashi. Last updated 21 January 2010. Olingan 28 yanvar 2010.
  14. ^ a b v Metcalfe, Richard Lee (1912). "Snippet view citing Claridge as member of Arcadian Academy and Captain in Middlesex Militia". The rise and progress of hydropathy in England and Scotland. p. 31. Olingan 27 aprel 2010. birthplace and father as church curate
  15. ^ Metcalfe, Richard Lee (1912), p.32 Snippet view re birth of Claridge (1799) and orphaned at age eight
  16. ^ Armytage, Geo J (1896). "Claridge's 1822 marriage". The Register Book of Marriages belonging to the Parish of St. George, Hanover Square in the County of Middlesex. Vol.III - 1810 to 1823. Harleian Jamiyati. p. 240. Olingan 8 iyun 2010.
  17. ^ "Claridge's marriage to Elizabeth Green". Yangi oylik jurnal va adabiy jurnal. Vol. VI Historical Register. London: Henry ColburnHenry Colburn & Co. 1 August 1822. p. 375. Olingan 10 iyun 2010. {Full text at Internet Archive}. See also Google books
  18. ^ "Emma Green Claridge's birth and Christening". Born 09 April 1824. Christened 11 May 1824. IGI Individual Record. Xalqaro nasl-nasab indeksi. Olingan 28 sentyabr 2010.
  19. ^ "Notice of petition by Emma Green de St. Aignan, formerly Emma Green Claridge". London gazetasi (22537): 3339. 9 August 1861. Olingan 12 iyun 2010.
  20. ^ "Release of...legal papers and correspondence concerning estate of Emma Green Claridge of Nice." Collection:- Todhunter Family of Great Pardnon: Farm Records and Correspondence; Deeds of Great Pardnon. Reference code: D/DU 387/79. Essex Record Office (Seax - Essex Archives Online). 8 January 1849. Olingan 12 iyun 2010. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi | jurnal = (Yordam bering) Note: Great Pardnon was a parish in Essex
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  30. ^ "Legacy of the late Mrs Eliza Morgan Claridge, of Nice". Periodical Accounts relating to the Missions of the Church of the United Brethren, established among The Heathen. List of Subscriptions and Donations towards Missions of the United Brethren, from Brethren and Friends in Great Britain and Ireland, from March 1866, to March 1867. Vol.26. London: Brethren's Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel among the Heathen. 1866. p. 64. Olingan 29 sentyabr 2010.
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  60. ^ "Midlseks okrugidan Richard Tappin Klaridjga mastika tsementi uchun berilgan Patentning xususiyatlari yoki asfaltlama va yo'llarni tayyorlashda qo'llaniladigan, binolarni va har xil maqsadlarni o'z ichiga olgan". Pensilvaniya shtati Franklin instituti va mexanika registri jurnali. Vol. 22. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute. July 1838. pp. 414–418. Olingan 20 aprel 2010.
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  68. ^ "Patent, with related papers, granted to the Comte de la Chatre, Richard Tappin Claridge of Weymouth Street (Mx), gent and Richard Hodgson of Salisbury Street, Strand (Mx), gent, for improvements in preparing fabrics to be used in covering roofs, floors and other surfaces ('Oropholithe') HD 2127/C/5 1842-1843". Suffolk Record Office, Bury St Edmunds Branch: Material relating to property of the Rawlison, Wenyeve and Carmac families of Suffolk. The National Archives (UK): Access to Archives database. Olingan 24-noyabr 2009.
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  117. ^ Uilson, MD, Jeyms; Gulli, MD, Jeyms M. (1843). "Malvernda suvni davolashni tashkil etish prospektusi, Jeyms Uilson, MD va Jeyms M. Gulli, M.D.ning professional rahbarligi ostida.". suvdan davolanishning xavfli tomonlari va uning samaradorligi o'rganilgan va kasalliklarni giyohvand moddalar bilan solishtirganda; va uning printsiplari va amaliyotini tushuntirish; Malvernda ko'rib chiqilgan holatlar va u erda suvni davolashni tashkil etishning prospektlari bilan.. London: Kanningem va Mortimer. pp. 9–10 (n223-n224 in online page field). Olingan 2 noyabr 2009. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org) Note: the prospectus is at the back of the book, with its own preface by Wilson, and its own new pagination
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  130. ^ "Parliamentary Archives search portal for listings of 'Baths and Wash-houses Act'". Portcullis - Gateway to Parliamentary Archives. Olingan 5 noyabr 2009. Typing (or copying-and-pasting) the phrase: Baths and Wash-houses reliably yields 10 lisings, including that for the original 1846 act and its amendment of the same year, along with other results.
  131. ^ Metkalf, Richard (1877). The relevance pertaining to sanitary conditions and public health is scattered throughout the text.
  132. ^ Wilson, Erasmus (1849). On The Management of the Skin as a Means of Promoting and Preserving Health (3-nashr). London: Jon Cherchill. p. viii. Olingan 8 noyabr 2009. To'liq matn Internet arxivida (archive.org)
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