Tomsus - Thomisus
| Tomsus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Thomisus onustus asalarilarni ushlash | |
Ilmiy tasnif  | |
| Qirollik: | Animalia |
| Filum: | Artropoda |
| Subfilum: | Chelicerata |
| Sinf: | Araxnida |
| Buyurtma: | Araneya |
| Qoidabuzarlik: | Araneomorfalar |
| Oila: | Thomisidae |
| Tur: | Tomsus Valckenaer, 1805 |
| Tur turlari | |
| Thomisus onustus Valckenaer, 1805 yil | |
| Turlar | |
Matnni ko'ring | |
| Turli xillik | |
| 145 tur | |
Tomsus a tur ning Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklari (Thomisidae oilasi) 150 ga yaqin turga ega tasvirlangan. Turga ekologiyasi jihatidan juda xilma-xil turlar kiradi, ba'zilari esa pistirma yirtqichlari gullarga tashrif buyuradigan hasharotlar bilan oziqlanadi. Thomisidae oilasining boshqa bir qator nasllari singari, ba'zida ularni shunday deb atashadi gul Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklari, ularning qisqichbaqasimon harakatlaridan va oldingi oyoqlarini tutish usulidan, a-ni eslatib turadi dengiz qisqichbaqasi tahdid sifatida tirnoqlarini yoyish.
Ta'rif va xatti-harakatlar
Ko'pchilik kabi Thomisidae turlari, Tomsus jinsiy o'lchamdagi dimorfizmni namoyish eting: ayollarning uzunligi 4 dan 10 mm gacha (0,16 dan 0,39 gacha), erkaklar esa atigi 2 dan 7 mm gacha (0,079 dan 0,276 gacha). Ko'p turlar yorqin rangga ega, odatda ular pushtida kutib turgan gul rangiga mos keladi.[1] Hamma turlar ham gullarni yashamaydi, lekin ular qatorida, hech bo'lmaganda ba'zi turlar bir necha kun davomida rangini rangiga mos ravishda o'zgartirishi mumkin.[2] Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, asalarilar mos bo'lmagan rangdagi o'rgimchak o'lchamidagi ob'ektni o'z ichiga olgan guldan qochishga moyil; bu, xususan, Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklaridan qochish mexanizmi yoki shunchaki ular kimning gullariga qiziqmasligi nektar qo'llanmalari yashiringan, ammo bu qiyinroq savol.[3] Bunday turlarga erishish mumkin bo'lgan rang o'zgarishlari odatda oq, pushti va sariq ranglarda bo'ladi.
Masalan, ichida Thomisus spectabilis, kamuflyaj usuli shunga o'xshash Misumena vatia, Garchi T. spectabilis o'ljalari uchun ko'rinadi, ammo yirtqichlar emas. Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklarining bu turi ultrabinafsha nurlarini aks ettiradi, gul esa changni yutuvchi bo'lib, changlatuvchi ko'z bilan o'rgimchak va gul o'rtasida kontrast hosil qiladi.[4] Yaratilgan kontrast asal asalari kabi changlatuvchilarni juda jalb qiladi. Kamuflyajning ushbu evolyutsion usuli Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklarining o'lja bilan uchrashish ehtimolini oshirdi, bu esa o'z navbatida Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklarining fitnesiga ta'sir qiladi. Yirtqichlarning ko'payish tezligi tufayli o'rgimchaklar energiyani ko'payishga yo'naltirishga qodir, shuning uchun o'rgimchaklarda fitnesning kuchayishiga olib keladi. Kamuflyajning evolyutsion usuli qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklarining yashash qobiliyatini va yaroqliligini sezilarli darajada oshiradi.
Tarqatish
Ning taqsimlanishi Tomsus turlari deyarli butun dunyoda, Janubiy Amerikaning aksariyat qismi bundan mustasno.[5] Garchi Tomsus turlari er yuzining deyarli hamma joylarida uchraydi, aksariyat turlari tropik va issiq mintaqalarida uchraydi Eski dunyo, Yangi Gvineyadan Avstraliyaga va mintaqaga qadar turlari kamroq Yangi dunyo. Faqat Thomisus guadahirensis Janubiy Amerikadan (Peruda) ma'lum.
Turlar
2017 yil fevral oyidan boshlab[yangilash], Jahon o'rgimchak katalogi quyidagi turlarni qabul qildi:[5]
- Thomisus albens O. Pikkard-Kembrij, 1885 yil - Pokiston, Yarkand
- Thomisus albertianus Strand, 1913 yil - Gabon, Kongo, Uganda, Angola
- Thomisus albohirtus Simon, 1884 yil - Shimoliy, Sharqiy Afrika, Yaman
- Thomisus amadelphus Simon, 1909 yil - Vetnam
- Thomisus andamanensis Tikader, 1980 yil - Hindiston, Andaman Is.
- Thomisus angulatulus Roewer, 1951 yil - Gabon
- Thomisus angustifrons Lukas, 1858 yil - Gabon
- Thomisus arabicus Simon, 1882 yil - Yaman
- Thomisus armillatus (Trell, 1891) - Nikobar.
- Thomisus ashishi Gajbe, 2005 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus australis Komellini, 1957 yil - Markaziy, Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus baghdeoi Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus bargi Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus beautifularis Basu, 1965 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus benoiti Komellini, 1959 yil - Kongo
- Thomisus bicolor Valckenaer, 1837 yil - AQSH
- Thomisus bidentatus Kulchzinskiy, 1901 yil - G'arbiy Afrikadan Saudiya Arabistoniga, Yamangacha
- Thomisus bigibbosus Keyserling, 1881 yil - AQSH
- Thomisus blandus Karsch, 1880 yil - Afrika, Yaman
- Thomisus boesenbergi Lenz, 1891 yil - Madagaskar
- Thomisus bonnieri Simon, 1902 yil - Ummon
- Thomisus bueanus Strand, 1916 yil - Kamerun
- Thomisus bulani Tikader, 1960 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus callidus (Trell, 1890) - Shri-Lanka, Singapur, Sumatra, Nias Is., Java
- Thomisus koksidlari Eydoux va Souleyet, 1841 yil - Noma'lum
- Thomisus candidus Blekuol, 1866 yil - Tropik Afrika
- Thomisus castaneiceps Simon, 1909 yil - Vetnam
- Thomisus cavaleriei Shenkel, 1963 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus citrinellus Simon, 1875 yil - O'rta er dengizi, Afrika, Seyshel orollari, Yaman, Sokotra, Iroq
- Thomisus congoensis Komellini, 1957 yil - Markaziy, Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus dalmasi Lessert, 1919 yil - Afrika
- Thomisus danieli Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus daradioides Simon, 1890 yil - Janubiy Afrikadan Hindistonga
- Thomisus dartevellei Komellini, 1957 yil - Kongo, Efiopiya, Malavi
- Thomisus dentiger (Trell, 1887) - Myanma
- Thomisus destefanii Caporiacco, 1941 yil - Efiopiya
- Thomisus dhakuriensis Tikader, 1960 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus dhananjayi Gajbe, 2005 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus duriusculus (Trell, 1877) - Sulavesi
- Thomisus dyali Kumari va Mittal, 1997 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus elongatus Stoliczka, 1869 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus eminulus Tang va Li, 2010 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus galeatus Simon, 1909 yil - Vetnam
- Thomisus ghesquierei Lessert, 1943 yil - Kongo
- Thomisus godavariae Reddy & Patel, 1992 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus gouluensis Peng, Yin va Kim, 2000 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus granulatus Karsch, 1880 yil - Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus granulifrons Simon, 1906 yil - Hindiston, Shri-Lanka
- Thomisus guadahirensis Keyserling, 1880 yil - Peru
- Thomisus guangxicus Song & Zhu, 1995 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus hararinus Caporiacco, 1947 yil - Efiopiya
- Thomisus hui Song & Zhu, 1995 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus hunanensis Peng, Yin va Kim, 2000 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus ilocanus Barrion va Litsinger, 1995 yil - Filippinlar
- Thomisus iswadus Barrion va Litsinger, 1995 yil - Filippinlar
- Thomisus italongus Barrion va Litsinger, 1995 yil - Filippinlar
- Thomisus janinae Komellini, 1957 yil - Kongo, Tanzaniya
- Thomisus jocquei Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1988 yil - Malavi
- Thomisus kalaharinus Lourens, 1936 yil - Afrika, Yaman
- Thomisus katrajghatus Tikader, 1963 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus keralae Bisvas va Roy, 2005 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus kitamurai Nakatsudi, 1943 yil - Ryukyu.
- Thomisus kiwuensis Strand, 1913 yil - Markaziy Afrika
- Thomisus kokiwadai Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus krishnae Reddy & Patel, 1992 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus labefactus Karsch, 1881 yil - Xitoy, Koreya, Tayvan, Yaponiya
- Thomisus laglaizei Simon, 1877 yil - Myanma, Filippin, Yava, Sumatra
- Thomisus lamperti Strand, 1907 yil - Madagaskar
- Thomisus leucaspis Simon, 1906 yil - Hindiston, Yangi Kaledoniya
- Thomisus litoris Strand, 1913 yil - Markaziy Afrika
- Thomisus lobosus Tikader, 1965 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus ludhianaensis Kumari va Mittal, 1997 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus machadoi Komellini, 1959 yil - Angola, Kabo-Verde, Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus madagascariensis Komellini, 1957 yil - Madagaskar
- Thomisus magaspangus Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus manishae Gajbe, 2005 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus manjuae Gajbe, 2005 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus marginifrons Shenkel, 1963 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus meenae Gajbe, 2005 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus melanostethus Simon, 1909 yil - Vetnam
- Thomisus mimae Sen va Basu, 1963 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus modestus Blekuol, 1870 yil - Italiya
- Thomisus natalensis Lourens, 1942 yil - Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus nepenthiphilus Fage, 1930 yil - Sumatra
- Thomisus nirmali Saha va Raychaudxuri, 2007 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus nossibeensis Strand, 1907 yil - Madagaskar
- Thomisus obscuratus Caporiacco, 1947 yil - Sharqiy Afrika
- Thomisus obtusesetulosus Roewer, 1961 yil - Senegal
- Thomisus ochraceus Valckenaer, 1841 yil - Jazoir
- Thomisus odiosus O. Pikkard-Kembrij, 1898 yil - Meksika
- Thomisus okinawensis Strand, 1907 yil - Tailand - Ryukyu Is., Filippin, Indoneziya
- Thomisus onustus Valckenaer, 1805 yil (tur turlari ) - Palearktika
- Thomisus oscitans Valckenaer, 1837 yil - AQSH
- Thomisus pateli Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus pathaki Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus penicillatus Simon, 1909 yil - Vetnam
- Thomisus perspicillatus (Trell, 1890) - Borneo, Sulavesi
- Thomisus pooneus Tikader, 1965 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus pritiae Gajbe, 2005 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus projectus Tikader, 1960 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus pugilis Stoliczka, 1869 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus rajani Bhandari va Gajbe, 2001 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus retirugus Simon, 1909 yil - Vetnam
- Thomisus rigoratus Simon, 1906 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus rishus Tikader, 1970 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus roeweri Komellini, 1957 yil - Tanzaniya
- Thomisus schoutedeni Komellini, 1957 yil - Kongo
- Thomisus schultzei Simon, 1910 yil - Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus scrupeus (Simon, 1886) - Afrika
- Thomisus shillongensis Sen, 1963 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus shivajiensis Tikader, 1965 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus sikkimensis Tikader, 1962 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus simoni Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus socotrensis Dippenaar-Schoeman va van Xarten, 2007 yil - Sokotra
- Thomisus sorajaii Basu, 1963 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus spectabilis Doleschall, 1859 yil - Hindistondan Avstraliyaga
- Thomisus spiculosus Pokok, 1901 yil - G'arbiy, Markaziy, Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus stenningi Pokok, 1900 yil - Afrika, Seyshel orollari, Yaman
- Thomisus stigmatisatus Valckenaer, 1837 yil - AQSH
- Thomisus stoliczkai (Trell, 1887) - Myanma
- Thomisus sundari Gajbe va Gajbe, 2001 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus swatowensis Strand, 1907 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus telanganaensis Pravalixa va Srinivasulu, 2015 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus tetricus Simon, 1890 yil - Yaman
- Thomisus transversus Tulki, 1937 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus tripunctatus Lukas, 1858 yil - G'arbiy Afrika
- Thomisus tuberculatus Dyal, 1935 yil - Pokiston
- Thomisus turgidus Valckenaer, 1837 yil - AQSH
- Thomisus unidentatus Dippenaar-Schoeman va van Xarten, 2007 yil - Yaman, Iroq, Eron
- Thomisus venulatus Valckenaer, 1841 yil - Jazoir
- Thomisus viveki Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus defabilis Mello-Leyto, 1929 yil - Myanma
- Thomisus wangi Tang, Yin va Peng, 2012 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus whitakeri Gajbe, 2004 yil - Hindiston
- Thomisus yemensis Dippenaar-Schoeman va van Xarten, 2007 yil - Yaman
- Thomisus zaheeri Parvin, Xon, Mushtaq, Ahmad va Ra'no, 2008 yil - Pokiston
- Thomisus zhui Tang va Song, 1988 yil - Xitoy
- Thomisus zuluanus Lourens, 1942 yil - Janubiy Afrika
- Thomisus zyuzini Marusik va Logunov, 1990 yil - Turkiya, Saudiya Arabistoni Markaziy Osiyoga
Adabiyotlar
- ^ Merfi, Frensis va Merfi, Jon (2000). Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi o'rgimchaklarga kirish. Shahar: Malayziya Tabiat Jamiyati. ISBN 983-9681-17-6.
- ^ Filmer, Martin (1997). Janubiy Afrika o'rgimchaklari. Shahar: BHB International / Struik. ISBN 1-86825-188-8.
- ^ Reuven Dyukas va Duglass H. Morse; Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchaklari asalarilar tomonidan gullarning tashrifiga ta'sir qiladi; OIKOS 101: 157-163, 2003 yil
- ^ Gawryszewski, F. M., A. L. Llandres va M. E. Herbershteyn. "Changlatuvchilarni jalb qiladigan Qisqichbaqa o'rgimchisidagi rang va tana holati o'rtasidagi bog'liqlik." Eksperimental biologiya jurnali 215, yo'q. 7 (2012): 1128-1136.
- ^ a b "Gen. Tomsus Valckenaer, 1805 ", Jahon o'rgimchak katalogi, Tabiiy tarix muzeyi Bern, olingan 2017-02-25