Starship Troopers - Starship Troopers

Ushbu maqola roman haqida. 1997 yilgi film uchun qarang Starship Troopers (film). Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Starship Troopers (ajralish).

Starship Troopers
Starship Troopers (roman) .jpg
Birinchi nashr muqovasi
MuallifRobert A. Xaynlayn
MamlakatQo'shma Shtatlar
TilIngliz tili
JanrHarbiy ilmiy fantastika
Falsafiy roman[1][2][3]
NashriyotchiG. P. Putnamning o'g'illari
Nashr qilingan sana
1959 yil 5-noyabr[4]
Media turiChop etish (qattiq va qog'ozli qog'oz)
Sahifalar263 (qog'ozli nashr)
OCLC2797649

Starship Troopers a harbiy ilmiy fantastika amerikalik yozuvchining romani Robert A. Xaynlayn. AQShga reaktsiya sifatida bir necha hafta ichida yozilgan yadro sinovlarini to'xtatib turish,[5] hikoya birinchi bo'lib ikki qismli seriya sifatida nashr etilgan Fantaziya va ilmiy fantastika jurnali kabi Starship Soldiertomonidan nashr etilgan va kitob sifatida nashr etilgan G. P. Putnamning o'g'illari 1959 yil dekabrda.

Bu voqea kelajakdagi jamiyatda, harbiy elita hukmronlik qilgan insonlararo yulduzlar hukumati tomonidan boshqariladi va Terran federatsiyasi.[6] The birinchi shaxs bayoni quyidagilar Xuan "Jonni" Riko ko'chma piyoda harbiy xizmatida. Riko ishga yollashdan to to oldinga siljiydi ofitser odamlar va "Araxnidlar" yoki "Buglar" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan begona turlar o'rtasidagi yulduzlararo urush fonida. Riko va boshqalar falsafiy va axloqiy masalalarni, shu jumladan aspektlarni muhokama qiladigan asosiy sahnalar bilan aralashgan saylov huquqi, fuqarolik fazilati, voyaga etmaganlarning huquqbuzarligi va urush; ushbu munozaralar Geynlaynning o'zining siyosiy qarashlarini tushuntirish sifatida tasvirlangan.[7] Starship Troopers ning an'anasi bilan aniqlangan militarizm AQSh ilmiy fantastikasida,[8] va odamlar va Xatolar o'rtasidagi ziddiyat va Sovuq urush.[9] A yoshga to'lgan roman, Starship Troopers shuningdek, 50-yillardagi AQSh jamiyatini tanqid qiladi, intizomning etishmasligi axloqiy tanazzulga olib kelgan deb ta'kidlaydi va himoyachilar tanani va o'lim jazosi.[7][10]

Starship Troopers oxiriga etkazildi Geynlaynning balog'atga etmagan bolalar uchun romanlari. Bu uning eng ko'p sotilgan kitoblaridan biriga aylandi va uning eng taniqli asari hisoblanadi.[11] Bu g'alaba qozondi Hugo mukofoti eng yaxshi roman uchun 1960 yilda,[3] va to'plandi sharhlovchilarning mashg'ulot va jangovar sahnalari va kelajakdagi armiyani tasavvur qilishlari uchun maqtovlari.[12][13] U qo'llab-quvvatlaganga o'xshagan siyosiy qarashlari tufayli juda ziddiyatli bo'lib qoldi. Sharhlovchilar kitobning qasddan harbiyni ulug'lashini keskin tanqid qildilar,[14][15] sifatida tavsiflangan jihat tashviqot va shunga o'xshash yollash.[16] Militarizm mafkurasi va romanning xayoliy jamiyatida faqat harbiy faxriylar ovoz berish huquqiga ega bo'lganligi, uni tez-tez ta'riflashga olib keldi. fashist.[15][17][18] Boshqalar Geynlayn faqat ma'lum bir guruhga ovoz berish huquqini cheklash g'oyasini o'rganayotgani haqida bahslashib, bunga qo'shilmaydilar.[19] Geynlaynning jinsi tasviri ham shubha ostiga qo'yildi, sharhlovchilar esa musofirlarni ta'riflash uchun ishlatilgan atamalar o'xshashligini aytdilar irqiy epitetlar.[20]

Qarama-qarshiliklarga qaramay, Starship Troopers keng edi ta'sir ilmiy fantastika ichida ham, tashqarisida ham. Ken MacLeod "[ilmiy fantastika] dagi siyosiy yo'nalishni Geynlayn bilan dialog deb ta'riflash mumkin".[2] Ilmiy fantastika tanqidchisi Darko Suvin deb yozgan Starship Troopers "AQSh ilmiy-fantastik militarizmining ajdodlar matni" bo'lib, u ko'p yillar davomida armiyaning jamiyatdagi o'rni to'g'risida bahs-munozaralarni shakllantirgan.[21] Ushbu roman g'oyani ommalashtirishda katta ahamiyatga ega qurolli zirh, keyinchalik ilmiy fantastika kitoblari va filmlarida takrorlanadigan xususiyatga aylandi, shuningdek ilmiy tadqiqot ob'ekti bo'ldi.[22] Geynlaynning futuristik armiyani tasvirlashi ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[23] Keyinchalik ilmiy fantastik kitoblar, masalan Djo Xeldeman 1974 yilgi urushga qarshi roman Abadiy urush, reaktsiyalar sifatida tavsiflangan Starship Troopers.[24] Hikoya bir necha bor, shu jumladan, a-da moslashtirilgan 1997 yil film versiyasi rejissor Pol Verxoven bu rejissyor romanning fashistik tomonlari sifatida ko'rgan narsalarini kinoya qilishga intildi.[25]

Yozish va nashr etish

Muqovasi Fantaziya va ilmiy fantastika jurnali (1959 yil noyabr), tasvirlangan Starship Soldier

Robert Xaynlayn 1940-1950-yillarda eng ko'p sotilgan ilmiy fantastika mualliflari qatoriga kirgan Ishoq Asimov va Artur C. Klark; ular AQSh ilmiy-fantastikasida hukmronlik qilgan "katta uchlik" sifatida tanilgan edi. Boshqalardan farqli o'laroq, Xaynlayn antikommunistik kayfiyatni qat'iyan qo'llab-quvvatladi Sovuq urush uning yozilishidagi davr.[26] Heinlein AQSh dengiz flotini tugatgandan so'ng besh yil davomida xizmat qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz akademiyasi 1929 yilda. Uning harbiy sohadagi tajribasi uning fantastikasiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[27] 1958-1959 yillar oralig'ida Xaynlayn bo'lajak romanni chetga surib qo'ydi Begona yurtdagi musofir va yozgan Starship Troopers. Uning motivatsiyasi qisman AQSh prezidentiga g'azabidan kelib chiqqan Duayt Eyzenxauer "s AQShning yadro sinovlarini to'xtatib turish to'g'risida qaror va ko'p o'tmay sodir bo'lgan Sovet sinovlari.[5] Uning 1980 jildida yozish Kengaygan koinot, Heinlein tomonidan joylashtirilgan gazeta e'lonining nashr etilishi Aql-idrok yadro siyosati bo'yicha milliy qo'mita 1958 yil 5 aprelda bir tomonlama to'xtatib turishga chaqirdi yadro qurolini sinovdan o'tkazish Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan uning yozish istagi paydo bo'ldi Starship Troopers.[28] Xaynlayn va uning rafiqasi Virjiniya "yaratdiPatrik Genri ligasi "AQShning yadro sinovlari dasturini qo'llab-quvvatlashga urinish maqsadida. Xaynlayn ushbu romanni o'zining harbiy va siyosiy qarashlariga oydinlik kiritish uchun ishlatganligini aytdi.[29]

Geynlaynning ko'plab kitoblari singari, Starship Troopers bir necha hafta ichida yakunlandi. Dastlab u a sifatida yozilgan voyaga etmaganlar uchun roman Nyu-York nashriyoti uchun Skribner; Xaynlayn ilgari ushbu format bilan muvaffaqiyatga erishgan va Scribner tomonidan nashr etilgan bir nechta bunday romanlarni yozgan. Qo'lyozma rad etildi, Xaynlayn noshir bilan aloqasini butunlay tugatishga va kattalar mavzusida kitoblar yozishni davom ettirishga undadi.[5][20][30] Olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, Skribnerning rad etilishi roman mazmuniga, xususan, uning harbiy mojaroga munosabati haqidagi mafkuraviy e'tirozlarga asoslangan.[20][31]

Fantaziya va ilmiy fantastika jurnali birinchi marta nashr etilgan Starship Troopers 1959 yil oktyabr va noyabr oylarida ikki qismdan iborat ketma-ket sarlavhali Starship Soldier.[30] Putnam's katta muharriri Piter Isroil qo'lyozmani sotib olib, kattalar uchun qulayroq bo'lgan tahrirlarni ma'qulladi. Bu bolalar yoki kattalarga qaratilganmi, degan savolga u savdo konferentsiyasida "Kimga yoqishini o'quvchilar hal qilaylik" deb aytdi.[32] Oxir-oqibat roman tomonidan nashr etildi G. P. Putnamning o'g'illari.[30]

O'rnatish

Bugungi kundan taxminan 700 yilni tashkil eting,[20] Insoniyat jamiyati Starship Troopers ning shakli Terran Federatsiyasi tomonidan boshqariladi dunyo hukumati harbiy elita ustunlik qiladi.[6] Jamiyat boy va futuristik texnologiya sifatida tasvirlangan bo'lib, 20-asrdagi ta'lim usullari bilan birgalikda mavjud.[20] To'liq fuqaroning ovoz berish va davlat lavozimlarida ishlash huquqlari hamma tomonidan kafolatlanmagan, ammo Federal xizmat orqali olinishi kerak.[19] Odatda harbiy xizmat shaklidagi ushbu xizmatni bajarmaganlar so'z erkinligi va yig'ilish huquqlarini saqlab qoladilar, ammo ovoz berolmaydilar yoki davlat lavozimlarida ishlay olmaydilar. 18 yoshdan katta bo'lgan har qanday jinsdagi odamlarni harbiy xizmatga chaqirishga ruxsat beriladi. Xizmatini yakunlashdan oldin ketganlar ovoz olishmaydi.[20][33] Muhim davlat ish joylari federal xizmat faxriylari uchun ajratilgan.[6] Ushbu tuzilish paydo bo'ldi maxsus qisman jinoyatchilikni nazorat qila olmaslik sababli va "20-asr G'arb demokratiyalari" qulaganidan keyin voyaga etmaganlarning huquqbuzarligi ayniqsa Shimoliy Amerikada va AQSh, Buyuk Britaniya va Rossiyaning ittifoqi o'rtasida "Xitoy gegemoniyasi" ga qarshi urush.[34]

Erdan tashqari ikkita tsivilizatsiya ham tasvirlangan. "Pseudo-Arachnids" yoki "Bugs" Klendatu sayyorasidan kelib chiqqan kommunal mavjudotlar sifatida ko'rsatiladi. Ularning bir nechta kastlari bor; shunga o'xshash ishchilar, jangchilar, miyalar va malikalar chumolilar va termitlar. Jangchilar faqat jang qiladilar va jangda taslim bo'lishga qodir emaslar.[35] Bundan tashqari, Buglar texnologik jihatdan rivojlangan va kosmik kemalar kabi texnologiyalarga ega ekanligi nazarda tutilgan.[36] "Skinnies" Araxnidlarga qaraganda kamroq, ammo odamlarga qaraganda ko'proq tasvirlangan.[37] Romandagi voqealar Terran federatsiyasi va araxnidlar o'rtasidagi yulduzlararo urush paytida yuz beradi.[38] Hikoyaning boshida Yer urushda emas, lekin Riko mashg'ulotlarini tugatgandan so'ng urush e'lon qilindi.[5] Skinnies dastlab Pseudo-Araxnidlarning ittifoqchilari, ammo roman o'rtalarida odamlarning ittifoqchilari bo'lishga o'tishadi.[37] Yorug'likdan tezroq kelajakda sayohat mavjud: kosmik kemalar "Cherenkov qo'zg'alishi" ostida ishlaydi va "Olti hafta ichida qirq oltita yorug'lik yilida Chapdan Kapelaga" sayohat qilishi mumkin.[39]

Starship Troopers bosh qahramoni Xuan "Jonni" Riko, "Mobil piyoda" a'zosi tomonidan rivoyat qilinadi. Bu uning odatiy chiziqli hikoya tuzilishini bir qator orqaga qaytarish bilan kesib o'tadigan Geynlayn romanlaridan biri.[5][38] Ushbu o'tmishdagi fikrlar tez-tez maktabda o'qiyotgan Rikoning "Tarix va axloqiy falsafa" kursiga tegishli bo'lib, o'qituvchi o'z jamiyatining tuzilishi tarixini muhokama qiladi.[5][19] Riko odam sifatida tasvirlangan Filippin ajdodlari, garchi bu borada muxlislar o'rtasida kelishmovchiliklar bo'lgan. U badavlat oiladan, uning a'zolari hech qachon armiyada xizmat qilmagan.[5][20][33] Rikoning ajdodlari hech qanday oqibatlarga olib kelmaydigan narsa sifatida tasvirlangan; u yashayotgan jamiyat irqiy va jinsga asoslangan xurofotni tark etgan ko'rinadi.[20]

Uchastka

Roman Riko bilan korvet transportida ochiladi Rodger Yang (nomi bilan "Shuhrat" medali oluvchi Rodger Uilton Yang ),[40] "Rasczak's Roughnecks" nomi bilan tanilgan vzvodda xizmat qilish. Vzvod Skinnies egallagan sayyoralar koloniyasiga qarshi reyd o'tkazadi.[20] Bosqin nisbatan qisqa: vzvod sayyoramizga tushadi, maqsadlarini yo'q qiladi va orqaga chekinadi, bu jarayonda ikki kishi halok bo'ldi. Ulardan biri, Dizzi Flores, orbitaga qaytayotganda vafot etadi.[41] Keyinchalik bu hikoya Rikoning o'rta maktabni tugatganiga qaytadi. Riko va uning eng yaqin do'sti Karl maktabni tugatgandan so'ng Federal xizmatga ishga kirishni o'ylamoqda; Riko ikkilanmoqda, bu qisman otasining harbiylarga bo'lgan munosabati bilan bog'liq.[5] Riko sinfdoshi Karmen Iba'ez ham harbiy xizmatga borishni niyat qilganini bilib, qarorini qabul qildi.[42]

Rikoning tanlovini uning ota-onasi yomon qabul qilmoqda va u o'zidan uzoqlashish hissi bilan ketmoqda. U Mobil piyoda qo'shiniga tayinlangan va lager Artur Kurriga ko'chib o'tgan (nomi bilan atalgan) Artur Kurri Ikkinchi jahon urushida general darajasiga ko'tarilgan) serjant Charlz Zim qo'l ostida mashg'ulot olib borgani uchun Kanada dashtida.[43] Mashg'ulotlar o'ta talabchan.[44] Riko barcha turdagi jangovar tayyorgarlikni, shu jumladan zirhli kostyumlarda taqlid qilingan janglarni oladi.[45][46] Harbiy yollovchi harbiy sudga yuboriladi, qamchilanadi va uning rota komandiri bo'lgan burg'ulash instruktorini urgani uchun ishdan bo'shatiladi.[47] Jan V. Dubois, kim Rikodan dars bergan Tarix va axloqiy falsafa maktabda, Rikoga o'zi piyoda piyoda faxriysi ekanligi to'g'risida xat yuboradi. Maktub Rikoning iste'foga chiqmaslik uchun etarlicha g'ayratli bo'lishiga yordam beradi.[48] Rikoning o'ziga zirhli kostyumlar va taqlid qilingan yadroviy qurollar bilan mashq paytida raketani otgani uchun besh zarba beriladi, chunki o'rtada o'rtoqlik uchrashuvi portlash zonasida yo'qligini tekshirmasdan jangda hamkasbi o'lishiga olib kelishi mumkin edi.[49] Armiyani tashlab ketgach, go'dak qizni o'ldirgan yana bir yollanuvchi, fuqarolik politsiyasi tomonidan hibsga olingandan so'ng, uning bataloni tomonidan osib qo'yilgan.[49] Oxir-oqibat, yaqin atrofdagi boshqa lagerda qo'shimcha mashg'ulotlardan so'ng Vankuver, Riko shu polkda o'qishni boshlagan 2009 kishidan 187 nafari bilan bitirgan.[50]

"Xatolar urushi" kichik voqealardan Rikoning mashg'ulotlari paytida keng miqyosli urushga aylandi. Shaharni yo'q qiladigan Araxnidlar hujumi Buenos-Ayres fuqarolarni vaziyat haqida ogohlantiradi; Hujumda Rikoning onasi halok bo'ldi.[51] Riko Krandatu jangida qatnashadi, bu Araxnidning uy dunyosiga hujum bo'lib, Terran federatsiyasining halokatli mag'lubiyatiga aylanadi.[52] Rikoning kemasi Valley Forge, vayron qilingan va uning bo'linmasi yo'q qilingan; u yana bortdagi qo'polliklarga tayinlandi Rodger Yang, leytenant Rasczak va serjant Jelal boshchiligida.[53] Birlik bir nechta reydlarni amalga oshirdi va Rikzak jangda vafot etganidan so'ng, Riko Jelal tomonidan koptal darajasiga ko'tarildi.[54]

Uning qo'pollikdagi o'rtoqlaridan biri Rikoning ofitserlar tayyorlash maktabiga borishini va ofitser bo'lishga harakat qilishni taklif qiladi. Riko Jelalni ko'rishga boradi va Jelal allaqachon hujjatlarni tayyor qilib qo'ygan. Riko kiradi Ofitser nomzodlari maktabi o'qitishning ikkinchi kursi, shu jumladan "Tarix va axloqiy falsafa" kurslari uchun.[55][56] Rugnecks-dan maktabga boradigan yo'lda Riko otasiga duch keladi, u ham ro'yxatga olingan va hozirda kapital bo'lib, ikkalasi yarashadi. Unga maktabda hozirda dengiz flotidagi praporjik va kemaning uchuvchisi ofitseri Karmen tashrif buyuradi va ikkalasi urushda oldin o'ldirilgan do'sti Karl haqida suhbatlashadi.[57]

Rikoga oxirgi sinov uchun vaqtinchalik uchinchi leytenant tayinlanadi: jangovar qismga yuborish. Rota o'z qo'mondoni kapitan Blekstoun va uning vzvod serjanti yordami ostida, mobil piyoda askarlari lageridan (Currie lageri) qayta tayinlangan qo'mondonlik burg'ilash bo'yicha o'qituvchisi flot serjanti Zimning yordami bilan Riko "Operatsiya royalti" paytida vzvodga qo'mondonlik qiladi. ", Araxnidlar miya kastasi a'zolari va malikalarini qo'lga olish uchun reyd.[58] Keyin Riko tugatish uchun ofitserlar maktabiga qaytadi.

Roman o'zining eski vzvodiga buyruq berib, ikkinchi leytenant unvoniga ega bo'lishi bilan tugaydi Rodger Yang, otasi bilan uning vzvod serjanti sifatida. Vzvod "Rikoning qo'polligi" deb o'zgartirildi va Klendatuga qarshi hujumda qatnashmoqchi.[59]

Asosiy mavzular

1976 yilda bu erda tasvirlangan Robert Xaynlayn

Sharhlovchilar buni yozishgan Starship Troopers uning fitnasi tomonidan boshqarilmaydi, garchi unda harbiy jang manzaralari mavjud. Buning o'rniga, romanning katta qismi g'oyalar muhokamasiga berilgan.[60] Xususan, siyosiy qarashlarni muhokama qilish, olim Jefri Kass "g'oyaviy jihatdan qizg'in" kitob deb ta'riflagan narsaning takrorlanadigan xususiyati.[17] 1997 yilda ko'rib chiqilgan Salon uni "deb tasnifladifalsafiy roman ".[1] Tanqidchilar roman Geynlaynning o'z siyosiy qarashlarini qanchalik targ'ib qilgani haqida bahslashishdi. Ba'zilarning ta'kidlashicha, roman o'quvchilarga o'z xulosalarini chiqarishga imkon beradigan kinoya tuyg'usini saqlaydi; Boshqalar Xaynlayn butun kitob davomida va'z o'qiyotgan va uning maqsadi Geynlaynning militaristik falsafasini ochib berishdir, deb ta'kidlaydilar.[17][19]

Militarizm

Starship Troopers AQSh ilmiy fantastikasida zo'ravon to'qnashuv va jamiyatni harbiylashtirish muqarrar va zarur deb hisoblaydigan an'analarning bir qismi ekanligi aniqlandi.[8] Riko tayinlangan bo'linma Mobil piyoda qo'shinni hikoya qahramonlari tomonidan past lavha sifatida ko'rilgan bo'lsada, roman o'zi bu armiyaning yuragi va undagi eng sharafli birlik ekanligini ta'kidlaydi.[44] 1980 yilda yozilgan sharhda Geynlin bunga rozi bo'ldi Starship Troopers "harbiyni ulug'laydi ... Xususan, P.B.I., Bechora qonli piyoda askarlar O'zining zaif tanasini sevimli uyi va urush xarobasi orasiga joylashtirgan loy oyoq - lekin kamdan-kam qadrlanadi ... u eng qiyin ishga ega va uni sharaflash kerak ".[14] Hikoya ijtimoiy darvinist jamiyatning harbiy kuchga asoslangan yashash uchun kurash sifatida g'oyasi. Bu ba'zi ziddiyatlarni kuch bilan hal qilish kerakligini taklif qiladi: Rikoning qayta-qayta o'rgatadigan darslaridan biri zo'ravonlik nizoni hal qilishning samarali usuli bo'lishi mumkin.[20] Ushbu takliflar qisman Xaynlaynning 1950-yillarda AQSh hukumati kommunistik Xitoy va Sovet Ittifoqi bilan munosabatlarda o'ta murosaga kelgan edi degan qarashidan kelib chiqadi.[18][60][61][62]

Geynlayn romanda insoniyat jamiyati o'rtasida o'xshashlikni keltirib chiqaradi, bu juda farovon, ammo Araxnidlar imperatorlik tahdidiga qarshi hushyor bo'lishi kerak va 50-yillardagi AQSh jamiyati. Taqrizchilar Araxnidlar Xaynlaynning kommunistlar uchun o'xshashidir, deb taxmin qilishdi. Buni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatiladigan xususiyatlarga Araxnidlarning kommunal tabiati kiradi, bu ularni odamlarga qaraganda ancha yuqori darajadagi muvofiqlashtirishga qodir. Xatolar jamiyati bir vaqtlar aniq kommunistik deb ta'riflangan va bundan tashqari tabiatan kommunist sifatida tasvirlangan; Bu boshqa siyosiy mafkuraga ega bo'lganlar begona mavjudotlarga o'xshashligini anglatuvchi sifatida o'qilgan.[9][20][63] Chet elliklarning bosqinchilik, vatanparvarlik va urush paytida shaxsiy qurbonlik motivlari, AQShning 1950-yillardagi mashhur madaniyatining boshqa jihatlari kabi mavjud.[18] Sharhlovchilar Geynlayn musofirlarni tasvirlashi bilan bir qatorda kommunistik mamlakatlardagi odamlarga havola sifatida, bu erga qaytish tropini chaqiradi. chegara. Chegaraning kontseptsiyasi, hatto mahalliy aholi hisobiga yoki, masalan, yashash uchun doimiy kurash olib boradigan ijtimoiy-darvinist dalilni o'z ichiga oladi. Starship Troopers, chet elliklarning. Heinlein, boshqa irqlarni zo'rlik bilan bosib olishni o'z ichiga olgan hududiy kengayishsiz, odamlar yo'q qilinishini taklif qiladi.[64] Olim Jeymi King Xaynlayn harbiy hukumat va Federal xizmat tinchlik davrida nima qilishi kerakligi haqidagi savolga javob bermasligini ta'kidlab, Xaynlayn doimiy ravishda urush holatida bo'lishga va o'z hududini kengaytirib borishga qaratilgan jamiyatni tashkil etganini ta'kidlamoqda.[65]

Yoshga etish

Starship Troopers deb nomlangan bildungsroman yoki "yoshga to'lgan "Riko uchun hikoya, chunki u piyoda askarlik davrida pishib yetadi. Uning lagerda ham, ofitser nomzodlari maktabidagi mashg'ulotlari ham qadriyatlarni o'rganishni o'z ichiga oladi militarizm, shu bilan o'quvchini ham uni o'rganishga taklif qiladi.[44] Bu, ayniqsa, o'qitishning bir qismini o'qitishni o'z ichiga olgan qismlariga taalluqlidir, masalan, o'qituvchilardan biri tomonidan harbiy faxriylar tomonidan boshqariladigan hokimiyatning ideal shakli, chunki ular faqatgina jamoaviy farovonlikni shaxsdan ustun qo'yishni tushunadilar.[44] Hikoyada Rikoning o'ziga xoslik va motivatsiya masalalarini o'rganayotganda, boladan askarga aylanishini,[19] sharhlovchilar tomonidan nemis askarlari haqidagi ko'plab hikoyalarga o'xshash tarzda aniqlangan va uning umumiy axloqiy va ijtimoiy rivojlanishini kuzatib boradi Birinchi jahon urushi.[66] Rikoning o'zgarishini olimning harbiy mavzudagi hikoyalaridagi umumiy rivoyatga o'xshatdi H. Bryus Franklin. Ushbu odatiy rivoyat, sust va yaroqsiz fuqaroning qattiq zobitlar tomonidan shaklga keltirilishi, ularning mashg'uloti "hisoblangan sadizm", ammo asosan o'ng tomonda ekanligi tasvirlangan.[33] Riko o'zining tayyorgarligi bilan "dumg'azani kesib o'tishi" uchun qisman javobgar bo'lgan Duboodan olgan xat uning rivojlanishidagi burilish nuqtasi sifatida ko'rsatilgan.[20] Hikoyaga kiritilgan sinf sahnalari Rikoning sarguzashtlarini tushuntirishga va uning atrofdagi voqealarga munosabatini ta'kidlashga xizmat qiladi. E'tiborli misol - bu Riko o'zining bo'linmasidan qochib ketgan yosh qizni o'ldirganidan keyin guvoh bo'lishga majbur bo'lganligi; Riko Duboazaning ma'ruzasini eslamaguncha o'z munosabatini bilmaydi, ikkinchisi "axloqiy tuyg'u" butunlay omon qolish irodasidan kelib chiqadi deb ta'kidlaydi.[20][67] Amerika chegarasi tushunchasi, shuningdek, yoshga to'lgan mavzu bilan bog'liq. Geynlayn romanlaridagi yosh qahramonlar kosmosdagi dushmanona "sahroga" duch kelib, erkaklikka erishadilar; Voyaga etgan harbiy, begona kontekstda Geynlaynning avvalgi asarlarida ham keng tarqalgan mavzu.[68] Rikoning yoshi ham otasi bilan bo'lgan munosabati bilan bog'liq deb ta'riflangan; roman orqali "tashqariga" sayohat, shuningdek, Rikoning bolaligini qidirishni va ajrashgan ota-onasi bilan uchrashuvni o'z ichiga oladi.[69]

Axloqiy pasayish

Starship Troopers shuningdek, 50-yillardagi AQSh jamiyatini tanqid qilib, bu yoshlarning buzilib ketishiga va intizomsiz bo'lishiga olib kelgan deb taxmin qilmoqda. Ushbu e'tiqodlar Rikoning Tarix va axloqiy falsafa bo'yicha o'qituvchisi Duboaning sinf ma'ruzalari orqali ifoda etilgan. Dubois maqtaydi qamchilash va boshqa turlari jismoniy jazo voyaga etmaganlarning jinoyatlariga qarshi kurashish vositasi sifatida. Geynlayn bu fikrni ma'qullagan deb taxmin qilinmoqda, garchi Duboaning bolalarni tarbiyalashni kuchukcha tayyorlash bilan taqqoslagani ham Xaynlayn bundan foydalanganligi haqida bahslashish uchun ishlatilgan. kinoya.[10] Hikoya jismoniy jazolash tarafdori va o'lim jazosi, tuzatish vositasi sifatida voyaga etmagan jinoyatchilar, texnologiya va kosmik makonni innovatsion tarzda o'rganadigan, ammo odamlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarga nisbatan reaktsion bo'lgan fantastika tendentsiyasining bir qismi.[7][24] Geynlaynning boshqa kitoblarida bo'lgani kabi, an'anaviy maktablar ham obro'sizlantiriladi, shu bilan birga "joyida" o'rganish maqtovga sazovor: Riko harbiy mashg'ulotlarda talab qilinadigan narsalarni ortiqcha qiyinchiliklarsiz o'zlashtira oladi.[20]

Duboaz shuningdek, bu g'oyani masxara qiladi ajralmas huquqlar, kabi "Hayot, Ozodlik va Baxtga intilish ", odamlar faqat himoya qilish uchun kurashishga va o'lishga tayyor bo'lgan huquqlarga ega ekanliklarini ta'kidlaydilar.[34][67][70] Roman ushbu pozitsiyani asoslash uchun ilmiy idoralarga murojaat qiladi; Dubois bir necha bor uning argumenti matematik jihatdan namoyish etilishini ta'kidlab, bu fikrlarni olimlar ijtimoiy va siyosiy mavzulariga qaramay "qattiq ilmiy fantastika" deb belgilashga majbur qildi.[71] Ushbu vaziyat tufayli yuzaga kelgan "axloqiy pasayish" 1987 yilda AQSh, Buyuk Britaniya va Rossiya ittifoqi o'rtasida "Xitoy gegemoniyasi" ga qarshi global urushni keltirib chiqargan deb tasvirlangan. AQSh va Rossiya ittifoqiga qaramay, bu urush Xaynlaynning antikommunistik e'tiqodlarini namoyish etish sifatida ta'riflangan, bu xitoyliklarning "to'dasi" ni katta tahdid deb bilgan. Romanda xitoyliklar va araxnidlar o'rtasida ba'zi taqqoslashlar olib borilgan va bir urush saboqlari boshqasiga qo'llanilishi mumkinligi taxmin qilingan.[70]

Qabul qilish

Geynlayn ajablanib,[72] Starship Troopers g'olib bo'ldi Hugo mukofoti eng yaxshi roman uchun 1960 yilda.[73] Bu ilmiy fantastika eng taniqli va eng ta'sirli asarlaridan biri sifatida tan olingan.[2][11][22] Ushbu roman janr uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega deb hisoblanadi, chunki 1960 yilgi sharhda 1959 yilgi eng yaxshi janr kitoblaridan biri sifatida tasvirlangan,[74] 1950-yillarning asosiy ilmiy-fantastik romani sifatida 2009 yilgi sharhda,[15] va eng taniqli misol sifatida harbiy ilmiy fantastika.[75] Bu Geynlayn uchun shaxsiy belgi edi; bu uning eng ko'p sotilgan kitoblaridan biri edi va u eng taniqli romanidir.[11] Roman Geynlaynning muallif sifatida balog'atga etmagan bolalar uchun fantastikani yozishdan "ancha etuk bosqichga" o'tishini ko'rsatuvchi belgi sifatida ta'riflangan.[3] Bolalar uchun yozilgan kitobni boshqalar bilan ko'rib chiqish, Floyd C. Geyl ning Galaxy Ilmiy Fantastika 1960 yilda "Xaynlayn balog'atga etmagan bolani qalamga oldi haqiqatan ham emas. Bu yangi va achchiq va ko'ngli qolgan Xaynlayn ". Bolalar uchun beshdan 2,5 yulduzni, kattalar uchun 4,5 yulduzni va tinch aholi uchun"? "Deb baho berib, u roman" urush tajribasi bo'lgan faxriylar uchun alohida qiziqish uyg'otadi "deb hisoblaydi. .. ammo yoshlar buni melankoli va so'zma-so'z topishadi ".[76] Aksincha, Maykl Murkok kabi jiddiy yozuvlarga o'tishdan oldin uni Geynlaynning so'nggi "to'g'ri" ilmiy fantastikasi deb ta'riflagan Begona yurtdagi musofir.[77]

1980 yilga kelib, chiqarilganidan yigirma yil o'tgach, Starship Troopers o'n bir tilga tarjima qilingan va hali ham juda ko'p sotilgan. Shunga qaramay, Xaynlayn shikoyat qildi, bu muvaffaqiyatga qaramay, u olgan barcha elektron pochta xabarlari salbiy bo'lgan va u bu haqda faqat "kimdir meni chaynamoqchi bo'lganda" eshitgan.[72] Roman juda tortishuvlidir.[3] Qarama-qarshiliklar harbiyni maqtash va zo'ravonlikni ma'qullash atrofida, u tez-tez ta'riflangan darajada fashist va bu militarizmning an'anaviy demokratiyadan ustunligini anglatadi.[3][78] Geynlaynning tengdoshlari kitob haqida tortishganlar orasida edi; iqtibos bilan taqqoslash Starship Troopers "inson boshidan kechirishi mumkin bo'lgan eng ezgu taqdir - bu o'z joniga qasd qilgan tanasini sevimli uyi va urushning xarobasi o'rtasida joylashtirishdir"[79] va urushga qarshi she'r "Dulce va Decorum Est "tomonidan Uilfred Ouen da ikki yillik munozarani boshladi Yigirma birinchi asr tadqiqotlari instituti materiallari 1959 yildan 1961 yilgacha, bilan Jeyms Blish, Poul Anderson, Filipp Xose Farmer, Entoni Boucher, Jon Brunner, Brayan Aldiss, bahslashayotganlar orasida Starship Troopers'yozish sifati, falsafa va axloq.[80]

Yozish Starship Troopers harbiy tayyorgarlik va jangovar sahnalari maqtovga sazovor bo'lganligi sababli, turli xil javoblarni oldi. 2009 yilgi retrospektivada Jo Uolton deb yozgan Starship Troopers "harbiy SF ni juda yaxshi bajargan" edi.[19] U "Haynlayn buni 1959 yilda yozganda mutlaqo eng yuqori cho'qqida edi. U ilmiy fantastika yozish mahoratini shu qadar texnik uslubda egallaganki, u [voqeani aytib berishi] mumkin edi", deb ta'kidladi.orqaga va baland poshnalarda "va qochib qutul".[19] Boshqalar buni juda o'qiydigan deb atashdi va harbiy sahnalarni jozibali deb hisoblashdi.[3][12][13] Haynlaynning harbiy sohadagi tajribalariga asoslanib, romandagi mashg'ulotlar va o'quv lagerlari haqidagi tavsiflari ajoyib mahorat bilan tasvirlangan.[18] 1960 yilda ko'rib chiqilgan New York Herald Tribune piyoda janglarini tasvirlaydigan "ajoyib yozma" parchalarni maqtadi va shuningdek, qurol va zirhlarni muhokama qilishga e'tibor qaratdi,[81] bu, boshqa sharhlovchilarning fikriga ko'ra, Geynlaynning "ixtiro uchun so'nmas iste'dodi" ni namoyish etdi.[20] Olim Jorj Slusser 1986 yilda kitobni "oxir-oqibat ishonchli kosmik-urush eposi" deb ta'riflagan, xususan "aniq tasavvur qilingan" qurol va taktikalarni maqtagan,[69] 1979 yilda ilmiy-fantastik ensiklopediya uni Geynlaynning balog'atga etmagan bolalar kitoblarining "silliq" i deb atagan.[20]

Kitob uslubini tanqid qilish uning siyosiy jihatlariga qaratilgan. Geynlaynning siyosiy e'tiqodlari haqidagi munozaralari "didaktik" deb tanqid qilindi,[12][81][82] va roman "hazm bo'lmaydigan qismlarga solingan ekspozitsiya" uchun istehzo qilingan.[81] Muallif Ken MacLeod 2003 yilgi siyosiy mohiyatini tahlil qilish Starship Troopers bu "fuqarolik ma'lumotlari va shafqatsiz boot-lager mashg'ulotlari haqidagi ma'lumotlar nozik va keskin bo'lmagan jangovar sahnalardan ustun bo'lgan kitob" ekanligini ta'kidladi.[13] Olim va yozuvchi Brunner uni "Viktoriya bolalar kitobi" bilan taqqosladi,[83] esa Ilmiy fantastika bo'yicha qo'llanma 2009 yilda nashr etilgan ushbu roman "futuristik harbiylarning jozibali tasvirlari" ni taqdim etganligini va hatto uning siyosiy mafkurasi bilan rozi bo'lmaganlar uchun ham muhim savollarni tug'dirganini aytdi. Biroq, bu hikoya begonalar uchrashuvi haqidagi ertak sifatida kuchsiz ekanligi, chunki u begona jamiyatni har qanday tafsilot bilan o'rganmaganligi, ammo Araxnidlarni insoniyatni yo'q qilishni xohlagan nomsiz va yuzsiz mavjudotlar sifatida taqdim etganligi ta'kidlangan.[23] Boucher, asoschisi Fantaziya va ilmiy fantastika jurnali, 1960 yilda Xaynlayn "hikoya qo'shishni unutgan" deb ta'kidlagan.[81] 1979 yilgi xulosada aytilishicha, Xaynlaynning fikri fashizmga qarshi turishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, uning qattiq nazorat ostidagi rivoyati uning mafkurasini "jonli jozibali" ko'rinishga keltirdi.[20]

Militarizmni tanqid qilish

Starship Troopers odatda militarizmni, urushni va harbiyni ulug'lashni targ'ib qiladi.[15] Olim Bryus Franklin buni 1980 yilda harbiy xizmatni "bug 'urish, baraban urish bilan ulug'lash" deb atagan va militarizm va imperializm kitobning aniq xabari bo'lgan deb yozgan.[16][84] Ilmiy fantast yozuvchi Dekan Maklaflin uni "kitobga yollanadigan plakat" deb nomlagan.[85] 1968 yilda fantastika tanqidchisi Aleksey Panshin deb nomlangan Starship Troopers militaristik polemik va uni "oddiy askar hayotini namoyish etishni, biz uchun ko'rgan narsalarni sharhlaydigan samimiy samimiy Xususiy Jonsning musiqiy izohi bilan namoyish etishni maqsad qilib qo'yganini" aytib, uni yollovchi film bilan taqqosladi. Panshin kitobda "barqaror insoniy to'qnashuv" yo'qligini aytdi: aksincha "biz ko'rgan barcha askarlar qattiq, aqlli, qobiliyatli, tiniq, soqolli va zodagonlardir".[86] Tinchlik davridagi harbiy xizmatning faxriysi Panshin Xaynlayn harbiy hayot haqiqati bilan jozibador bo'lib, Terran federatsiyasi va araxnidlar to'qnashuvi shunchaki mavjud bo'lganligi sababli "Starship troopers qurollarini o'ninchi o'ringa silamoqdalar. boshqa hech narsa etishmasligi uchun vaqt. "[86] Adabiyotshunos Jorj Slusser romanni "noto'g'ri bosh va orqaga qarab" deb ta'riflar ekan, uning mafkurasini militarizm yoki imperializm deb atash etarli emas, chunki bu tavsiflar iqtisodiy motivni keltirib chiqardi. Slusser buning o'rniga Heinlein to'liq "tabiatni texnologik bo'ysundirish" tarafdori ekanligini aytadi, bu Araxnidlar ramzi hisoblanadi va bu bo'ysunishning o'zi inson taraqqiyotining belgisi sifatida tasvirlangan.[84]

1997 yilda ko'rib chiqilgan Salon roman deyarli tashviqot deb ta'riflanishi mumkinligini va natijada dahshatli bo'lganligini ta'kidladi, xususan lager har qanday tsivilizatsiyaning tarkibiy qismi bo'lishi kerak edi. Bu juda g'ayrioddiy utopik qarash sifatida tasvirlangan.[1] Murcockning ta'kidlashicha, Rikoning lagerdagi o'rgatadigan saboqlari: "urushlar muqarrar va armiya har doim haq".[77] Sinfdagi boshqaruv shakli haqidagi munozaralarda kitobning foydaliligini muhokama qilishda Alan Mayrs harbiylar tasvirini "uyatchan Yer-shovinistik" xarakterga ega ekanligini ta'kidladi.[12] Ilmiy fantast olimning so'zlari bilan aytganda Darko Suvin, Starship Troopers "hayot bilan kurashish uchun shubhasiz, ammo kuchli qora va oq paean" edi va unga misol agitprop harbiy qadriyatlar foydasiga.[82]

Boshqa yozuvchilar Geynlaynni himoya qilishdi. Jorj Prayt "[Xaynlayn] birinchidan, urush - bu chidab bo'ladigan narsadir, zavqlanmasligini anglatadi, ikkinchidan, urush shu qadar yoqimsiz, xarobaga aylanadiki, uni har qanday holatda ham o'z uyidan uzoqroq tutish kerak".[87] Poul Anderson, shuningdek, romanning ba'zi pozitsiyalarini himoya qilib, "Geynlayn tanlovli va tanlovsiz franchayzing muammosini tan oldi va uning taklif qilgan echimi munozaraga loyiqdir" deb ta'kidladi.[88] Haynlaynga harbiy xizmatga chaqirilmaganligi uchun shikoyatlar berildi Starship Troopers. U romanni yozganida harbiy chaqiruv hali ham AQShda amal qilgan[89]

Fashizm haqidagi da'volar

Kitob ichidagi jamiyat ko'pincha ta'riflangan fashist.[15][17][18] 2009 yilga ko'ra Ilmiy fantastika bo'yicha qo'llanma, bu Geynlaynga "fanatik iliqlashuvchi fashist" sifatida obro 'berishga ta'sir qildi.[6] Olim Jeffri Kass kitobning sozlanishini "tinimsiz dahshatli fashizm" deb atagan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, roman Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin AQSh va uning harbiy mojarosi o'rtasida o'xshashlik yaratgan va u o'zini oqladi AQSh imperializmi imperializmning yana bir shakliga qarshi kurash nomi bilan.[90] Jasper Goss buni "kripto-fashist ".[18] Suvin Geynlaynning "barcha urushlar aholi bosimidan kelib chiqadi" degan taklifini natsistlar tushunchasi bilan taqqoslaydi Lebensraum yoki hududiy kengayishni oqlash uchun foydalanilgan ustun jamiyat uchun "yashash maydoni".[91]

Ba'zi sharhlovchilar Heinlein shunchaki tanlovli va tanlovsiz franchayzingning afzalliklarini muhokama qilayotganini taxmin qilishdi.[19] Xaynlayn xuddi shunday da'vo bilan, oradan yigirma yil o'tgach Starship Troopers 'uning nashrida, uning nashrida Kengaygan koinot va bundan keyin "faxriylarning" 95 foizi harbiy xizmatchilar emas, balki davlat xizmati a'zolari ekanligini da'vo qilishdi.[92] Geynlaynning o'ziga xos ta'rifi, hatto kitob himoyachilari orasida ham bahsli. Geynlaynshunos olim Jeyms Giffordning ta'kidlashicha, roman ichidagi bir qancha iqtiboslar kitobdagi personajlar Federal xizmat asosan harbiy xizmatga ega deb taxmin qilishadi. Masalan, Riko otasiga Federal xizmatga qiziqishini aytganida, otasi darhol Federal xizmatni yomon g'oya ekanligiga ishonishini tushuntiradi, chunki urush davom etmayapti, bu uning Federal xizmatni tabiatan harbiy deb bilishini anglatadi. Giffordning ta'kidlashicha, Xaynlaynning maqsadi Federal xizmat 95 foiz harbiy bo'lmagan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, kitobning asl mazmuni bilan bog'liq holda, Xaynlayn "bu masalada noto'g'ri. To'liq".[5]

1975 yilda yozgan Dennis Showalter himoya qildi Starship Troopers, unda tasvirlangan jamiyatda fashizmning ko'plab elementlari mavjud emasligini bildirgan. Uning ta'kidlashicha, romanda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qarshilik ko'rsatilmaydi bolshevizm va liberalizm bu fashistik jamiyatda kutilgan bo'lar edi.[90] Boshqalar bunga javoban Shoualterning argumenti romanni tom ma'noda o'qishga asoslangan va bu voqea militarizmni katta darajada ulug'laydi.[90] Ken Makleodning ta'kidlashicha, bu kitob aslida fashizmni qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi, chunki Federal xizmatning qasamyodini tushunishga qodir bo'lgan har qanday kishi harbiy xizmatga qo'shilishi va shu bilan siyosiy hokimiyatga ega bo'lishi mumkin.[13] Makleodning ta'kidlashicha, Xaynlaynning kitoblari doimiy ravishda liberaldir, ammo liberalizmning demokratiyadan elitar shakllariga qadar spektrni qamrab oladi, Starship Troopers spektrning so'nggi qismida bo'lish.[2] Geynlaynning militarizmi ko'proq ekanligi ta'kidlandi ozodlik fashistlarga qaraganda va bu tendentsiya Xaynlaynning boshqa mashhur kitoblarida ham mavjud, masalan Begona yurtdagi musofir (1961) va Oy - qattiq ayol (1966). Heinlein yozilishining ushbu davri boshqalarga qaraganda ko'proq tanqidiy e'tiborga sazovor bo'ldi, garchi u 1980 yillarda yozishni davom ettirgan bo'lsa.[15]

Ko'rinib turgan utopiya

Kitobning sozlamalari Heinlein tomonidan utopik sifatida taqdim etilgan; uning rahbarlari yaxshi va dono, aholisi esa erkin va farovon sifatida ko'rsatiladi.[6][20] Slusser 1987 yilda yozgan Starship Troopers "insonlar uchun jahannam" bo'lgan dunyoni tasvirlaydi, ammo baribir o'zining xayoliy jamiyati mafkurasini nishonlaydi.[84] Hukmdorlarni tarixdagi eng yaxshi deb da'vo qilishadi, chunki ular inson tabiati kuch ishlatish orqali hokimiyat uchun kurashishni tushunishadi.[44] Utopiya taklifi chuqur o'rganilmagan, chunki armiyadan tashqarida bo'lganlarning hayoti batafsil ko'rsatilmagan.[20][23] Roman shuni ko'rsatadiki, ko'plab belgilar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan militaristik falsafa matematik jihatdan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi, ammo sharhlovchilar Xaynlayn buning uchun hech qanday asos yo'q deb ta'kidlashdi.[19][44]

Farmer, Robert A. V. Lowndes va Maykl Murkok romanni taxminiy deb tanqid qildilar utopiya, Geynlayn g'oyalari ishonchli bo'lsa-da, ular hech qachon sinovdan o'tkazilmagan. Murcock "Starship Stormtroopers" deb nomlangan insho yozgan va u shu kabi "utopik fantastika" tufayli Geynlayn va boshqa yozuvchilarga hujum qilgan.[77] Lowndes Xaynlaynni ishlatishda aybladi somon odam argumentlar, "mohir yarim haqiqatlarga yorqin yarim haqiqatlar bilan qarshi turish".[93] Lowndes yana ta'kidlashicha, Terran federatsiyasi hech qachon Xaynlayn tasvirlaganidek idealistik bo'la olmaydi, chunki u hech qachon "fuqarolar bo'lmaganlar] hech bo'lmaganda rasmiy adolatsizlikka qarshi fuqarolik choralarini bizda bo'lgani kabi to'liq oladimi yoki yo'qmi" deb to'g'ri murojaat qilmagan. .[93] Fermer, "faxriylar tomonidan boshqariladigan dunyo, hech qachon qon va ichak hidiga yaqinlashmagan erkaklar boshqargan dunyodagi kabi noto'g'ri boshqariladigan, payvand qilingan va aqldan ozgan bo'ladi", deb bahslashdi.[94]

Irq va jins

Mualliflar va sharhlovchilar g'ayritabiiy mavjudotlar qanday tasvirlanganligini ta'kidladilar Starship Troopers bor irqchi jihatlari, "Xatolar" va "Skinnies" laqablari irqiy ranglarga ega ekanligini ta'kidlaydilar. Jon Brunner ularni koreyslarni chaqirish bilan taqqosladi "gooks ".[83] Slusser argued that the term "Bugs" was an "abusive and biologically inaccurate" word that justified the violence against alien beings, a tendency which, according to Slusser, the book shared with other commercially successful science fiction.[63]

Some of Heinlein's other works have also been described as racist, though Franklin argues that this was not unique to Heinlein, and that he was less racist than the U.S. government of the time.[95] Heinlein's early novel Oltinchi ustun was called a "racist paean" to a white resistance movement against an Asian horde derived from the Sariq xavf.[96] In 1978, Moorcock wrote that Starship Troopers "set the pattern for Heinlein's more ambitious paternalistic, xenophobic" stories.[77] Robert Lowndes argues that the war between the Terrans and the Arachnids is not about a quest for racial purity, but rather an extension of Heinlein's belief that man is a wild animal. According to this theory, if man lacks a moral compass beyond the will to survive, and he was confronted by another species with a similar lack of morality, then the only possible moral result would be warfare.[93]

The fact that all pilots in the novel are women (in contrast to the infantry, which is entirely male) has been cited as evidence of progressive gender politics within the story, although the idea expressed by Rico that women are the motivation for men to fight in the military is a counter-example to this.[19][23] A 1996 science fiction encyclopedia said that like much of Heinlein's fiction, Starship Troopers exemplified "macho male culture".[97] The prosthetically enhanced soldiers in the novel, all of whom are men, have been described as an example of the "hyper-masculinity" brought on by the proximity of these men to technology.[98] The story portrays the Arachnids as so alien that the only response to them can be war. Feminist scholars have described this reaction as a "conventionally masculinist" one.[99] Steffen Hantke has described the mechanized suits in the novel, which make the wearer resemble a "steel gorilla," as defining masculinity as "something intensely physical, based on animal power, instinct, and aggression". He calls this form of masculinity "all body, so to speak, and no brain".[100] Thus, in Hantke's reading, Starship Troopers expresses fears of how masculinity may be preserved in an environment of high technology.[101] This fear is exacerbated by the motifs of pregnancy and birth that Heinlein uses when describing how the soldiers in suits are dropped from spaceships piloted by women.[102] Though Rico says he finds women "marvelous", he shows no desire for sexual activity; the war seems to have subsumed sex in this respect.[20] A 1979 summary argued that despite the gestures towards women's equality, women in the story were still objects, to be protected, and to fight wars over.[20]

Ta'sir

An example of powered armor, a concept popularized by Starship Troopers

Heinlein's books, and Starship Troopers in particular, had an enormous impact on political science fiction, to the extent that author Ken MacLeod has stated that "the political strand in [science fiction] can be described as a dialogue with Heinlein," although many participants in this dialogue disagree with Heinlein.[2] Ilmiy fantastika tanqidchisi Darko Suvin ta'kidlaydi Starship Troopers is the "ancestral text of U.S. science fiction militarism " and that it shaped the debate about the role of the military in society for many years.[21]

As well as his political views, Heinlein's ideas about a futuristic military as depicted in the novel were deeply influential among films, books, and television shows in later years.[23] Roger Beaumont has suggested that Starship Troopers may some day be considered a manual for extraterrestrial warfare.[103] Suvin refers to Juan Rico as the "archetypal Space Soldier".[104] Starship Troopers included concepts in military engineering which have since been widely used in other fiction, and which have occasionally been paralleled by scientific research. The novel has been cited as the source of the idea of qurolli zirh ekzoskeletlar, which Heinlein describes in great detail.[84][105][106][107] Such suits became a staple of military science fiction. Franchises that have employed this technology include Halo, Elizium, 9-tuman, Temir odam va Ertangi kun.[22] During the shooting of the classic science fiction film Chet elliklar, direktor Jeyms Kemeron required the actors playing kosmik dengiz piyodalari to read Starship Troopers to understand their part, and also cited it as an influence for the space drop, terms like "bug hunt", and the cargo-loader exoskeleton.[108]

Starship Troopers had a direct influence on many later science fiction stories. Jon Stikli 's 1984 novel Zirh was, according to the author, born out of frustration with the small amount of actual combat in Starship Troopers and because he wanted this aspect developed further.[109] 1988 yil Gainax OVA seriyasi Qurol otish has plot elements similar to Heinlein's novel, depicting humanity arrayed against an alien military.[107] Scholars have identified elements of Heinlein's influence in Enderning o'yini, tomonidan Orson Scott Card, shuningdek. Hantke, in particular, compares the battle room in Enderning o'yini to Heinlein's prosthetic suits, stating that they both regulate but also enhance human agency.[110] Suvin suggests parallels between the plots of the two novels, with human society in both stories at war against insect-like aliens, but states that the story of Ender Wiggin takes a very different direction, as Ender regrets his genocidal actions and dedicates his efforts to protecting his erstwhile targets.[104]

Aksincha, Djo Xeldeman 's 1974 anti-war, Ugo - va Tumanlik -winning science fiction novel Abadiy urush is popularly thought to be a direct reply to Starship Troopers, and though Haldeman has stated that it is actually a result of his personal experiences in the Vetnam urushi, he has admitted to being influenced by Starship Troopers.[111][112][113] Haldeman u bilan rozi emasligini aytdi Starship Troopers because it "glorifies war", but added that "it's a very well-crafted novel, and I believe Heinlein was honest with it".[111] Abadiy urush ga bir nechta parallelliklar kiradi Starship Troopers, including its setting. Sharhlovchilar buni Geynlayn romaniga munosabat, Xaldeman rad etgan taklif deb ta'rifladilar; ikki roman harbiylarga bo'lgan munosabat jihatidan juda farq qiladi. Abadiy urush tomonlar yaxshi va yomon deb aniq belgilangan holda, urushni ezgu ta'qib sifatida tasvirlamaydi; Buning o'rniga, roman Vetnam urushining haqiqiy dunyo sharoitlari ta'sirida urushning insonparvarlik ta'sirini o'rganadi.[24] Haldeman received a letter from Heinlein, congratulating him on his Nebula Award, which "meant more than the award itself".[114] Muallifning fikriga ko'ra O'rgimchak Robinzon, Heinlein mukofot ziyofatida Xaldemonga yaqinlashdi va kitob "men o'qigan kelajakdagi eng yaxshi urush hikoyasi bo'lishi mumkin!"[115]

Garri Xarrison 1965 yilgi roman Galaktika Qahramoni Bill has also been described as a reaction to Starship Troopers,[6] esa Gordon R. Dikson 's 1961 novel Naked to the Stars has been called "an obvious rejoinder" to Starship Troopers.[116] Qilich halqasi, written by Eleanor Arnason in 1993, also depicts a war between two highly aggressive species, of which humans are one. The story deliberately inverts several aspects of Starship Troopers; the story is told from the point of view of diplomats seeking to prevent war, rather than soldiers fighting it; and the conflict is the result of the two species being extremely similar, rather than different.[117]

Moslashuvlar

1997 yil filmi

Asosiy maqola: Starship Troopers (film)
Asosiy maqola: Starship Troopers (franchayzing)

The film rights to the novel were licensed in the 1990s, several years after Heinlein's death. Loyiha dastlab huquqqa ega edi Bug Hunt at Outpost Nine, and had been in production before the producers bought the rights to Starship Troopers.[118][119][120] Film rejissyori Pol Verxoven (who found the book too boring to finish), and released in 1997.[121] Ssenariy muallifi Ed Neumeier, shared character names and some plot details with the novel.[122] The film contained several elements that differed from the book, including a military that is completely integrated with respect to sex. It had the stated intention of treating its material in an ironic or sarcastic manner, to undermine the political ideology of the novel.[18][123] The mechanized suits that featured prominently in the novel were absent from the film, due to budget constraints.[100]

The film utilized fascist imagery throughout, including portraying the Terran Federation's personnel wearing uniforms strongly reminiscent of those worn by the SS, Natsist harbiylashtirilgan.[124] Verhoeven stated in 1997 that the first scene of the film—an advertisement for the Mobile Infantry—was adapted shot-for-shot from a scene in Leni Riefenstahl "s Irodaning zafari (1935), specifically an outdoor rally for the Reyxsarbeitsdienst. Other references to Nazism include the Albert Sper -style architecture and the propagandistic dialogue ("Violence is the supreme authority!").[125] According to Verhoeven, the references to Nazism reflected his own experience in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands during World War II.[25][126]

The film reignited the debate over the nature of the Terran society in Heinlein's world, and several critics accused Verhoeven of creating a fascist universe. Others, and Verhoeven himself, have stated that the film was intended to be kinoya, and to critique fascism.[127][78] The film has also been described as criticizing the jingoizm of U.S. foreign policy, the harbiy sanoat kompleksi, and the society in the film, which elevates violence over sensitivity.[128] It received several negative critical reviews, reviewers suggesting that it was unsophisticated and targeted a juvenile audience, although some scholars and critics have also supported its description as satirical.[22][25][123][128] The absence of the powered armor technology drew criticism from fans.[22][100] The success of the film's endeavor to critique the ideology of the novel has been disputed.[25]

Four sequels, Starship Troopers 2: Federatsiya Qahramoni (2004),[129] Starship Troopers 3: Marouder (2008),[130] Starship Troopers: Bosqin (2012)[131] va Yulduz kemasi askarlari: Marsning xoinlari (2017) were released as straight-to-DVD films respectively. 2011 yil dekabrda, Nil H. Morits, producer of films such as the Tez va g'azablangan seriyali va Men afsonaman, announced plans for a qayta tuzish of the film that he claims will be more faithful to the source material.[132] 2016 yilda Mark Svift va Damian Shannon were reported to be writing the film.[133] Commentators have suggested that a reboot would be as controversial as the original book.[11]

Boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalari

To'q ot prikollari, Mongoose nashriyoti va Markosiya holds the license to produce hajviy kitoblar asoslangan Starship Troopers, written by authors including Uorren Ellis, Gordon Renni va Toni Li.[134][135] From October to December 1988, Quyosh chiqishi va Bandai Visual produced a six-episode Japanese original video animatsiya locally titled Uchū no Senshi with mobile infantry power armor designs by Kazutaka Miyatake, asoslangan Starship Troopers.[136] Avalon tepaligi nashr etilgan Robert Heinlein's Starship Troopers in 1976, a map-and-counter jangovar taxta featuring a number of scenarios as written in the novel.[137] 1998 yilda, Afsonaviy o'yin-kulgi ozod qilindi Starship Troopers: Battlespace. The web-based interactive game, in which players battled each other in overhead space combat, allowed players to assume either Klendathu or Federation roles, was developed alongside the film adaptation.[25][138] Starship Troopers: Miniatyuralar o'yini was released by Mongoose Publishing in 2005, a miniatyura urush o'yini which used material from the novel, film, and animated TV series.[139] Spectre Media ozod qilindi Starship Troopers: Invasion Mobile Infantry, a game for PCs, in 2012.[140]

Adabiyotlar

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