Edmund Xusserl - Edmund Husserl

Edmund Xusserl
Gusserl v. 1910-yillar
Tug'ilgan	8 aprel 1859 yil Proßnitz, Moraviyaning margraviatatsiyasi, Avstriya imperiyasi (Bugungi kun Prostěov, Chex Respublikasi)
O'ldi	1938 yil 27-aprel(1938-04-27) (79 yosh) Frayburg, Germaniya
Ta'lim	Leypsig universiteti (1876–78) Berlin universiteti (1878–81) Vena universiteti (1881–83, 1884–86: PhD, 1883) Halle universiteti (1886–87: Doktor fil. hab., 1887)
Davr	20-asr falsafasi
Mintaqa	G'arb falsafasi
Maktab	Kontinental falsafa Fenomenologiya Transandantal konstitutsiyaviy fenomenologiya (1910-yillar)[1] Genetik fenomenologiya (1920-30 yillar)[1] Mantiqiy ob'ektivizm[2]:13–31 Avstriya realizmi (erta )[3][4] Fundamentalizm[5] Kontseptualizm[6] Bilvosita realizm[7] Haqiqatning yozishmalar nazariyasi[8]
Institutlar	Halle universiteti (1887–1901) Göttingen universiteti (1901–1916) Frayburg universiteti (1916–1928)
Tezislar	Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung (O'zgarishlar hisobiga qo'shgan hissasi)  (1883) Über den Begriff der Zahl (Raqam tushunchasi to'g'risida)  (1887)
Doktor doktori	Leo Königsberger (Doktorlik maslahatchisi) Karl Stumpf (Doktor fil. Hab. Maslahatchi)
Boshqa ilmiy maslahatchilar	Frants Brentano
Doktorantlar	Edit Shteyn Rim Ingarden
Asosiy manfaatlar	Epistemologiya, ontologiya, matematika falsafasi, sub'ektlararo
Taniqli g'oyalar	Ro'yxat Fenomenologiya Fenomenologik kamayish[a] va boshqalar eidetik pasayish Noesis va boshqalar noema Rasmiy ontologiya Lahzalar nazariyasi Hyletic ma'lumotlar[9] Lebensvelt (hayotiy dunyo) Pre-reflektiv o'z-o'zini anglash[10] transandantal sub'ektivizm Tabiiy munosabatni tanqid qilish ("fizik ob'ektivizm ")[11] Saqlash va norozilik Nachgewahren Urdoxa Fenomenologik tavsif Mereologiya
Ta'sir Bolzano, Brentano, Dekart, Xum, Kant, Kerri,[12] Leybnits, Lotze, Natorp, Aflotun, Rikert,[13] Stumpf, Weierstrass, Windelband[13]
Ta'sirlangan Hammasi keyingi fenomenologiya, qo'shimcha ravishda va shu jumladan Blumenberg, Carnap, Derrida, Farber, Fink, Gallagher, Gödel, Heidegger, Genri, Ingarden, Kolakovskiy, Köchler, Landgrebe, Mises, Levinas, Marsel, Marion, Merle-Ponti, Ortega y Gasset, Patochka, Przivara, Putnam,[14] Reinach, Rikur, Rayl,[15] Sartr, Scheler, Shutts, Sellar,[16] Shteyn, Stigler, Strauss, Veyl, Villard, Vojtila, Zaxaviy, Zubiri[17]

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Gusserl (/ˈhʊs.rl/ HUUSS- xursand,^[18][19] shuningdek BIZ: /ˈhuːs.rl,ˈhʊsaral/ HOO-surl, HUUSS-ar-el;^[20][21] Nemischa: [ˈʔɛtmʊnt ˈhʊsɐl];^[22] 1859 yil 8 aprel - 1938 yil 27 aprel^[23]) nemis edi^[24][25] faylasuf maktabini tashkil etgan fenomenologiya. Dastlabki ishlarida u tanqidlarni ishlab chiqdi tarixiylik va of psixologizm yilda mantiq ning tahlillari asosida qasddan. U o'zining etuk ishlarida, deb atalmish asosida tizimli asosli fanni rivojlantirishga intildi fenomenologik kamayish. Buni bahslashmoqda transandantal ong barcha mumkin bo'lgan bilimlarning chegaralarini belgilaydi, Gusserl fenomenologiyani a transandantal-idealist falsafa. Gusserlning fikri chuqur ta'sir ko'rsatdi 20-asr falsafasi va u zamonaviy falsafada va undan tashqarida taniqli shaxs bo'lib qolmoqda.

Gusserl matematikani o'qidi Karl Vaystrass va Leo Königsberger va falsafa o'rgatgan Frants Brentano va Karl Stumpf.^[26] U falsafani a sifatida o'qitgan Privatdozent da Halle 1887 yildan, keyin professor sifatida, avval Göttingen 1901 yildan boshlab, keyin Frayburg 1916 yildan 1928 yilda nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar, keyin u yuqori mahsuldor bo'lib qoldi. 1933 yilda, irqiy qonunlar tufayli, yahudiy oilasida tug'ilgan, u Frayburg universiteti kutubxonasidan chiqarib yuborilgan va bir necha oy o'tgach, Deutsche Akademie. Kasallikdan so'ng, u vafot etdi Frayburg 1938 yilda.^[27]

Hayot va martaba

Yoshlar va ta'lim

Gusserl 1859 yilda tug'ilgan Proßnitz, bir shaharcha Moraviyaning margraviatatsiyasi, keyin bo'lgan Avstriya imperiyasi va bugungi kunda qaysi biri Prostěov ichida Chex Respublikasi. U a-da tug'ilgan Yahudiy oila, to'rt farzandning ikkinchisi. Uning otasi a tegirmon. Uning bolaligi dunyoviy boshlang'ich maktabda o'qigan Prostjovda o'tgan. Keyin Gusserl sayohat qildi Vena da o'qish Realgimnaziya u erda, keyin Staatsgymnasium tomonidan ta'qib qilingan Olomouc (Ger .: Olmutz).^[28][29]

Da Leypsig universiteti 1876 ​​yildan 1878 yilgacha Gusserl o'qidi matematika, fizika va astronomiya. Leypsigda u tomonidan o'qilgan falsafa ma'ruzalari ilhomlangan Vilgelm Vundt, zamonaviy psixologiyaning asoschilaridan biri. Keyin u ko'chib o'tdi Frederik Uilyam universiteti ning Berlin (hozirgi kun Gumboldt universiteti ) 1878 yilda u erda matematikani o'rganishni davom ettirdi Leopold Kronecker va taniqli Karl Vaystrass. Berlinda u o'z ustozini topdi Tomas Masarik, keyin sobiq falsafa talabasi Frants Brentano va keyinchalik birinchi prezident Chexoslovakiya. U erda Gusserl ham qatnashgan Fridrix Polsen falsafa ma'ruzalari. 1881 yilda u Vena universiteti nazorati ostida matematik o'qishlarini yakunlash Leo Königsberger (Weierstrass-ning sobiq talabasi). 1883 yilda Venada u ushbu asar bilan doktorlik dissertatsiyasini oldi Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung (Ga qo'shgan hissalar O'zgarishlar hisobi ).^[28]

Aftidan uning bilan tanishishi natijasida Yangi Ahd Yigirmanchi yillarda Gusserl suvga cho'mishni so'radi Lyuteran cherkovi 1886 yilda. Gusserlning otasi Adolf 1884 yilda vafot etgan. Gerbert Shpigelberg "Tashqi diniy amaliyot uning hayotiga o'sha paytdagi aksariyat akademik olimlarnikidan ko'proq kirib kelmagan bo'lsa-da, uning aqli boshqa har qanday haqiqiy tajriba singari diniy hodisa uchun ochiq bo'lib qoldi". Ba'zida Gusserl o'z maqsadini axloqiy "yangilanish" maqsadi deb bilardi. Radikal va ratsionallikning qat'iy tarafdori bo'lsa-da muxtoriyat Spiegelbergning ta'kidlashicha, Gusserl "hamma narsada, hatto Xudoning irodasi bilan falsafa va ilm-fan uchun yangi yo'llarni izlash vazifasi to'g'risida" gapira oladi.^[30]

Matematikadan doktorlik dissertatsiyasidan so'ng Gusserl Berlinga yordamchi sifatida ishlash uchun qaytib keldi Karl Vaystrass. Husserl allaqachon falsafaga intilish istagini sezgan edi. Keyin professor Vayerstrass juda kasal bo'lib qoldi. Gusserl Vena shahriga qaytish huquqiga ega bo'ldi, u erda qisqa muddatli harbiy xizmatni o'tab, u o'z e'tiborini bunga bag'ishladi falsafa. 1884 yilda Vena universiteti u ma'ruzalarida qatnashdi Frants Brentano falsafa va falsafiy haqida psixologiya. Brentano uni yozuvlari bilan tanishtirdi Bernard Bolzano, Hermann Lotze, J. Styuart tegirmoni va Devid Xum. Bussano Gusserlni shunchalik taassurotlantirdiki, u o'z hayotini falsafaga bag'ishlashga qaror qildi; Darhaqiqat, Frants Brentano ko'pincha uning eng muhim ta'siri sifatida tan olinadi, masalan qasddan.^[31] Akademik maslahatidan so'ng, ikki yildan so'ng 1886 yilda Gusserl ergashdi Karl Stumpf, Brentanoning sobiq talabasi Halle universiteti, uni olishga intilmoqda habilitatsiya uni universitet darajasida o'qitish huquqiga ega bo'ladi. U erda Stumpfning nazorati ostida u yozgan Über den Begriff der Zahl (Raqam tushunchasi to'g'risida) keyinchalik uning birinchi muhim ishi uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qiladigan 1887 yilda, Falsafa der Arithmetik (1891).^[32]

1887 yilda Gusserl ellik yildan ortiq davom etadigan ittifoq Malvayn Shtaynshnayderga uylandi. 1892 yilda ularning qizi Yelizaveta, 1893 yilda ularning o'g'li tug'ildi Gerxart va 1894 yilda ularning o'g'li Volfgang. Yelizaveta 1922 yilda, Gerxart esa 1923 yilda turmushga chiqadi; Volfgang, ammo, qurbonga aylandi Birinchi jahon urushi.^[29] Gerxart huquq falsafasiga aylanib, mavzusiga hissa qo'shadi qiyosiy qonun, Qo'shma Shtatlarda va urushdan keyin o'qituvchilik Avstriya.^[33]

Falsafa professori

Edmund Xusserl v. 1900 yil

Nikohdan keyin Gusserl falsafada uzoq o'qituvchilik faoliyatini boshladi. U 1887 yilda bo'lganida boshlandi Privatdozent da Halle universiteti. 1891 yilda u o'zining nashrini nashr etdi Falsafa der Arithmetik. Psychologische und logische Untersuchungen matematika va falsafa bo'yicha oldingi tadqiqotlaridan foydalanib, matematikaning asosi sifatida psixologik kontekstni taklif qildi. Bu noxush xabarni keltirdi Gottlob Frege, kim buni tanqid qildi psixologizm.^[34][35]

1901 yilda Gusserl oilasi bilan ko'chib o'tdi Göttingen universiteti, u erda u o'rgatgan favqulodda professor. Bunga qadar uning katta asari, Logische Untersuchungen (Halle, 1900-1901), nashr etilgan. Birinchi jildda "sof mantiq" haqida tajribali mulohazalar mavjud bo'lib, u "psixologizm" ni sinchkovlik bilan rad etadi.^[36][37] Ushbu asar yaxshi qabul qilindi va tomonidan berilgan seminar mavzusi bo'ldi Wilhelm Dilthey; Gusserl 1905 yilda Berlinga Dilteyni ziyorat qilish uchun borgan. Ikki yildan so'ng Italiyada u o'zining ilhomlantiruvchi keksa o'qituvchisi Frants Brentanoni va uning oldiga tashrif buyurdi Konstantin Karateodori matematik. Kant va Dekart endi uning fikriga ham ta'sir ko'rsatayotgan edilar. 1910 yilda u jurnalning qo'shma muharriri bo'ldi Logotiplar. Bu davrda Gusserl ma'ruzalar qildi ichki vaqt ongiBir necha o'n yillar o'tgach, uning sobiq shogirdi Xaydegger nashr etish uchun tahrir qildi.^[38]

1912 yilda Frayburgda jurnal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung ("Falsafa va fenomenologik tadqiqotlar yilnomasi") Gusserl va uning maktabi tomonidan asos solingan bo'lib, unda 1913-1930 yillarda ularning fenomenologik harakatiga oid maqolalar chop etilgan. Uning muhim ishi Ideen^[39] birinchi sonida nashr etilgan (1-jild, 1913 yil 1-son). Boshlashdan oldin Ideen Gusserlning fikri "har bir mavzu o'ziga" taqdim etiladigan ", boshqalarga esa" taqdim etiladigan "darajaga etgan (Vergegenwärtigung), tabiatning qismlari sifatida emas, balki sof ong sifatida. "^[40] Ideen fenomenologiyaning "transandantal talqini" ga o'tishni ilgari surdi, keyinchalik boshqalar tomonidan tanqid qilingan qarash, Jan-Pol Sartr.^[41] Yilda Ideen Pol Rikur Gusserl fikrining rivojlanishini "psixologik kogitodan transandantal kogitoga" olib boruvchi deb biladi. Fenomenologiya yanada rivojlanib borishi bilan, u (Gusserlning "labirinti" dagi boshqa nuqtai nazardan qaralganda) "transandantal sub'ektivlik ".^[42] Shuningdek, Ideen Gusserl fenomenologik va eidetik pasayishlar.^[43][44] 1913 yilda Karl Yaspers Göttingendagi Gusserlga tashrif buyurdi.

1914 yil oktyabrda ikkala o'g'li ham jangga jo'natildi Birinchi jahon urushining G'arbiy fronti va keyingi yili ulardan biri Volfgang Xusserl og'ir jarohat oldi. 1916 yil 8 martda, jang maydonida Verdun, Volfgang jangda o'ldirilgan. Keyingi yili uning boshqa o'g'li Gerxart Xusserl urushda yaralangan, ammo tirik qolgan. Uning onasi Julia vafot etdi. 1917 yil noyabr oyida uning taniqli talabalaridan biri va keyinchalik taniqli falsafa professori, Adolf Reinach, xizmat qilgan paytida urushda o'ldirilgan Flandriya.^[29]

Gusserl 1916 yilda Frayburg universiteti (ichida.) Frayburg im Breisgau ) bu erda u falsafadagi ishini endi to'liq professor sifatida olib borishda davom etdi.^[45] Edit Shteyn Frayburgdagi dastlabki bir necha yil ichida uning shaxsiy yordamchisi bo'lib xizmat qildi, keyin esa Martin Xaydegger 1920 yildan 1923 yilgacha. Matematik Hermann Veyl u bilan yozishishni 1918 yilda boshlagan. Gusserl fenomenologik metod bo'yicha to'rtta ma'ruza qildi Universitet kolleji, London 1922 yilda Berlin universiteti 1923 yilda uni o'sha erga ko'chib o'tishga chaqirdi, ammo u taklifni rad etdi. 1926 yilda Xaydegger o'z kitobini bag'ishladi Sein und Zeit (Borliq va vaqt ) unga "minnatdor hurmat va do'stlik bilan".^[46] Gusserl 1928 yil 25 iyulda oxirgi sinfiga dars berib, nafaqaga chiqishni talab qilguncha Frayburgdagi professorligida qoldi. A Festschrift yetmish yilligini nishonlash uchun unga 1929 yil 8 aprelda sovg'a qilingan.

Nafaqaga chiqqaniga qaramay, Gusserl bir nechta taniqli ma'ruzalar o'qidi. Birinchisi, 1929 yilda Parijda,^[47] ga boshla Méditations cartésiennes (Parij 1931).^[48] Gusserl bu erda o'zining asosiy qismida ilgari keltirilgan fenomenologik epoxani (yoki fenomenologik pasayishni) ko'rib chiqadi Ideen (1913), tajribani "egalik doirasi" deb atagan narsaga yanada qisqartirish nuqtai nazaridan. Gusserl solipsizmning, transandantalning mumkin emasligini ko'rsatish uchun chiqaradigan ushbu soha ichidan. ego o'zini har doim allaqachon boshqa ego, boshqa monadaning tirik tanasi bilan birlashtirilgan deb biladi. Bu 'apriori "idrokda berilgan jismlarning o'zaro bog'liqligi, transandantal deb nomlanuvchi onglarning o'zaro bog'liqligini aniqlaydi. sub'ektlararo, Gusserl uni nashr etilmagan bir necha jildlarda uzoq vaqt tasvirlab berishga davom etardi. Gusserlning o'ziga xosligi va uning sub'ektlararo harakatga o'tishi haqidagi ta'rifi, masalan, Dekart bo'ysungan solipsizm ayblovini rad etish uchun etarli bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi degan munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi. Gusserlning tavsifiga qarshi bitta dalil shu tarzda ishlaydi: abadiylik va Xudo, Ektoning boshqasiga kirish eshigi, Dekartda bo'lgani kabi, Gusserlning egosi Dekart meditatsiyalari o'zi transsendent bo'lib qoladi. Biroq, u yolg'iz qoladi (aloqasiz). Faqatgina ego o'zgasini "o'xshashligi" bilan tushunishi (masalan, taxminiy o'zaro bog'liqlik) "ob'ektiv" sub'ektlararo sub'ektlik va shu sababli hamjamiyat uchun imkoniyat yaratadi.^[49]

1933 yilda irqiy qonunlar yangi natsistlar tuzumi qabul qilindi. 6 aprelda Gusserlga Frayburg universiteti kutubxonasidan yoki boshqa akademik kutubxonadan foydalanish taqiqlandi; keyingi haftada, jamoat noroziligidan so'ng, u qayta tiklandi.^[50] Ammo uning hamkasbi Xaydegger saylandi Rektor 21-22 aprel kunlari universitetning a'zosi bo'lib, unga qo'shildi Natsistlar partiyasi. Aksincha, iyul oyida Gusserl iste'foga chiqdi Deutsche Akademie.^[29]

The Kiepenheuer Quyosh fizikasi instituti Frayburgda, Gusserlning uyi 1937-1938 yillarda

Keyinchalik Gusserl ma'ruza qildi Praga 1935 yilda va Vena 1936 yilda, natijada juda boshqacha uslubda ish olib borildi, ammo u innovatsion bo'lsa-da, unchalik muammoli emas: Die Krisis (Belgrad 1936).^[51][52] Gusserl bu erda Evropani qamrab olgan madaniy inqirozni tasvirlaydi, so'ngra tarix falsafasiga yondashadi, muhokama qiladi Galiley, Dekart, bir nechta ingliz faylasuflari va Kant. Siyosatsiz Gusserl ilgari bunday tarixiy munozaralardan qochib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ongni tekshirishga borishni afzal ko'rgan. Merle-Ponti va boshqalar Gusserl bu erda o'z pozitsiyasini pasaytirmaydimi, chunki Gusserl printsipial ravishda hujum qilganmi, degan savol tug'iladi tarixiylik, xususan, uning fenomenologiyasini tarix chegaralaridan chiqib ketish uchun etarlicha qat'iy qilib loyihalashda. Aksincha, Gusserl bu erda tarixiy urf-odatlar nafaqat boshqalar kabi, toza ego sezgisiga berilgan xususiyatlar ekanligini ko'rsatishi mumkin.^[53][54] Keyinchalik uzunroq bo'lim "hayotiy dunyo " [Lebensvelt], bu fanning ob'ektiv mantig'i tomonidan kuzatilmagan, ammo bizning sub'ektiv tajribamizda ko'rilgan dunyo.^[55] Shunga qaramay, yuqoridagi "tarix" bilan bog'liq muammo, masalan, tovuq va tuxum muammosi paydo bo'ladi. Hayotiy dunyo sof ego qarashini kontekstlashtiradimi va shu bilan murosaga keladimi yoki fenomenologik usul baribir ego transsendentlikka ko'taradimi?^[56] Ushbu so'nggi yozuvlar uning professional hayotining samaralarini taqdim etdi. Universitetda nafaqaga chiqqanligi sababli Gusserl "juda katta tezlikda ishlagan va bir nechta yirik asarlar yaratgan".^[28]

1937 yilning kuzida kuzda azob chekkanidan so'ng, faylasuf kasal bo'lib qoldi plevrit. Edmund Xusserl 1938 yil 27-aprelda Frayburgda vafot etdi, endigina 79 yoshga kirdi. Uning rafiqasi Malvin tirik qoldi. Evgen Fink, uning ilmiy yordamchisi, uni etkazib berdi maqtov.^[57] Gerxard Ritter Naytsizlarga qarshi namoyish sifatida dafn marosimida qatnashgan yagona Frayburg o'qituvchisi edi.

Xaydegger va fashistlar davri

1933 yil apreldagi yahudiylarga qarshi qonunchilik natijasida Gusserl Frayburgdagi kutubxonadan foydalanishni rad etganligi haqida noto'g'ri mish-mishlar tarqaldi.^[58] Biroq, Gusserl boshqa nogironlar qatorida o'z asarlarini fashistlar Germaniyasida nashr eta olmadi [yuqoridagi izohga qarang Die Krisis (1936)]. Bundan tashqari, uning sobiq o'quvchisi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi Martin Xaydegger Xusserlga ishdan bo'shatilganligi haqida xabar berdi, ammo bu aslida avvalgi rektor edi.^[59]Ko'rinishidan Gusserl va Xaydegger 1920-yillarda ajralib ketishgan, bu 1928 yildan keyin Xusserl nafaqaga chiqqanidan va Xaydegger universitet kafedrasiga o'tgandan keyin aniqroq bo'lgan. 1929 yil yozida Gusserl Xaydeggerning puxta tanlangan yozuvlarini o'rganib chiqib, ularning bir nechta asosiy pozitsiyalari bo'yicha farq qilgan degan xulosaga keldi: masalan, Xaydegger o'rnini bosdi Dasein ["U erda bo'lish"] sof ego uchun, shuning uchun fenomenologiyani antropologiyaga aylantiradi, bu Gusserl tomonidan qattiq yoqtirilmagan psixologizm turiga aylanadi. Heideggerning bunday kuzatuvlari, tanqid bilan birga Maks Scheler, Gusserlning turli xil ma'ruzalarida qatnashgan Kant jamiyatlari 1931 yil davomida Frankfurt, Berlin va Halle shaharlarida Phänomenologie und Antropologie.^[60][61]

1941 yilgi urush davrida Xaydeggerning asosiy asarining nashrida, Borliq va vaqt (Sein und Zeit, birinchi marta 1927 yilda nashr etilgan), Gusserlga bag'ishlangan asl nusxasi o'chirildi. Biroq, bu ikki faylasuf o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning inkor etilishi bilan bog'liq emas edi, aksincha, Xaydegger noshiri tomonidan ushbu kitob boshqa yo'l bilan fashistlar rejimi tomonidan taqiqlanib qo'yilishidan qo'rqqan tsenzuraning natijasi edi.^[62] Bu bag'ishlovni Husserlga ko'rsatma va saxiylik uchun minnatdorchilik bildirish uchun 38-sahifadagi izohda topish mumkin. Albatta, Gusserl uch yil oldin vafot etgan edi. Urushdan keyingi nashrlarda Sein und Zeit Gusserlga bag'ishlanish tiklanadi. Gusserl va Xaydegger o'rtasidagi murakkab, notinch va g'amgin falsafiy munosabatlar keng muhokama qilindi.^[61][63]

1933 yil 4-mayda professor Edmund Xusserl Germaniyadagi so'nggi rejim o'zgarishi va uning oqibatlari to'g'risida so'z yuritdi:

1933 yilda haqiqiy Germaniya kim bo'lganligini va haqiqiy nemislar - o'sha kunning ozmi-ko'pmi materialistik-afsonaviy irqiy xurofotlariga obuna bo'lganlarni yoki qalbi va fikri toza nemislarni, buyuklarning merosxo'rlarini kim kelajagini o'zi hal qiladi. O'tmishdagi nemislar, ularning an'analarini hurmat qiladilar va davom ettiradilar.^[64]

Uning o'limidan so'ng Gusserlning qo'lyozmalari, taxminan 40.000 sahifani tashkil etdi "Gabelsberger " stenografiya va uning to'liq ilmiy kutubxonasi 1939 yilda kontrabanda yo'li bilan olib kelingan Luvain katolik universiteti yilda Belgiya Frantsiskalik ruhoniy tomonidan Herman Van Breda. U erda ular depozitga topshirildi Leuven shakllantirish Gusserl-Arxiv ning Oliy falsafa instituti.^[65] Uning tadqiqot qo'lyozmalaridagi materiallarning aksariyati keyinchalik nashr etilgan Xusserliana tanqidiy nashrlar seriyasi.^[66]

Uning fikrini rivojlantirish

Bir nechta dastlabki mavzular

Gusserl o'zining birinchi asarlarida matematika, psixologiya va falsafani matematikaga poydevor yaratish uchun asosiy maqsad bilan birlashtirishga urinadi. U son tushunchasini olish uchun zarur bo'lgan psixologik jarayonni tahlil qiladi va keyin ushbu tahlil asosida sistematik nazariyani yaratishga harakat qiladi. Bunga erishish uchun u o'qituvchisidan olingan bir necha usul va tushunchalardan foydalanadi. Vaystrashtdan u ma'lum bir ob'ektlar to'plamini hisoblash orqali raqam tushunchasini hosil qilamiz degan fikrni keltirib chiqaradi.

Brentano va Stumpfdan u o'rtasidagi farqni o'z zimmasiga oladi to'g'ri va noto'g'ri taqdim etish.^[67]:159 Bir misolda Gusserl buni quyidagicha izohlaydi: agar siz uyning oldida turgan bo'lsangiz, siz u uyning to'g'ri, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri taqdimotiga egasiz, ammo agar siz uni qidirsangiz va yo'nalish so'rasangiz, u holda bu yo'nalishlar (masalan, u va bu ko'chaning burchagidagi uy) - bu bilvosita, noto'g'ri taqdimot. Boshqacha qilib aytadigan bo'lsak, siz ob'ektni to'g'ri taqdim etishingiz mumkin, agar u aslida mavjud bo'lsa, noto'g'ri (yoki ramziy ma'noda), agar u faqat ob'ektni belgilar, belgilar va boshqalar orqali ko'rsatadigan bo'lsa. Mantiqiy tekshirishlar (1900-1901) - yaxlitliklar va ularning qismlari deb nomlanuvchi rasmiy nazariyaning boshlang'ich nuqtasi hisoblanadi mereologiya.^[68]

Gusserl Brentanodan olgan yana bir muhim element qasddan, ning asosiy xarakteristikasi degan tushuncha ong bu har doim qasddan qilinganligi. Brentano ko'pincha "oddiylik" yoki aqliy harakatlar va tashqi dunyo o'rtasidagi munosabatlar deb qisqacha bayon etilgan bo'lsa-da, Brentano buni aqliy hodisalar, bu bilan ularni ajratish mumkin edi jismoniy hodisalar. Har qanday ruhiy hodisa, har qanday psixologik xatti-harakat mazmunga ega bo'lib, ob'ektga yo'naltirilgan ( qasddan ob'ekt ). Har qanday e'tiqod, xohish va h.k.lar ob'ekti bor: ishonilgan, xohlangan. Brentano "qasddan mavjud bo'lmaganlik" iborasini ongdagi fikr ob'ektlarining holatini ko'rsatish uchun ishlatgan. Qasddan bo'lish, qasddan ob'ektga ega bo'lish xususiyati ruhiy hodisalar va jismoniy hodisalarni ajratib turishning asosiy xususiyati edi, chunki jismoniy hodisalar qasddan umuman yo'q.^[69]

Fenomenologiyani ishlab chiqish

1900-1901 yillarda uning asosiy asari nashr etilganidan keyin bir necha yil o'tgach Logische Untersuchungen (Mantiqiy tekshirishlar), Gusserl ba'zi bir muhim kontseptual ishlab chiqishni amalga oshirdi, bu esa uni ongning tuzilishini o'rganish uchun ongning harakatini ajratib ko'rsatish kerakligini ta'kidladi.^[70] va u yo'naltirilgan hodisalar (ob'ektlar maqsadga muvofiq). Bilim mohiyat faqat orqali mumkin bo'ladi "Qavslar "tashqi olam borligi haqidagi barcha taxminlar. Ushbu protsedura u chaqirdi"davr ". Ushbu yangi tushunchalar Ideen (Fikrlar) ular dastlab kiritilgan 1913 yilda va .ning ikkinchi nashrining rejasi Logische Untersuchungen.

Dan Ideen bundan keyin Gusserl ongning ideal, muhim tuzilmalariga e'tibor qaratdi. Biz idrok etayotgan narsadan farqli o'laroq, biz anglagan narsaning haqiqatini o'rnatish metafizik muammosi Gusserl bo'lishiga qaramay, uni unchalik qiziqtirmagan. transandantal idealist. Gusserl predmetlar dunyosi - va biz o'zimizni ushbu narsalarga yo'naltirishimiz va idrok qilishimiz usullari odatda "tabiiy munosabat" deb atagan narsada tasavvur qilinadi, bu ob'ektlar idrok etuvchi sub'ektdan farqli ravishda mavjudligiga ishonish bilan tavsiflanadi. va biz ulardan kelib chiqadigan xususiyatlarni namoyish etamiz (bu munosabat ham deyiladi fizik ob'ektivizm ). Gusserl ob'ektlarga qanday qilib qasddan yo'naltirilganligimiz bilan ularni aslida "tashkil etayotganimizni" (moddiy jihatdan yaratadigan narsalar yoki narsalarni shunchaki tasavvur tasavvurlari bo'lishidan ajratib turadigan) qanday o'rganishimiz orqali tubdan yangi fenomenologik usulni taklif qildi; fenomenologik nuqtai nazardan, ob'ekt oddiygina "tashqi" narsa bo'lishni to'xtatadi va u nima ekanligini ko'rsatuvchi ko'rsatkich sifatida ko'rishni to'xtatadi va ma'lum bir ob'ekt g'oyasi ostida bir-birini nazarda tutadigan idrok va funktsional jihatlar guruhiga aylanadi yoki " turi ". Ob'ektlarning haqiqiy ekanligi tushunchasi fenomenologiya tomonidan chiqarib tashlanmaydi, lekin ob'ekt va idrok etuvchi o'rtasidagi munosabatlarda asos qilib olingan ob'ekt mohiyatiga xos xususiyat o'rniga, biz ob'ektlarni ko'rib chiqish usuli sifatida "qavsda". Tashqi ko'rinishlar va narsalar dunyosini yaxshiroq tushunish uchun fenomenologiya ob'ektlarni qanday qabul qilinishining o'zgarmas xususiyatlarini aniqlashga urinib ko'radi va haqiqatning atributlarini biz sezadigan narsalar haqidagi atribut sifatida o'z rollariga undaydi (yoki ob'ektlarni qanday qabul qilishimiz asosidagi taxmin) . Gusserl fikridagi asosiy bo'linish - bu transandantal idealizmga burilish.^[71]

Keyingi davrda Gusserl murakkab masalalar bilan kurashishni boshladi sub'ektlararo, xususan, ob'ekt haqida qanday qilib bir xil ideal mavjudlikni nazarda tutish mumkin (Dekart meditatsiyalari, Meditatsiya V). Gusserl o'quvchilarini muhimligini anglash uchun yangi usullarni sinab ko'radi fenomenologiya ilmiy tadqiqotga (va xususan psixologiya ) va tabiiy munosabatni "qavs" qilish nimani anglatadi. Evropa fanlari inqirozi bu Gusserlning tugallanmagan asari bo'lib, u to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ushbu masalalar bilan shug'ullanadi. Unda Gusserl birinchi marta rivojlanishning tarixiy sharhini sinab ko'rdi G'arb falsafasi va fan, ularning tobora ko'payib borayotgan muammolarini (bir tomonlama) ta'kidlab empirik va tabiiy yo'nalish. Gusserl aqliy va ma'naviy haqiqat har qanday jismoniy asosdan mustaqil ravishda o'z haqiqatiga ega ekanligini e'lon qiladi,^[72] va bu aql haqidagi fan ('Geisteswissenschaft ') kabi ilmiy asosda o'rnatilishi kerak tabiiy fanlar quyidagilarni amalga oshirdilar: "Ishonchim komilki, qasddan fenomenologiya birinchi marta ruhni ruh sifatida sistematik ilmiy tajriba maydoniga aylantirdi va shu bilan bilim vazifasini tubdan o'zgartirishni amalga oshirdi."^[73]

Xusserlning fikri

Gusserlning fikri bir necha jihatdan inqilobiydir, eng avvalo, tushunishning "tabiiy" va "fenomenologik" usullarini farqlashda. Birinchisida, moddiy sohaga muvofiq yozilgan holda sezgi idrok qilish ma'lum bo'lgan haqiqatni tashkil etadi va anglash "haqiqiy dunyo" deb nomlanadigan narsaning aniqligi va ob'ektiv bilimliligiga asoslanadi.^[74] Fenomenologik tushuncha Gusserl aytgan so'zlar bilan qat'iy ravishda "oldindan taxmin qilinmaydigan" bo'lishga intiladi "fenomenologik kamayish ".^[75] Ushbu pasayish shartli emas, aksincha transandantaldir: Gusserlning so'zlariga ko'ra, mutlaq mavjudotning ongi.^[76] Gusserlning ishida har qanday narsaning ongi uning ma'nosini "qasddan ob'ekt" sifatida tushunishga chorlaydi.^[77] Bunday ob'ekt shunchaki hissiyotlarga ta'sir qilmaydi, aqliy aql bilan talqin qilinishi yoki noto'g'ri talqin qilinishi kerak; u allaqachon tanlangan va tushunilgan bo'lib, uning ma'nosi etimologik ma'noga ega peripere, "idrok etish" ning ildizi.^[78]

Ma'nosi va ob'ekti

Kimdan Mantiqiy tekshirishlar (1900/1901) ga Tajriba va hukm (1939 yilda nashr etilgan) Gusserl o'rtasidagi farqni aniq ifoda etdi ma'no va ob'ekt. U bir nechta turli xil ismlarni aniqladi. Masalan, ob'ektni noyob ravishda aniqlaydigan xususiyatlarning roliga ega bo'lgan ismlar mavjud. Ushbu nomlarning har biri ma'no ifodalaydi va bir xil ob'ektni belgilaydi.^[79] Bunga "Jenada g'olib" va "Vaterlooda mag'lub bo'lgan" yoki "teng qirrali uchburchak" va "teng qirrali uchburchak" misollar keltirish mumkin. ikkala holatda ham, har ikkala ism ham turli xil ma'nolarni ifodalaydi, lekin bitta ob'ektni belgilaydi. Ma'nosi bo'lmagan, ammo ob'ektni belgilash vazifasini bajaradigan ismlar mavjud: "Aristotel", "Suqrot" va boshqalar. Va nihoyat, turli xil ob'ektlarni belgilaydigan nomlar mavjud. Ular "universal ismlar" deb nomlanadi; ularning ma'nosi "kontseptsiya "va bir qator ob'ektlarga ishora qiladi (kontseptsiyaning kengayishi). Aqlli narsalarni bilish usuli deyiladi"sezgir sezgi ".

Gusserl shuningdek shakllantirish uchun zarur bo'lgan "rasmiy so'zlar" qatorini aniqlaydi jumlalar va aql-idrokka ega emaslar o'zaro bog'liqdir. Rasmiy so'zlarga "a", "the", "more", "over", "under", "two", "group" va hk. Gusserl "rasmiy toifalar" deb ataydigan narsani belgilash uchun har bir jumla rasmiy so'zlardan iborat bo'lishi kerak. Ikki xil toifalar mavjud: ma'no toifalari va rasmiy-ontologik toifalar. Ma'noning toifalari hukmlar bilan bog'liq; ular shakllarini o'z ichiga oladi birikma, ajratish, ko`plik shakllari, Boshqalar orasida. Rasmiy-ontologik toifalar ob'ektlar bilan bog'liq bo'lib, to'plam, kabi tushunchalarni o'z ichiga oladi. asosiy raqam, tartib raqami, qism va butun, munosabat va boshqalar. Ushbu toifalarni bilish usuli "kategorial sezgi" deb nomlangan tushunish fakulteti orqali amalga oshiriladi.

Aqlli sezgi orqali bizning ong Gusserl "ishlarning holati" deb ataydigan narsani tashkil qiladi (Saklaj). Bu passiv konstitutsiya bo'lib, u erda ob'ektlarning o'zi bizga taqdim etiladi. Vaziyatning ushbu holatiga kategoriyali sezgi orqali biz "ishlarning holati " (Saxverxalt). Ishlarning bir holati ob'ektiv ong harakatlari orqali (kategoriyani tashkil etuvchi harakatlar) ko'p holatlarni shakllantirish uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qilishi mumkin. Masalan, deylik a va b ishlarning muayyan vaziyatidagi ikkita aqlli ob'ekt. Biz buni asos qilib aytishimiz mumkin "a<b"va"b>a", xuddi shu holatni belgilaydigan ikkita hukm. Gusserl a hukm bor taklif yoki hukm uning ma'nosi sifatida va ma'lumot bazasi sifatida ish holatiga ega bo'lgan holatga ishora qiladi.^[80]:35

Mantiq va matematika falsafasi

Gusserl bunga ishongan o'zi haqiqat kabi bor ontologik o'zaro bog'liq o'zida bo'lish, xuddi ma'no kategoriyalari o'zaro bog'liqligi kabi rasmiy-ontologik kategoriyalarga ega. Mantiq ning rasmiy nazariyasi hukm, bu rasmiyni o'rganadi apriori ma'no kategoriyalaridan foydalangan holda hukmlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlar. Boshqa tomondan, matematika rasmiy ontologiya; mavjudotning (ob'ektlarning) barcha mumkin bo'lgan shakllarini o'rganadi. Demak, mantiq uchun ham, matematika uchun ham turli xil rasmiy kategoriyalar o'rganish ob'ektlari bo'lib, sezgir narsalarning o'zi emas. Matematikaga va mantiqqa psixologik yondoshishda muammo shundaki, bu yondashuv faqat sezgirlikdan ajralishlar bilan emas, balki rasmiy toifalar bilan bog'liqligini hisobga olmaydi. Matematikada aqlli narsalar bilan shug'ullanmasligimizning sababi, boshqa bir tushuncha fakulteti "kategorial abstrakt" deb nomlangan. Ushbu fakultet orqali biz hukmlarning oqilona tarkibiy qismlaridan xalos bo'lamiz va shunchaki rasmiy toifalarga e'tibor qaratamiz.

Rahmat "eidetik pasayish "(yoki" muhim sezgi "), biz tushunchalar va rasmiy toifalar orasidagi imkoniyat, mumkin emaslik, zarurat va kutilmagan vaziyatni tushunishga qodirmiz.Tategorial sezgi, kategorial abstraktsiya va eydetik qisqartirish bilan birga mantiqiy va matematik bilimlarning asosidir.

Gusserl o'z davridagi mantiqchilarni bizga sof mantiq to'g'risida ob'ektiv bilim beradigan sub'ektiv jarayonlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarga e'tibor qaratmaganligi uchun tanqid qildi. Ongning barcha sub'ektiv faoliyati uchun ideal korrelyatsiya va ob'ektiv mantiq zarur noematik ) chunki uni ong tashkil qiladi, noetik korrelyatsiya (ongning sub'ektiv faoliyati) kerak.

Gusserl mantiqning uchta qatlami borligini, ularning har biri ong va psixologiyadan oldingi davrlarga qaraganda uzoqroq ekanligini ta'kidlagan.

• Birinchi qatlam - Gusserl "ma'no morfologiyasi" deb atagan apriori hukmlarni mazmunli qilish uchun ularni bog'lash usullari. Ushbu qatlamda biz "sof grammatika" yoki mantiqiy sintaksisni ishlab chiqdik va u uning qoidalarini "mantiqsizlikni oldini olish uchun qonunlar" deb ataydi, bu mantiq bugungi kunda chaqirganga o'xshash bo'ladi "shakllantirish qoidalari ". Matematik, mantiqning ontologik korrelyatsiyasi sifatida, xuddi shunday qatlamga," rasmiy-ontologik toifalar morfologiyasiga "ega.
• Ikkinchi qatlamni Gusserl "oqibatlarning mantig'i" yoki haqiqiy hukmlarning barcha mumkin bo'lgan shakllarini o'rganadigan "qarama-qarshiliklar mantig'i" deb atagan bo'lar edi. U bu erda sillogistik klassik mantiqni, propozitsion mantiqni va predikatlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Bu semantik qatlam bo'lib, ushbu qatlamning qoidalari "qarama-qarshi fikrdan qochish uchun qonunlar" yoki "qarama-qarshilikni oldini olish uchun qonunlar" bo'ladi. Ular bugungi mantiqqa juda o'xshash "transformatsiya qoidalari ". Shuningdek, matematikada shunga o'xshash qatlam mavjud bo'lib, u boshqalar qatori sof ko'plik nazariyasiga va sof sonlar nazariyasiga asoslanadi. Ular har qanday nazariyaning har qanday imkoniyatining shartlari to'g'risida ilm beradi. Gusserl" mantiq haqiqat "mumkin bo'lgan haqiqatning rasmiy qonunlaridan va uning usullaridan iborat bo'lib, uchinchi mantiqiy uchinchi qatlamdan oldin keladi.
• Uchinchi qatlam metallogik, u "nazariyalarning barcha mumkin bo'lgan shakllari nazariyasi" deb atagan. Barcha mumkin bo'lgan nazariyalarni an apriori umuman nazariya imkoniyatidan ko'ra moda. Biz nazariyalarning sof shakllari o'rtasida mumkin bo'lgan munosabatlar nazariyalarini o'rnatib, ushbu mantiqiy aloqalarni va shu kabi umumiy aloqadan ajratmalarni o'rganib chiqishimiz mumkin edi. Mantiqiy sof mantiqning ushbu deduktiv, nazariy sohasi kengayishini ko'rish uchun erkindir.

Uchinchi qatlam bilan ontologik korrelyatsiya "manifoldlar nazariyasi ". Rasmiy ontologiyada bu matematik bir nechta ramzlarga bir nechta ma'nolarni va ularning mumkin bo'lgan barcha ajratmalarini umumiy va noaniq tarzda belgilashi mumkin bo'lgan bepul tekshiruvdir. Bu to'g'ri aytganda, barchaning eng universal matematikasi. ba'zi bir noaniq ob'ektlarning pozitsiyasi (rasmiy-ontologik toifalar), shuningdek matematik aksiomalarning har qanday kombinatsiyasi, matematiklar apodeiktik izchillik saqlanib qolguncha ular orasidagi aloqalar.

Gusserlning fikriga ko'ra, mantiq va matematikaning bunday qarashlari o'z davridagi qator matematik ishlanmalarning ob'ektivligini hisobga olgan. n- o'lchovli manifoldlar (ikkalasi ham Evklid va evklid bo'lmagan ), Hermann Grassmann "s kengaytmalar nazariyasi, Uilyam Rovan Xemilton "s Hamiltonliklar, Sofus yolg'on nazariyasi transformatsiya guruhlari va Cantor's to'plam nazariyasi.

Jeykob Klayn matematikani va matematik fanlarni "desedimentatsiya qilishga" intilib, Gusserlning talabalaridan biri bo'lgan.^[81]

Gusserl va psixologizm

Arifmetik falsafa va Frege

Matematikadan doktorlik dissertatsiyasini olganidan so'ng, Gusserl tahlil qilishni boshladi matematikaning asoslari psixologik nuqtai nazardan. Uning ichida habilitatsiya tezisi, Raqam tushunchasi to'g'risida (1886) va unda Arifmetik falsafa (1891), Gusserl ishga yollanish orqali izlagan Brentanoning tavsiflovchi psixologiyasi, ni aniqlash uchun natural sonlar usullarini va usullarini ilgari surgan tarzda Karl Vaystrass, Richard Dedekind, Jorj Kantor, Gottlob Frege va boshqa zamonaviy matematiklar. Keyinchalik, uning birinchi jildida Mantiqiy tekshirishlar, Sof mantiqning prolegomenalari, Gusserl mantiq va matematikadagi psixologik nuqtai nazarga hujum qilar ekan, o'zining dastlabki ishlarining aksariyatini rad etgan ko'rinadi, garchi psixologizm shakllari tahlil qilingan va rad etilgan bo'lsa ham Prolegomena to'g'ridan-to'g'ri unga tegishli bo'lmagan Arifmetik falsafa. Ba'zi olimlar Frege tomonidan berilgan sharhning salbiy ekanligi haqida savol tug'iladi Arifmetik falsafa Gusserlni tomon burishga yordam berdi zamonaviy platonizm, lekin u allaqachon ishini kashf etgan edi Bernard Bolzano mustaqil ravishda 1890/91 yillarda.^[82] Uning ichida Mantiqiy tekshirishlar, Gusserl aniq ravishda Bolzanoni eslatib o'tdi, G. V. Leybnits va Hermann Lotze uning yangi lavozimi uchun ilhom sifatida.

Gusserlning sharhi Ernst Shreder, Frege-ning 1892 yilgi muhim maqolasidan oldin chop etilgan bo'lib, aniq ajralib turadi sezgi dan ma'lumotnoma; Shunday qilib Gusserlning tushunchalari noema va ob'ekt ham mustaqil ravishda paydo bo'lgan.^[37] Xuddi shunday, Frege-ni tanqid qilishda Arifmetik falsafa, Gusserl kontseptsiyaning mazmuni va kengayishi o'rtasidagi farq haqida gapiradi. Bundan tashqari, sub'ektiv aqliy harakat, ya'ni kontseptsiya mazmuni va (tashqi) ob'ekt o'rtasidagi farq mustaqil ravishda ishlab chiqilgan Brentano va uning maktabi va Brentanoning 1870-yillarda mantiq bo'yicha ma'ruzalari bilanoq paydo bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin.

Kabi olimlar J. N. Mohanti, Kler Ortiz tepaligi va Gilyermo E. Rosado Xaddok, boshqalar qatorida, Gusserlning o'zgarishi deb nomlangan psixologizm ga Platonizm mustaqil ravishda Frege ko'rib chiqishidan kelib chiqqan.^{[83][84]:253–262}Masalan, sharh Gusserlni hamma narsani sub'ektivlashtirganlikda ayblaydi, shunda hech qanday ob'ektivlik bo'lmaydi va unga soxta tushunchani beradi mavhumlik biz shunchaki arvohlar kabi raqamlar bilan qolgunimizcha narsalar yo'qoladi. Frege aytgan so'zlardan farqli o'laroq, Gusserlnikida Arifmetik falsafa biz allaqachon ikki xil vakillikni topamiz: sub'ektiv va ob'ektiv. Bundan tashqari, ushbu asarda ob'ektivlik aniq belgilangan. Frejning hujumi Gusserl va Kantorni pravoslav vakillari deb aytish mumkin bo'lmagan Vaysterstrasning Berlin maktabida mavjud bo'lgan ba'zi bir asosli ta'limotlarga qaratilganga o'xshaydi.

Bundan tashqari, turli manbalarda Gusserl psixologizm haqidagi fikrini 1890 yilda, nashr etilishidan bir yil oldin o'zgartirganligi ko'rsatilgan. Arifmetik falsafa. Gusserl ushbu kitobni nashr etganda u allaqachon o'z fikrini o'zgartirib yuborganligini aytdi - u psixologizmga boshidanoq shubha qilar edi. U bu fikr o'zgarishini Leybnits, Bolzano, Lotze va Devid Xum.^[85] Gusserl ushbu o'zgarishda hal qiluvchi omil sifatida Frejni eslatib o'tmaydi. Uning ichida Mantiqiy tekshirishlar, Gusserl Frege haqida faqat ikki marta eslatib o'tdi, izohda bir marta u Frege haqidagi tanqidining uch sahifasini qaytarib olganligini ta'kidladi. Arifmetikaning asoslariva yana Frege-ning so'zni ishlatishiga shubha qilish uchun Bedeutung "ma'no" (ma'no) o'rniga "ma'lumotnoma" ni belgilash.

1891 yil 24-mayda yozgan xatida Frege Gusserlga unga nusxasini yuborgani uchun minnatdorchilik bildirdi Arifmetik falsafa va Gusserl tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan Ernst Shreder "s Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik. Xuddi shu maktubda Frege Shrederning kitobini qayta ko'rib chiqishda Gusserlning kontseptsiya so'zlarini havola qilish tushunchasini tahlil qilishda foydalangan. Demak, Frege 1891 yildayoq Gusserl aql va ma'lumotni ajratib turishini tan oldi. Binobarin, Frege va Gusserl 1891 yilgacha sezgi va ma'lumotnoma nazariyasini mustaqil ravishda ishlab chiqdilar.

Sharhlovchilar Gusserlning noema tushunchasi Frege-ning hissiyot tushunchasi bilan hech qanday aloqasi yo'qligini ta'kidlaydilar, chunki noemata albatta birlashtirilgan noeses ongning ongli faoliyati bo'lganlar. Noemata uch xil darajaga ega:

• The substratum, which is never presented to the consciousness, and is the support of all the properties of the object;
• The noematic senses, which are the different ways the objects are presented to us;
• The usullar of being (possible, doubtful, existent, non-existent, absurd, and so on).

Consequently, in intentional activities, even non-existent objects can be constituted, and form part of the whole noema. Frege, however, did not conceive of objects as forming parts of senses: If a proper name denotes a non-existent object, it does not have a reference, hence concepts with no objects have no haqiqat qiymati in arguments. Moreover, Husserl did not maintain that predicates of sentences designate concepts. According to Frege the reference of a sentence is a truth value; for Husserl it is a "state of affairs." Frege's notion of "sense" is unrelated to Husserl's noema, while the latter's notions of "meaning" and "object" differ from those of Frege.

In detail, Husserl's conception of logic and mathematics differs from that of Frege, who held that arifmetik could be derived from logic. For Husserl this is not the case: mathematics (with the exception of geometriya ) is the ontological correlate of logic, and while both fields are related, neither one is strictly reducible to the other.

Husserl's criticism of psychologism

Reacting against authors such as J. S. Mill, Kristof fon Sigvart and his own former teacher Brentano, Husserl criticised their psychologism in mathematics and logic, i.e. their conception of these abstract and apriori sciences as having an essentially empirical foundation and a prescriptive or descriptive nature. Ga binoan psixologizm, logic would not be an autonomous discipline, but a branch of psychology, either proposing a prescriptive and practical "art" of correct judgement (as Brentano and some of his more orthodox students did)^[86] or a description of the factual processes of human thought. Husserl pointed out that the failure of anti-psychologists to defeat psychologism was a result of being unable to distinguish between the foundational, theoretical side of logic, and the applied, practical side. Pure logic does not deal at all with "thoughts" or "judgings" as mental episodes but about apriori laws and conditions for any theory and any judgments whatsoever, conceived as propositions in themselves.

"Here 'Judgement' has the same meaning as 'proposition', understood, not as a grammatical, but as an ideal unity of meaning. This is the case with all the distinctions of acts or forms of judgement, which provide the foundations for the laws of pure logic. Categorial, hypothetical, disjunctive, existential judgements, and however else we may call them, in pure logic are not names for classes of judgements, but for ideal forms of propositions."^[87]

Since "truth-in-itself" has "being-in-itself" as ontological correlate, and since psychologists reduce truth (and hence logic) to empirical psychology, the inevitable consequence is scepticism. Psychologists have also not been successful in showing how from induksiya or psychological processes we can justify the absolute certainty of logical principles, such as the principles of identity and non-contradiction. It is therefore futile to base certain logical laws and principles on uncertain processes of the mind.

This confusion made by psychologism (and related disciplines such as biologizm and anthropologism) can be due to three specific prejudices:

1. The first prejudice is the supposition that logic is somehow normative in nature. Husserl argues that logic is theoretical, i.e., that logic itself proposes apriori laws which are themselves the basis of the normative side of logic. Since mathematics is related to logic, he cites an example from mathematics: If we have a formula like "(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²" it does not tell us how to think mathematically. It just expresses a truth. A proposition that says: "The product of the sum and the difference of a and b kerak give us the difference of the squares of a and b" does express a normative proposition, but this normative statement ga asoslangan the theoretical statement "(a + b)(a – b) = a² – b²".

2. For psychologists, the acts of judging, mulohaza yuritish, deriving, and so on, are all psychological processes. Therefore, it is the role of psychology to provide the foundation of these processes. Husserl states that this effort made by psychologists is a "metábasis eis állo génos" (Gr. μετάβασις εἰς ἄλλο γένος, "a transgression to another field").^[88]:344 It is a metábasis because psychology cannot provide any foundations for apriori laws which themselves are the basis for all the ways we should think correctly. Psychologists have the problem of confusing intentional activities with the object of these activities. It is important to distinguish between the act of judging and the judgment itself, the act of counting and the number itself, and so on. Counting five objects is undeniably a psychological process, but the number 5 is not.

3. Judgments can be true or not true. Psychologists argue that judgments are true because they become "evidently" true to us.^[89]:261 This evidence, a psychological process that "guarantees" truth, is indeed a psychological process. Husserl responds by saying that truth itself, as well as logical laws, always remain valid regardless of psychological "evidence" that they are true. No psychological process can explain the apriori objectivity of these logical truths.

From this criticism to psychologism, the distinction between psychological acts and their intentional objects, and the difference between the normative side of logic and the theoretical side, derives from a Platonist conception of logic. This means that we should regard logical and mathematical laws as being independent of the human mind, and also as an autonomy of meanings. It is essentially the difference between the real (everything subject to time) and the ideal or irreal (everything that is atemporal), such as logical truths, mathematical entities, mathematical truths and meanings in general.

Ta'sir

Husserl's gravestone at Freiburg Günterstal

Devid Karr commented on Husserl's following in his 1970 dissertation at Yale: "It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task" as originally intended by the radical new science.^[90] Notwithstanding, he did attract philosophers to phenomenology.

Martin Xaydegger is the best known of Husserl's students, the one whom Husserl chose as his successor at Freiburg. Heidegger's magnum opus Borliq va vaqt was dedicated to Husserl. They shared their thoughts and worked alongside each other for over a decade at the Frayburg universiteti, Heidegger being Husserl's assistant during 1920–1923.^[91][92][93] Heidegger's early work followed his teacher, but with time he began to develop new insights distinctively variant. Husserl became increasingly critical of Heidegger's work, especially in 1929, and included pointed criticism of Heidegger in lectures he gave during 1931.^[94] Heidegger, while acknowledging his debt to Husserl, followed a political position offensive and harmful to Husserl after the Natsistlar came to power in 1933, Husserl being of Jewish origin and Heidegger infamously being then a Nazi proponent.^[95] Academic discussion of Husserl and Heidegger is extensive.

At Göttingen in 1913 Adolf Reinach (1884–1917) "was now Husserl's right hand. He was above all the mediator between Husserl and the students, for he understood extremely well how to deal with other persons, whereas Husserl was pretty much helpless in this respect."^[96] He was an original editor of Husserl's new journal, Yaxrbuch; one of his works (giving a phenomenological analysis of the law of obligations) appeared in its first issue.^[97] Reinach was widely admired and a remarkable teacher. Husserl, in his 1917 obituary, wrote, "He wanted to draw only from the deepest sources, he wanted to produce only work of enduring value. And through his wise restrain he succeeded in this."^[98]

Edit Shteyn was Husserl's student at Göttingen and Freiburg while she wrote her doctoral thesis The Empathy Problem as it Developed Historically and Considered Phenomenologically (1916). She then became his assistant at Freiburg in 1916–18. She later adapted her phenomenology to the modern school of modern Tomsizm.^[99]

Lyudvig Landgrebe became assistant to Husserl in 1923. From 1939 he collaborated with Evgen Fink da Gusserl-Arxiv Leuven shahrida. In 1954 he became leader of the Husserl-Archives. Landgrebe is known as one of Husserl's closest associates, but also for his independent views relating to history, religion and politics as seen from the viewpoints of existentialist philosophy and metaphysics.

Evgen Fink was a close associate of Husserl during the 1920s and 1930s. U yozgan Sixth Cartesian Meditation which Husserl said was the truest expression and continuation of his own work. Fink delivered the eulogy for Husserl in 1938.^[29]

Rim Ingarden, an early student of Husserl at Freiburg, corresponded with Husserl into the mid-1930s. Ingarden did not accept, however, the later transcendental idealism of Husserl which he thought would lead to nisbiylik. Ingarden has written his work in Nemis va Polsha. Uning ichida Spór o istnienie świata (Ger.: "Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt", Eng.: "Dispute about existence of the world") he created his own realistic position, which also helped to spread phenomenology in Poland.

Maks Scheler met Husserl in Halle in 1901 and found in his phenomenology a methodological breakthrough for his own philosophy. Scheler, who was at Göttingen when Husserl taught there, was one of the original few editors of the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung (1913). Scheler's work Formalism in Ethics and Nonformal Ethics of Value appeared in the new journal (1913 and 1916) and drew acclaim. The personal relationship between the two men, however, became strained, due to Scheler's legal troubles, and Scheler returned to Myunxen.^[100] Although Scheler later criticised Husserl's idealistic logical approach and proposed instead a "phenomenology of love", he states that he remained "deeply indebted" to Husserl throughout his work.

Nikolay Xartmann was once thought to be at the center of phenomenology, but perhaps no longer. In 1921 the prestige of Hartmann the Neo-Kantian, who was Professor of Philosophy at Marburg, was added to the Movement; he "publicly declared his solidarity with the actual work of die Phänomenologie." Yet Hartmann's connections were with Max Scheler and the Munich circle; Husserl himself evidently did not consider him as a phenomenologist. His philosophy, however, is said to include an innovative use of the method.^[101]

Emmanuel Levinas in 1929 gave a presentation at one of Husserl's last seminars in Freiburg. Also that year he wrote on Husserl's Ideen (1913) a long review published by a French journal. With Gabrielle Peiffer, Levinas translated into French Husserl's Méditations cartésiennes (1931). He was at first impressed with Heidegger and began a book on him, but broke off the project when Heidegger became involved with the Nazis. After the war he wrote on Jewish spirituality; most of his family had been murdered by the Nazis in Litva. Levinas then began to write works that would become widely known and admired.^[102]

Alfred Shuts "s Phenomenology of the Social World seeks to rigorously ground Maks Veber 's interpretive sociology in Husserl's phenomenology. Husserl was impressed by this work and asked Schutz to be his assistant.^[103]

Jan-Pol Sartr was also largely influenced by Husserl, although he later came to disagree with key points in his analyses. Sartre rejected Husserl's transcendental interpretations begun in his Ideen (1913) and instead followed Heidegger's ontology.^[104]

Moris Merle-Ponti "s Sezgi fenomenologiyasi is influenced by Edmund Husserl's work on perception, intersubjectivity, intentionality, space,^[105] and temporality, including Husserl's theory of retention and protention. Merleau-Ponty's description of 'motor intentionality' and sexuality, for example, retain the important structure of the noetic/noematic correlation of Ideen I, yet further concretize what it means for Husserl when consciousness particularizes itself into modes of intuition. Merleau-Ponty's most clearly Husserlian work is, perhaps, "the Philosopher and His Shadow." Depending on the interpretation of Husserl's accounts of eidetic intuition, given in Husserl's Fenomenologik psixologiya^[106] va Tajriba va hukm, it may be that Merleau-Ponty did not accept the "eidetic reduction" nor the "pure essence" said to result.^[107] Merleau-Ponty was the first student to study at the Husserl-archives in Leuven.

Gabriel Marsel explicitly rejected existentialism, due to Sartre, but not phenomenology, which has enjoyed a wide following among French Katoliklar. He appreciated Husserl, Scheler, and (but with apprehension) Heidegger.^[108] His expressions like "ontology of sensability" when referring to the body, indicate influence by phenomenological thought.^[109]

Kurt Gödel is known to have read Cartesian Meditations. He expressed very strong appreciation for Husserl's work, especially with regard to "bracketing" or "epoché".

Hermann Veyl qiziqish intuitivistik mantiq va impredicativity appears to have resulted from his reading of Husserl. He was introduced to Husserl's work through his wife, Helene Joseph, herself a student of Husserl at Göttingen.

Kolin Uilson has used Husserl's ideas extensively in developing his "New Existentialism," particularly in regards to his "intentionality of consciousness," which he mentions in a number of his books.^[110]

Rudolf Karnap was also influenced by Husserl,^[111] not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of "formation rules" and "transformation rules" is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

Karol Wojtyla, who would later become Pope Yuhanno Pol II, was influenced by Husserl. Phenomenology appears in his major work, The Acting Person (1969). Originally published in Polish, it was translated by Andrzej Potocki and edited by Anna-Tereza Tymieniecka ichida Analecta Husserliana. The Acting Person combines phenomenological work with Tomistik axloq qoidalari.^[112]

Plaque commemorating Husserl in his home town of Prostěov, Chex Respublikasi

Pol Rikur has translated many works of Husserl into French and has also written many of his own studies of the philosopher.^[113] Among other works, Ricœur employed phenomenology in his Freyd va falsafa (1965).^[114]

Jak Derrida wrote several critical studies of Husserl early in his academic career. These included his dissertation, The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy, and also his introduction to The Origin of Geometry. Derrida continued to make reference to Husserl in works such as Grammatologiya.

Stanislav Lenevnevskiy va Kazimierz Ajdukievich were inspired by Husserl's formal analysis of language. Accordingly, they employed phenomenology in the development of kategoriya grammatikasi.^[115]

Xose Ortega va Gasset visited Husserl at Freiburg in 1934. He credited phenomenology for having 'liberated him' from a narrow neo-Kantian thought. While perhaps not a phenomenologist himself, he introduced the philosophy to Iberiya va lotin Amerikasi.^[116]

Uilfrid Sellars, an influential figure in the so-called "Pittsburgh School" (Robert Brandom, Jon McDowell ) had been a student of Marvin Farber, a pupil of Husserl, and was influenced by phenomenology through him:

Marvin Farber led me through my first careful reading of the Sof fikrni tanqid qilish and introduced me to Husserl. His combination of utter respect for the structure of Husserl's thought with the equally firm conviction that this structure could be given a naturalistic interpretation was undoubtedly a key influence on my own subsequent philosophical strategy.^[117]

Xans Blumenberg received his habilitation in 1950, with a dissertation on 'Ontological distance', an inquiry into the crisis of Husserl's phenomenology.

Rojer Skruton, despite some disagreements with Husserl, drew upon his work in Jinsiy istak (1986).^[118]:3–4

The influence of the Husserlian phenomenological tradition in the 21st century extends beyond the confines of the European and North American legacies. It has already started to impact (indirectly) scholarship in Eastern and Oriental thought, including research on the impetus of philosophical thinking in the g'oyalar tarixi yilda Islom.^[119][120]

Bibliografiya

Boshlang'ich adabiyot

Nemis tilida

• 1887. Über den Begriff der Zahl. Psychologische Analysen (On the Concept of Number; habilitatsiya tezisi )
• 1891. Falsafa der Arithmetik. Psychologische und logische Untersuchungen (Arifmetik falsafa )
• 1900. Logische Untersuchungen. Erster Teil: Prolegomena zur reinen Logik (Mantiqiy tekshirishlar, Jild 1)
• 1901. Logische Untersuchungen. Zweiter Teil: Untersuchungen zur Phänomenologie und Theorie der Erkenntnis (Mantiqiy tekshirishlar, Jild 2)
• 1911. Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft (kiritilgan Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy: Philosophy as Rigorous Science and Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man)
• 1913. Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch: Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie (Fikrlar: Sof fenomenologiyaga umumiy kirish)
• 1923–24. Erste Philosophie. Zweiter Teil: Theorie der phänomenologischen Reduktion (First Philosophy, Jild 2: Phenomenological Reductions)
• 1925. Erste Philosophie. Erster Teil: Kritische Ideengeschichte (First Philosophy, Jild 1: Critical History of Ideas)
• 1928. Vorlesungen zur Phänomenologie des inneren Zeitbewusstseins (Lectures on the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time)
• 1929. Formale und transzendentale Logik. Versuch einer Kritik der logischen Vernunft (Rasmiy va transandantal mantiq)
• 1930. Nachwort zu meinen "Ideen zu einer reinen Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie" (Postscript to my "Ideas")
• 1936. Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie (Evropa fanlari inqirozi va transandantal fenomenologiya: fenomenologik falsafaga kirish )
• 1939. Erfahrung und Urteil. Untersuchungen zur Genealogie der Logik. (Tajriba va hukm)
• 1950. Cartesianische Meditationen (tarjima Méditations cartésiennes (Cartesian Meditations, 1931))
• 1952. Ideen II: Phänomenologische Untersuchungen zur Konstitution (Ideas II: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution)
• 1952. Ideen III: Die Phänomenologie und die Fundamente der Wissenschaften (Ideas III: Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Sciences)

Inglizchada

• Arifmetik falsafa, Willard, Dallas, trans., 2003 [1891]. Dordrext: Kluver.
• Mantiqiy tekshirishlar, 1973 [1900, 2nd revised edition 1913], Findlay, J. N., trans. London: Yo'nalish.
• "Philosophy as Rigorous Science", translated in Quentin Lauer, S.J., editor, 1965 [1910] Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy. Nyu York: Harper va Row.
• Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology, 1982 [1913]. Kersten, F., trans. Gaaga: Nijxof.
• Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – Second Book: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution, 1989. R. Rojcewicz and A. Schuwer, translators. Dordrext: Klyuver.
• Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – Third Book: Phenomenology and the Foundations of the Sciences, 1980, Klein, T. E., and Pohl, W. E., translators. Dordrext: Klyuver.
• On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1917), 1990 [1928]. Brough, J.B., trans. Dordrext: Klyuver.
• Cartesian Meditations, 1960 [1931]. Cairns, D., trans. Dordrext: Klyuver.
• Rasmiy va transandantal mantiq, 1969 [1929], Cairns, D., trans. Gaaga: Nixoff.
• Experience and Judgement, 1973 [1939], Churchill, J. S., and Ameriks, K., translators. London: Routledge.
• The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Philosophy, 1970 [1936/54], Carr, D., trans. Evanston: Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti matbuoti.
• "Universal Teleology". Telos 4 (Fall 1969). Nyu York: Telos Press.

Antologiyalar

• Uilyard, Dallas, trans., 1994. Early Writings in the Philosophy of Logic and Mathematics. Dordrext: Klyuver.
• Welton, D., ed., 1999. The Essential Husserl. Bloomington: Indiana universiteti matbuoti.

Arab tilida

• — (2011). Afkar Mumahhida li 'ilm al-Zohiriyot al-xolis va lil falsafah al-zohiriyotiya أfkar مmhdة lعlm ظlظظhryيt خlخخlص wlflsfة ظlzظhhryاtyة [Sof fenomenologiyaga va fenomenologik falsafaga tegishli g'oyalar]. Tarjima qilingan Marzouki, Abu Yaareb. Beirut: Jadawel. ISBN  9786144180440.

O'rta adabiyot

• Adorno, Teodor V., 2013. Against Epistemology. Kembrij: Polity Press. ISBN  978-0745665382
• Bernet, Rudolf, et al., 1993. Introduction to Husserlian Phenomenology. Evanston: Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8101-1030-X
• Derrida, Jacques, 1954 (French), 2003 (English). Gusserl falsafasidagi Ibtido muammosi. Chikago va London: Chikago universiteti matbuoti.
• --------, 1962 (French), 1976 (English). Gusserlning "Geometriyaning kelib chiqishi" ga kirish. Includes Derrida's translation of Appendix III of Husserl's 1936 Evropa fanlari inqirozi va transandantal fenomenologiya.
• --------, 1967 (French), 1973 (English). Speech and Phenomena (La Voix et le Phénomène), and other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs. ISBN  0-8101-0397-4
• Everdell, William R. (1998), Birinchi zamonaviylar (in Spanish), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN  0-226-22480-5
• Fine, Kit, 1995, "Part-Whole" in Smith, B., and Smith, D. W., eds., Gusserlga Kembrijning hamrohi. Kembrij: Kembrij universiteti matbuoti.
• Fink, Eugen 1995, Sixth Cartesian meditation. Transandantal metod nazariyasi g'oyasi Edmund Xusserlning matnli yozuvlari bilan. Translated with an introduction by Ronald Bruzina, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
• Føllesdal, Dagfinn, 1972, "An Introduction to Phenomenology for Analytic Philosophers" in Olson, R. E., and Paul, A. M., eds., Contemporary Philosophy in Scandinavia. Johns Hopkins University Press: 417-30.
• Hill, C. O., 1991. Word and Object in Husserl, Frege, and Russell: The Roots of Twentieth-Century Philosophy. Ogayo universiteti. Matbuot.
• -------- and Rosado Haddock, G. E., 2000. Husserl or Frege? Meaning, Objectivity, and Mathematics. Ochiq sud.
• Hopkins, Burt C., (2011). The Philosophy of Husserl. Durham: Achchiqlik.
• Levinas, Emmanuel, 1963 (French), 1973 (English). The Theory of Intuition in Husserl's Phenomenology. Evanston: Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti matbuoti.
• Köchler, Hans, 1983, "The Relativity of the Soul and the Absolute State of the Pure Ego", Analecta Husserliana 16: 95–107.
• --------, 1986. Phenomenological Realism. Tanlangan insholar. Frankfurt a. M./Bern: Peter Lang.
• Mohanty, J. N., 1974, "Husserl and Frege: A New Look at Their Relationship", Fenomenologiya bo'yicha tadqiqotlar 4: 51–62.
• --------, 1982. Edmund Husserl's Theory of Meaning. Gaaga: Martinus Nixof.
• --------, 1982. Husserl and Frege. Bloomington: Indiana universiteti matbuoti.
• Moran, D. and Cohen, J., 2012, The Husserl Dictionary. London, Continuum Press.
• Natanson, Maurice, 1973. Edmund Husserl: Philosopher of Infinite Tasks. Evanston: Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8101-0425-3
• Ricœur, Paul, 1967. Husserl: An Analysis of His Phenomenology. Evanston: Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti matbuoti.
• Rollinger, R. D., 1999, Husserl's Position in the School of Brentano yilda Phaenomenologica 150. Kluwer. ISBN  0-7923-5684-5
• --------, 2008. Austrian Phenomenology: Brentano, Husserl, Meinong, and Others on Mind and Language. Frankfurt am Main: Ontos-Verlag. ISBN  978-3-86838-005-7
• Schuhmann, K., 1977. Gusserl - Xronik (Denk- und Lebensweg Edmund Gusserl). Number I in Husserliana Dokumente. Martinus Nixof. ISBN  90-247-1972-0
• Simons, Peter, 1987. Parts: A Study in Ontology. Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti.
• Sokolowski, Robert. Fenomenologiyaga kirish. Nyu-York: Kembrij universiteti matbuoti, 1999 y. ISBN  978-0-521-66792-0
• Smith, B. & Smith, D. W., eds. (1995), Gusserlga Kembrijning hamrohi, Kembrij: Kembrij universiteti matbuoti, ISBN  0-521-43616-8CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola) CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
• Smith, David Woodruff, 2007. Gusserl London: Routledge.
• Stigler, Bernard, 2009. Texnika va vaqt, 2: yo'nalishni buzish. Stenford: Stenford universiteti matbuoti.
• Zahavi, Dan, 2003. Gusserlning fenomenologiyasi. Stenford: Stenford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8047-4546-3

Shuningdek qarang

• Dastlabki fenomenologiya
• Fenomenologlar ro'yxati

Izohlar

Iqtiboslar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• da Silva, Jairo Xose (1993). "Gusserlning matematika falsafasi". Revista Internacional de Filosofía. 2 (16): 121–148.
• Ortiz Xill, Kler; da Silva, Jairo Jose, eds. (1997). O'tkazilmagan yo'l: Gusserlning mantiq va matematik falsafasi to'g'risida. Kollej nashrlari.
• Rosado Xaddok, Gilyermo E. (2006). "Gusserlning matematika falsafasi: uning kelib chiqishi va dolzarbligi". Gusserl tadqiqotlari. 3 (22): 193–222.

Tashqi havolalar

Ushbu maqola foydalanish tashqi havolalar Vikipediya qoidalari yoki ko'rsatmalariga amal qilmasligi mumkin. Iltimos ushbu maqolani yaxshilang olib tashlash orqali haddan tashqari yoki noo'rin tashqi havolalar va kerak bo'lganda foydali havolalarni aylantirish izohlarga havolalar. (2020 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Gusserl arxivi

• Husserl-Archives Leuven, asosiy Gusserl-arxivi Leuven, Xalqaro fenomenologik tadqiqotlar markazi.
  • Gusserliana: Edmund Xusserl Gesammelte Verke, Gusserl asarlarining davom etayotgan tanqidiy nashri.
  • Husserliana: Materialien, ma'ruzalar va qisqaroq ishlar uchun nashr.
  • Edmund Xusserl To'plam, Gusserl asarlarining ingliz tiliga tarjimasi.
• Gusserl-Arxiv da Universitet ning Kyoln.
• Gusserl-Archives Frayburg.
• Arxivlar Gusserl de Parij, da École normale supérieure, Parij.
• Edmund Xusserl tomonidan yoki u haqida ishlaydi da Internet arxivi

Boshqa havolalar

• Beyer, nasroniy. "Edmund Xusserl". Yilda Zalta, Edvard N. (tahrir). Stenford falsafa entsiklopediyasi.
• Smit, Devid Vudraf. "Fenomenologiya". Yilda Zalta, Edvard N. (tahrir). Stenford falsafa entsiklopediyasi.
• Internet falsafasi entsiklopediyasi: "Edmund Xusserl (1859-1938). - Marianne Savicki. Kirish 2011-04-28.
• Edmund Xusserl haqidagi hujjatlar tomonidan Barri Smit
• Bob Sandmeyer tomonidan yozilgan Gusserl sahifasi. Nemis va ingliz tilidagi bir qator onlayn matnlarni o'z ichiga oladi.
• Husserl.net, ochiq kontent loyihasi.
• "Edmund Xusserl: Rasmiy ontologiya va transandantal mantiq. "Gusserl mantiqi va rasmiy ontologiya bo'yicha izohli bibliografiya bilan bog'liq qo'llanma.
• Gusserl doirasi.
• Dekart meditatsiyalari yilda Internet arxivi
• Fikrlar, I qism yilda Internet arxivi
• Edmund Xusserl fenomenologiyaning ochiq qoidalari to'g'risida. To'liq bibliografiya va barcha nemis matnlariga havolalar, shu jumladan Xusserliana vol. I – XXVIII