Doygunlik sho'ng'in - Saturation diving

Doygunlik sho'ng'in ustida ishlaydigan USS Monitor 70 m (230 fut) chuqurlikdagi halokat.
Doygunlik sho'ng'in chuqur dengizni qutqarish ishlarini olib boradi.

Doygunlik sho'ng'in barcha to'qimalarni nafas olish gazining inert qismlarining qisman bosimi bilan muvozanatga keltirish uchun etarlicha uzoq vaqt davomida sho'ng'iydi. Bu sho'ng'in texnikasi, g'avvoslarga xavfni kamaytirishga imkon beradi dekompressiya kasalligi ("egilishlar") uzoq vaqt davomida katta chuqurlikda ishlaganlarida, chunki bir marta to'yingan bo'lsa, dekompressiya vaqti ko'proq ta'sir qilishda ko'paymaydi.[1][2] Doygunlik sho'ng'inlari odatda oldini olish uchun geliy-kislorod aralashmasidan nafas olishadi azotli narkoz, ammo sayoz chuqurlikda to'yingan sho'ng'in nitroks aralashmalarida amalga oshirildi.

Doygunlik sho'ng'inida g'avvoslar bosim ostida bo'lgan muhitda yashaydilar, bu suv sathida to'yinganlik tizimi yoki suvda bo'lmaganida atrof-muhit bosimi ostida bo'lishi mumkin. Bosim ostidagi yashash joylariga ekvivalent chuqurlikka o'tkazish yopiq, bosimli sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'ida amalga oshiriladi. Bu bir necha haftagacha saqlanib qolishi mumkin va ular shunday dekompressiyalangan xizmat turining oxirida faqat bir marta sirt bosimiga. Dekompressiyalar sonini shu tarzda cheklab, dekompressiya kasalligi xavfi sezilarli darajada kamayadi va dekompressiya uchun sarf qilingan vaqt minimallashtiriladi.

Bu sho'ng'inning juda ixtisoslashgan shakli; 2015 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarda ishlagan 3300 tijorat g'avvosidan,[3] atigi 336 kishi to'yingan sho'ng'inchilar edi.[4]

Tarix

1938 yil 22-dekabrda Edgar End va Maks Nol 101da havo bilan 27 soat nafas olib, birinchi qasddan to'yingan sho'ng'in qildilar.oyoq dengiz suvi (fsw) (30.8msw ) tuman shoshilinch kasalxonasida rekompressiya muassasasida Miluoki, Viskonsin. Ularning dekompressiyasi besh soat davom etdi va Nohlni dekompressiya kasalligining engil holatida qoldirdi, bu esa qayta tiklanish bilan tugadi.[5]

Albert R. Behnke qon va to'qimalarning paydo bo'lishi uchun odamlarni atrof-muhit bosimining oshishiga ta'sir qilish g'oyasini taklif qildi to'yingan 1942 yilda inert gazlar bilan.[6][7] 1957 yilda, Jorj F. Bond da Ibtido loyihasi boshlandi Dengiz dengiz osti tibbiyot tadqiqot laboratoriyasi aslida odamlar uzoq vaqt turli xil ta'sirlarga dosh bera olishlarini isbotlash nafas olish gazlari va atrof-muhit bosimining oshishi.[6][8] Doygunlikka erishilgandan so'ng, qancha vaqt kerak bo'ladi dekompressiya chuqurligi va nafas olayotgan gazlariga bog'liq. Bu to'yinganlik va AQSh dengiz kuchlarining sho'ng'in boshlanishi edi Dengizdagi odam dasturi.[9]Birinchi savdo to'yingan sho'ng'in 1965 yilda amalga oshirilgan Vestingxaus noto'g'ri o'rnini almashtirish axlat qutilari 200 metr (61 m) balandlikda Smit tog 'to'g'oni.[5]

Piter B. Bennet ixtirosi bilan ajralib turadi trimiks yo'q qilish usuli sifatida gazni nafas olish yuqori bosimli asab sindromi. 1981 yilda, da Dyuk universiteti tibbiyot markazi, Bennet nomli tajriba o'tkazdi Atlantis IIIbu ko'ngillilarni 2250 fsw (dengiz suvidagi 686 m chuqurlikka teng) bosimga duchor qilishni o'z ichiga olgan va ularni 31-plus kunlari davomida asta-sekin atmosfera bosimiga tushirib, chuqurlik ekvivalenti bo'yicha dastlabki jahon rekordini o'rnatgan. jarayon. Keyinchalik tajriba, Atlantis IV, ko'ngillilarning biri sifatida duch kelgan muammolarga duch keldi eyforik gallyutsinatsiyalar va gipomaniya.[10]

Ilovalar

Shuningdek qarang: Tijorat dengizda sho'ng'in va Suv ostida yashash muhiti
Iremis da Vinchi, Albert Dock havzasida, Leyt porti. 2011 yilda Koreya Respublikasida qurilgan va Majuro (Marshall orollari) da ro'yxatdan o'tgan ko'p maqsadli sho'ng'inni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi kema, uning uzunligi 115,4 metrni tashkil etadi va umumiy tonnasi 8691 tonnani tashkil etadi.

Doygunlik bilan sho'ng'in ilmiy sho'ng'in va tijorat sho'ng'inlarida qo'llaniladi.[11]

Tijorat sho'ng'in sho'ng'in, ba'zida shunchaki offshor sho'ng'in sifatida qisqartiriladi, bu filial savdo sho'ng'in, qidiruvchilar va qazib olish sohasini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi g'avvoslar bilan neft va gaz sanoati kabi joylarda Meksika ko'rfazi Qo'shma Shtatlarda Shimoliy dengiz Buyuk Britaniya va Norvegiyada va Braziliya sohillari bo'ylab. Ushbu sohadagi ishlar texnik xizmat ko'rsatishni o'z ichiga oladi neft platformalari va suv osti inshootlarini qurish. Shu nuqtai nazardan "offshor "sho'ng'in ishlari tashqarida amalga oshirilishini anglatadi milliy chegaralar.

Doygunlik sho'ng'in - bu dengizning ko'plab chuqur joylarida pastki ish uchun odatiy amaliyot bo'lib, dekompressiya kasalligi xavfini kamaytirganda, sho'ng'in vaqtidan yanada samarali foydalanishga imkon beradi.[2] Yuzaki havoga sho'ng'in sayozroq suvlarda odatiy holdir.

Tektite I yashash joyi

Suv osti yashash joylari bor suv ostida odamlar uzoq vaqt yashashi va 24 soatlik insonning asosiy funktsiyalarini bajarishi mumkin bo'lgan tuzilmalar, masalan, ishlash, dam olish, ovqatlanish, shaxsiy gigiena qoidalariga rioya qilish va uxlash. Shu nuqtai nazardan 'yashash joyi 'odatda tor ma'noda inshoot va uning moslamalarining ichki va tashqi ko'rinishini anglatadi, lekin uning atrofini anglatmaydi. dengiz muhiti. Erta suv osti yashash joylarining ko'pchiligida havo, suv, oziq-ovqat, elektr energiyasi va boshqa manbalarni qayta tiklash tizimlari yo'q edi. Biroq, yaqinda ba'zi yangi suv osti yashash joylari ushbu manbalarni qo'lda etkazib berish o'rniga quvurlar yordamida etkazib berish yoki yashash muhitida hosil qilish imkonini beradi.[12]

Suv osti yashash joyi inson ehtiyojlarini qondirishi kerak fiziologiya va mos keladigan narsalarni taqdim eting atrof-muhit shartlari, va eng muhim bo'lgan nafas olish havosi mos sifatli. Boshqalar bu bilan bog'liq jismoniy muhit (bosim, harorat, yorug'lik, namlik ), the kimyoviy muhit (ichimlik suvi, oziq-ovqat, chiqindi mahsulotlar, toksinlar ) va biologik muhit (xavfli dengiz jonzotlari, mikroorganizmlar, dengiz qo'ziqorinlari ). Suv osti yashash joylari va ularning inson ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun ishlab chiqilgan texnologiyasini o'z ichiga olgan ko'plab fanlari bilan o'rtoqlashadi sho'ng'in, sho'ng'in qo'ng'iroqlari, suv osti transport vositalari va dengiz osti kemalari va kosmik kemalar.

1960-yillarning boshidan beri dunyo bo'ylab ko'plab suv osti yashash joylari xususiy shaxslar yoki davlat idoralari tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan, qurilgan va foydalanilgan. Ular deyarli faqat ishlatilgan tadqiqot va razvedka, ammo so'nggi yillarda kamida bitta suv osti yashash joyi ta'minlandi dam olish va turizm. Tadqiqotlar, ayniqsa, bosim ostida nafas olish gazlarining fiziologik jarayonlari va chegaralariga bag'ishlangan akuanaut va kosmonavt ta'lim, shuningdek, dengiz ekotizimlari bo'yicha tadqiqotlar uchun. Tashqi tomondan kirish va kirish odatda vertikal ravishda strukturaning pastki qismida joylashgan a deb nomlangan teshik orqali amalga oshiriladi oy hovuzi. Yashash joyi dekompressiya xonasini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin yoki xodimlarning sirtga uzatilishi yopiq sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'i orqali bo'lishi mumkin.

Bandlik

Dengizdagi neft va gaz sanoatini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun to'yinganlik ishi odatda shartnoma asosida amalga oshiriladi.[13]

Tibbiy jihatlar

Dekompressiya kasalligi

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Dekompressiya kasalligi

Dekompressiya kasalligi (DCS) - bu ko'tarilishda bosimning pasayishi natijasida g'avvoslar tanasida paydo bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan inert gaz pufakchalari keltirib chiqarishi mumkin bo'lgan o'limga olib keladigan holat. Dekompressiya kasalligini oldini olish uchun g'avvoslar ko'tarilish tezligini cheklashlari, ko'pik hosil bo'lishi va o'sishining oldini olish uchun tanadagi erigan gazlar kontsentratsiyasini etarlicha kamaytirishlari kerak. Sifatida tanilgan ushbu protokol dekompressiya, g'avvoslar ushbu chuqurlikda bir necha daqiqadan ko'proq vaqt sarflaganda, 50 metrdan (160 fut) oshgan sho'ng'in uchun bir necha soat davom etishi mumkin. Diverlar chuqurlikda qancha ko'p bo'lsa, shuncha ko'p inert gaz ularning tanasi to'qimalariga singib ketadi va dekompressiya uchun zarur bo'lgan vaqt tez o'sib boradi.[14] Bu dalgıçların uzoq vaqt davomida chuqurlikda ishlashini talab qiladigan operatsiyalar uchun muammo tug'diradi, chunki dekompressiyaga sarflangan vaqt foydali ishlarni bajarish vaqtidan katta farq bilan oshib ketishi mumkin. Biroq, har qanday bosim ostida biron bir joyda 72 soatdan keyin, qarab ingassing modeli ishlatilgan bo'lsa, g'avvoslarning tanasi inert gaz bilan to'yingan bo'ladi va bundan keyin uni qabul qilish bo'lmaydi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab dekompressiya vaqtini oshirish kerak emas. Doygunlik bilan sho'ng'in amaliyoti bundan foydalanib, g'avvoslar uchun bir necha kun yoki bir necha hafta davomida bosim ostida qolishlari uchun imkoniyat yaratadi. O'sha davr oxirida g'avvoslar bitta to'yingan dekompressiyani amalga oshirishi kerak, bu esa har biri uzoq vaqt dekompressiya vaqtini talab qiladigan bir nechta qisqa sho'ng'inlarga qaraganda ancha samarali va pastroq xavfga ega. Yagona dekompressiyani sekinroq va uzoqroq qilish orqali, to'yingan yashash joyi yoki dekompressiya kamerasining boshqariladigan sharoitida va nisbiy qulayligida, bitta maruziyet paytida dekompressiya kasalligi xavfi yanada kamayadi.[2]

Yuqori bosimli asab sindromi

Asosiy maqola: Yuqori bosimli asab sindromi

Yuqori bosimli asab sindromi (HPNS) bu a nevrologik va fiziologik sho'ng'in buzilishi natijada a g'avvos geliy-kislorod aralashmasidan nafas olayotganda 150 metrdan pastga tushadi. Effektlar tushish tezligiga va chuqurlikka bog'liq.[15] HPNS kelajakda chuqur sho'ng'in uchun cheklovchi omil hisoblanadi.[16] HPNS ni gaz aralashmasidagi oz miqdordagi azotdan foydalangan holda kamaytirish mumkin.[16]

Siqish artralgiyasi

Asosiy maqola: Siqish artralgiyasi

Siqish artralgiyasi - bo'g'imlarda chuqur og'riqli og'riq, nisbatan yuqori siqilish tezligida yuqori atrof-muhit bosimiga duchor bo'lish natijasida kelib chiqadigan, suv osti sho'ng'inlari. Og'riq tizzada, elkada, barmoqlarda, orqada, sonda, bo'yin yoki qovurg'ada paydo bo'lishi mumkin va to'satdan va kuchli boshlanib, bo'g'imlarda pürüzlülük hissi bilan birga bo'lishi mumkin.[17] Boshlanish odatda 60 atrofida sodir bo'ladi msw (dengiz suvining metrlari), alomatlar chuqurligi, siqilish tezligi va shaxsiy sezuvchanligiga qarab o'zgaruvchan. Zichlik chuqurlik bilan kuchayadi va jismoniy mashqlar bilan og'irlashishi mumkin. Siqish artralgiyasi odatda chuqur sho'ng'in muammosi, ayniqsa chuqur to'yinganlik sho'ng'inidir, bu erda etarli chuqurlikda ham sekin siqilish alomatlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Dan foydalanish trimiks simptomlarni kamaytirishi mumkin.[18] Vaqt o'tishi bilan o'z-o'zidan yaxshilanish chuqurlikda yuz berishi mumkin, ammo bu oldindan aytib bo'lmaydi va og'riq dekompressiyada davom etishi mumkin. Siqish artralgiyasini dekompressiya kasalligidan osongina ajratib olish mumkin, chunki u tushish paytida boshlanadi, dekompressiyani boshlashdan oldin mavjud va bosimning pasayishi bilan bartaraf etiladi, aksincha dekompressiya kasalligi. Og'riq, g'avvosning ish qobiliyatini cheklash uchun etarlicha kuchli bo'lishi mumkin va shuningdek, pastga qarab ekskursiyalarning chuqurligini cheklashi mumkin.[17]

Disbarik osteonekroz

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Disbarik osteonekroz

Doygunlik sho'ng'in (yoki aniqrog'i, uzoq vaqt davomida yuqori bosimga ta'sir qilish) bilan bog'liq aseptik suyak nekrozi, ammo barcha g'avvoslar ta'sir qiladimi yoki faqat sezgir bo'lganlar hali ma'lum emas. Qo'shimchalar eng zaif osteonekroz. Yuqori bosimli ta'sir qilish, dekompressiya jarayoni va osteonekroz o'rtasidagi bog'liqlik to'liq tushunilmagan.[19][20][21]

Ekstremal chuqurlik effektlari

Yuqori bosimning markaziy asab tizimiga ta'sirini kamaytirish uchun o'ta chuqurlikda ishlatish uchun kislorod, geliy va vodorodning nafas oluvchi gaz aralashmasi ishlab chiqilgan. 1978 yildan 1984 yilgacha Shimoliy Karolina shtatidagi Dyuk universiteti g'avvoslari jamoasi Atlantis qirg'oqdagi seriyalargiperbarik-kamera - chuqur-ilmiy-sinov-sho'ng'inlar.[10] 1981 yilda, 686 metrga (2251 fut) chuqurlikdagi chuqur sho'ng'in paytida ular odatdagi kislorod va geliy aralashmasidan qiyinchilik bilan nafas oldilar va qaltirashlari va xotirasi sustlashdi.[10][22]

Vodorod-geliy-kislorod (gidrelioks ) gaz aralashmasi xuddi shu singari frantsuzlar uchun tajribada qatnashgan uchta g'avvos tomonidan qirg'oqdagi ilmiy sinov sho'ng'in paytida ishlatilgan Keks S.A. sanoat chuqur dengizga sho'ng'in kompaniyasi 1992 yil. 1992 yil 18 noyabrda Keks eksperimentni 675 ga teng ravishda to'xtatishga qaror qildi metr dengiz suvi (msw) (2215 fsw), chunki g'avvoslar uyqusizlik va charchoqdan aziyat chekishgan. Uchala g'avvos ham itarishni xohlashdi, ammo kompaniya kamerani 650 msw (2133 fsw) gacha dekompressiya qilishga qaror qildi. 1992 yil 20-noyabrda Comex dayver Teo Mavrostomosga davom ettirish uchun ruxsat berildi, lekin 701 msw (2300 fsw) da atigi ikki soat sarfladi. Keks sho'ng'inchilar to'rt yarim kunni shu chuqurlikda o'tkazishni va vazifalarni bajarishni rejalashtirgan edi.[22]

Doygunlik sharoitida yashashning sog'likka ta'siri

Uzoq muddatli kümülatif pasayish haqida ba'zi dalillar mavjud o'pka funktsiyasi to'yingan sho'ng'inlarda.[23]

Doygunlik sho'ng'inchilarini yuzaki infektsiyalar tez-tez bezovta qiladi teri toshmalari, tashqi otit va sportchining oyog'i, to'yinganlik ta'sirida va undan keyin paydo bo'ladi. Bu kislorodning qisman bosimining ko'tarilishi va turar joydagi nisbatan yuqori harorat va namlikning natijasi deb o'ylashadi.[24]

Disbarik osteonekroz, to'yingan sharoitda yashash o'rniga dekompressiya shikastlanishining natijasi hisoblanadi.

Ish tartibi

Doygunlikka sho'ng'in imkon beradi professional g'avvoslar bir necha kun yoki bir necha hafta davomida 50 msw (160 fsw) dan yuqori bosimlarda yashash va ishlash, ammo pastroq bosimlar suv osti yashash joylaridan ilmiy ish uchun ishlatilgan. Ushbu turdagi sho'ng'in ishlarni tejashga imkon beradi va g'avvoslar uchun xavfsizlikni kuchaytiradi.[1] Suvda ishlagandan so'ng ular dam olishadi va quruq joyda yashaydilar bosim ostida a yoki unga bog'langan yashash joylari sho'ng'inni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi idish, neft platformasi yoki boshqa suzuvchi ish stantsiyasi, ish chuqurligi bilan taxminan bir xil bosim ostida. Sho'ng'in jamoasi ish bosimiga faqat bir marta, ish davri boshida siqiladi va bir necha kun yoki haftalar davomida butun ish vaqtidan so'ng, sirt bosimiga qadar bir marta siqiladi. Katta chuqurliklarga ekskursiyalar saqlash chuqurligiga qaytishda dekompressiyani talab qiladi va sayoz chuqurliklarga ekskursiyalar ekskursiya paytida dekompressiya kasalligini oldini olish uchun dekompressiya majburiyatlari bilan ham cheklanadi.[1]

Suv ostida foydalanishning ko'payishi masofadan boshqariladigan transport vositalari (ROVlar) va avtonom suv osti transport vositalari Muntazam yoki rejalashtirilgan vazifalar uchun (AUV) to'yinganlik sho'ng'inlari kamroq bo'lib borishini anglatadi, ammo murakkab qo'lda bajarishni talab qiladigan suv osti vazifalari chuqur dengizga to'yingan sho'ng'in saqlovchisi bo'lib qoladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Doygunlik bilan sho'ng'in tizimida ishlaydigan odam "Life Support Technician" (LST) deb nomlanadi.[25]:23

Xodimlarga talablar

Doygunlik bilan sho'ng'in guruhiga kamida quyidagi xodimlar kerak:[26]

  • A sho'ng'in bo'yicha nazoratchi (har qanday sho'ng'in ishlari paytida navbatchi)
  • Hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan ikkita nazoratchi (bosim ostida g'avvoslar bo'lganida ish smenalari)
  • Hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ikkita texnik (shuningdek, ish smenalari)
  • Qo'ng'iroqda ikkita g'avvos (ishlaydigan g'avvos va qo'ng'iroqchi - ular sho'ng'in paytida o'zgarishi mumkin)
  • Bitta sirt dayver-dayver (qo'ng'iroq suvda bo'lganida navbatchi)
  • Yuzaki kutish uchun dayver uchun bitta tender

Ba'zi yurisdiktsiyalarda, shuningdek, kutish rejimida sho'ng'in bilan shug'ullanuvchi vrach ishlaydi, ammo bu erda shart emas, va ba'zi kompaniyalar o'z joylarida sho'ng'in tibbiyot texnikasini talab qilishi mumkin. Amaliyot jihatlari bilan faol shug'ullanadigan haqiqiy xodimlar odatda minimal darajadan ko'proqdir.[26]

Siqish

Saqlash chuqurligiga siqish odatda cheklangan tezlikda bo'ladi[27] xavfini minimallashtirish uchun HPNS va siqishni artralgiyasi. Norvegiya me'yorlari maksimal siqilish tezligini daqiqada 1 msw va siqilishdan keyin va sho'ng'ishdan oldin saqlash chuqurligida dam olish vaqtini belgilaydi.[27]

Saqlash chuqurligi

Saqlash chuqurligi, shuningdek, yashash chuqurligi deb ham ataladi, bu to'yinganlik muhitining turar joy qismlaridagi bosim - to'yingan sho'ng'inlar qulflash faoliyati bilan shug'ullanmagan holda yashaydigan atrof-muhit bosimi. Saqlash chuqurligining har qanday o'zgarishi siqishni yoki dekompressiyani o'z ichiga oladi, bu ikkalasi ham yo'lovchilar uchun og'irdir, shuning uchun sho'ng'in rejalashtirish yashash chuqurligi va ekskursiya ta'sirining o'zgarishiga bo'lgan ehtiyojni minimallashtirishi kerak va saqlash chuqurligi ishlayotganga imkon qadar yaqin bo'lishi kerak. barcha tegishli xavfsizlik qoidalarini hisobga olgan holda chuqurlik.[27]

Atmosferani boshqarish

Turar joy kameralaridagi giperbarik atmosfera va qo'ng'iroq uzoq vaqt davomida g'avvoslarga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi xavfi past bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun nazorat qilinadi. Doygunlikning ko'p qismi sho'ng'in gelioks aralashmalarida amalga oshiriladi, kislorodning qisman bosimi turar joy zonalarida 0,40-0,48 bar atrofida saqlanadi, bu uzoq muddatli ta'sir qilish uchun yuqori chegaraga yaqin. Karbonat angidrid gazni qayta ishlash orqali kameradan chiqariladi tozalovchi patronlar. Odatda darajalar maksimal 0,005 bar qisman bosim bilan cheklanadi, bu 0,5% sirt ekvivalentiga teng. Balansning katta qismi geliy bo'lib, siqilishdan oldin tizimdagi oz miqdordagi azot va iz qoldiqlari mavjud.[1]

Qo'ng'iroq operatsiyalari va blokirovkalari 0,4 dan 0,6 bargacha bo'lgan kislorodning qisman bosimida ham amalga oshirilishi mumkin, lekin ko'pincha 0,6 dan 0,9 bargacha bo'lgan kislorodning yuqori qisman bosimidan foydalaniladi,[28] bosimni ushlab turadigan ekskursiyalar tufayli bosim o'zgarishi ta'sirini kamaytiradi va shu bilan bu bosim o'zgarishi tufayli pufakchaning paydo bo'lishi va ehtimolligi kamayadi. Favqulodda holatlarda 0,6 bar kislorodning qisman bosimi 24 soatdan ortiq davom etishi mumkin, ammo iloji bo'lsa, bunga yo'l qo'yilmaydi. Uglerod dioksidiga cheklangan muddatlarda yuqori darajada ham bardosh berilishi mumkin. AQSh dengiz kuchlarining chegarasi 4 soatgacha 0,02 bar. Azotning qisman bosimi siqilishdan oldin havoning dastlabki tarkibidan 0,79 bar dan boshlanadi, ammo vaqt o'tishi bilan pasayish tendentsiyasi mavjud, chunki tizim blokirovka qilish uchun gazni yo'qotadi va geliy bilan to'ldiriladi.[1]

G'avvoslarni joylashtirish

Oddiy chig'anoqli vaznli tizimga ega odatiy qo'ng'iroq

G'avvoslarni sirt bilan to'yinganlik kompleksidan joylashtirish g'avvosni turar joy maydonidan bosim ostida suv osti ish joyiga o'tkazilishini talab qiladi. Bu odatda a yordamida amalga oshiriladi yopiq sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'i, shuningdek, xodimlarni ko'chirish kapsulasi deb nomlanadi, u turar joyni uzatish kamerasining qulf gardishiga mahkamlanadi va qo'ng'iroqqa o'tish uchun turar joyni uzatish kamerasiga tenglashtiriladi. Dalgıçlar qo'ng'iroqqa kirishi uchun qulf eshiklari ochilishi mumkin. Dalgıçlar qo'ng'iroqqa kirishdan oldin mos keladi va sho'ng'in oldidan tekshiruvlarni yakunlaydi. Qo'ng'iroqdagi bosim, qo'ng'iroq tushirilayotganda g'avvoslar qulflanadigan chuqurlikka mos ravishda o'rnatiladi, shunda operatsiyalarni noaniq kechiktirmasdan bosim o'zgarishi sekin bo'lishi mumkin.[1]

Qo'ng'iroq port yoki A-ramka yordamida yoki a orqali kemaning yoki platformaning yon tomoniga o'rnatiladi oy hovuzi. Joylashtirish, odatda, gumbazning og'irligini pasaytirishdan boshlanadi, bu katta bir balast og'irligi, portdan bir tomonga pastga tushadigan, og'irlikdagi gilamchalar to'plami orqali, boshqa tomondan yuqoriga ko'tarilgan portga, u erda mahkamlangan. Og'irligi kabelning ikki qismi o'rtasida erkin osilib turadi va uning og'irligi tufayli gorizontal osilib turadi va kabelni kuchlanish ostida ushlab turadi. Qo'ng'iroq kabelning qismlari orasiga osilib turadi va har ikki tomonning old tomoni bor, u tushirilganda yoki ko'tarilayotganda simi bo'ylab siljiydi. Qo'ng'iroq tepaga bog'langan kabeldan osilib turadi. Qo'ng'iroq tushirilgach, furgonlar uni og'irlikdagi kabellar orqali ish joyiga yo'naltiradi.[29]

Sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'i uchun kindik qismi

Qo'ng'iroq kindigi qo'ng'iroqning ichki qismida bog'langan g'avvoslarning kindiklaridan ajralib turadi. Qo'ng'iroq kindigi katta baraban yoki kindik savatidan joylashtirilgan va kindikdagi kuchlanishni past darajada ushlab turish uchun, lekin foydalanishda vertikal holatda qolish va tiklanish paytida yaxshilab siljish uchun etarli bo'ladi.[29]

A deb nomlangan qurilma qo'ng'iroq kursori qo'ng'iroqni havo bo'ylab harakatlanishini va sirt yaqinidagi pog'ona zonasini boshqarish va boshqarish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin, bu erda to'lqinlar qo'ng'iroqni sezilarli darajada harakatga keltirishi mumkin.[29]

Qo'ng'iroq to'g'ri chuqurlikda bo'lgandan so'ng, bosimga so'nggi tuzatishlar kiritiladi va oxirgi tekshiruvlardan so'ng, nazoratchi ishchi g'avvos (lar) ga qo'ng'iroqdan chiqib ketishni buyuradi. Lyuk qo'ng'iroqning pastki qismida joylashgan va faqat ichidagi bosim atrofdagi suv bosimi bilan muvozanatlashgan taqdirda ochilishi mumkin. Qo'ng'iroqchi sho'ng'in paytida ishlaydigan g'avvosning kindikini lyuk orqali boshqaradi. Agar g'avvos biron bir muammoga duch kelsa va yordamga muhtoj bo'lsa, qo'ng'iroqchi qo'ng'iroqdan chiqib, g'avvosning kindigi bilan g'avvosga ergashadi va kerakli va iloji boricha yordam beradi. Har bir g'avvos orqaga o'rnatilgan qutqaruv gazini olib yuradi, u kindikdagi gaz ta'minoti ishlamay qolganda qo'ng'iroqqa xavfsiz qaytishini ta'minlash uchun etarli bo'lishi kerak.[25]:12

G'avvoslarga nafas olish gazi qo'ng'iroq kindik orqali etkazib beriladi. Agar ushbu tizim ishlamay qolsa, qo'ng'iroq bortdagi gaz ta'minotini etkazib beradi, u qo'ng'iroq gaz paneliga ulanadi va tegishli vanalarni boshqarish orqali almashtirish mumkin. Bortdagi gaz, tashqi tomondan, bosim regulyatorlari orqali gaz paneliga ulangan 50 litr hajmdagi yoki undan kattaroq bir nechta saqlash ballonlarida tashiladi.[25]:12

Geliy juda samarali issiqlik uzatish materialidir va atrofdagi suv sovuq bo'lsa, g'avvoslar tezda issiqlikni yo'qotishi mumkin. Gipotermiyani oldini olish uchun odatda to'yingan sho'ng'in uchun issiq suv kostyumlari ishlatiladi va nafas oladigan gaz ta'minoti isitilishi mumkin. Isitilgan suv er yuzida ishlab chiqariladi va qo'ng'iroqqa kindik ichidagi issiq suv o'tkazgich liniyasi orqali uzatiladi, so'ngra ularning ekskursion kindiklari orqali g'avvoslarga uzatiladi.[26]:10-8Shuningdek, kindiklarda qo'ng'iroq va dubulg'a chiroqlarini elektr energiyasi bilan ta'minlash, ovozli aloqa va yopiq elektron videokameralar uchun kabellar mavjud. Ba'zi hollarda qimmat geliyni tejash uchun nafas oladigan gaz qayta tiklanadi. Bu kindikdagi qayta tiklanadigan shlang orqali amalga oshiriladi, u dubulg'adagi qayta tiklanadigan valf orqali chiqarilgan gazni, kindik orqali va karbonat angidrid mavjud bo'lgan sirtga qaytaradi. tozalangan va gaz kuchaytirildi keyinchalik foydalanish uchun saqlash tsilindrlariga.[iqtibos kerak ]

Saqlash chuqurligidan ekskursiyalar

Doygunlik tizimining istalgan vaqtda faqat bitta yoki ikkita saqlash chuqurligini saqlab turishi mumkin bo'lgan to'yinganlik uchun bir qator chuqurliklarda ishlash kerakligi odatiy holdir. Saqlash chuqurligidan chuqurlikning o'zgarishi ekskursiya deb nomlanadi va g'avvoslar ekskursiyalarni dekompressiya majburiyatini olmasdan cheklashlari mumkin, xuddi sirtga sho'ng'in uchun dekompressiyasiz chegaralar mavjud. Ekskursiyalar saqlash chuqurligidan yuqoriga yoki pastga qarab bo'lishi mumkin va ruxsat etilgan chuqurlik o'zgarishi har ikki yo'nalishda ham bir xil bo'lishi mumkin, yoki ba'zan pastga qaraganda biroz yuqoriga ko'tariladi. Ekskursiya cheklovlari odatda 6 dan 8 soatgacha bo'lgan vaqt chegarasiga asoslanadi, chunki bu sho'ng'in almashinuvi uchun standart vaqt chegarasi.[30]Ushbu ekskursiya cheklovlari barcha to'qimalarda 6 dan 8 soatgacha 15 m chuqurlik o'zgarishi uchun gaz yukining sezilarli darajada o'zgarishini nazarda tutadi va eksperimental ishlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, venoz qon va miya to'qimalarida to'liq siljishdan keyin kichik asemptomatik pufakchalar paydo bo'lishi mumkin. ham yuqoriga, ham pastga ekskursiya chegaralari. Ushbu pufakchalar saqlash va ekskursiya bosimi o'rtasidagi nisbatan kichik bosim nisbati tufayli kichik bo'lib qoladi va odatda g'avvos smenaga qaytgan paytgacha echiladi va ketma-ket siljishlar davomida qoldiq pufakchalar to'planib qolmaydi. Shu bilan birga, qoldiq pufakchalar o'sish xavfini tug'diradi, agar ular to'liq yo'q qilinmasdan oldin dekompressiya boshlangan bo'lsa.[30] Pufakchaning paydo bo'lishi xavfi va miqdorini minimallashtirish uchun ekskursiyalar paytida ko'tarilish tezligi cheklangan.[28][31]

Doygunlikdan dekompressiya

Shuningdek qarang: Dekompressiya amaliyoti § Doygunlik dekompressiyasi
NORSOK U-100 (2009) to'yinganligini dekompressiya qilish jadvalining grafik tasviri, 180 msw dan, soat 06.00 dan boshlab va 7 kun, 15 soat davom etadi

Barcha to'qima bo'linmalari ma'lum bir bosim va nafas olish aralashmasi uchun to'yinganlikka erishgandan so'ng, doimiy ta'sir qilish to'qimalarning gaz yukini oshirmaydi. Shu vaqtdan boshlab kerakli dekompressiya bir xil bo'lib qoladi. Agar dalgıçlar uzoq vaqt davomida bosim ostida ishlasa va yashasa va faqat davr oxirida dekompressiyadan chiqarilsa, dekompressiya bilan bog'liq xatarlar ushbu yagona ta'sir qilish bilan cheklanadi. Ushbu printsip to'yingan sho'ng'in amaliyotiga olib keldi va bu erda faqat bitta dekompressiya mavjud va u to'yingan yashash muhitining nisbatan xavfsizligi va qulayligida amalga oshiriladi, dekompressiya juda konservativ profilda amalga oshiriladi, bu esa qabariq paydo bo'lish xavfini kamaytiradi. , o'sish va natijada to'qimalarning shikastlanishi. Ushbu protseduralarning natijasi shundaki, to'yingan sho'ng'in eng sekin to'qimalarda dekompressiya kasalligi alomatlariga duchor bo'ladi, pog'ona sho'ng'inlari esa tezroq to'qimalarda pufakchalar paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Doygunlik sho'ng'inidan dekompressiya sekin jarayon. Dekompressiya tezligi odatda soatiga 3-6 fsw (0.9 va 1.8 msw) oralig'ida. AQSh dengiz kuchlari Heliox bilan to'yingan dekompressiya stavkalari kislorodning qisman bosimini iloji boricha 0,44 dan 0,48 atm gacha ushlab turishni talab qiladi, ammo yong'in xavfini cheklash uchun hajmi 23 foizdan oshmasligi kerak.[31]

AQSh dengiz flotining gelioks to'yinganligini dekompressiya qilish jadvali[31]
ChuqurlikKo'tarilish darajasi
1600 dan 200 fswgacha (488 dan 61 mswgacha)Soatiga 6 fsw (1.83 msw)
200 dan 100 gacha (61 dan 30 gacha)Soatiga 5 fsw (1,52 msw)
100 dan 50 gacha (30 dan 15 gacha)Soatiga 4 fsw (1,22 msw)
50 dan 0 gacha (15 dan 0 gacha)Soatiga 3 fsw (0,91 msw)

Amaliylik uchun dekompressiya 1 fsw o'sish bilan daqiqada 1 fsw dan oshmaydigan tezlikda amalga oshiriladi, so'ngra to'xtab, o'rtacha jadval ko'tarilish tezligiga mos keladi. Dekompressiya 24 soat ichida 16 soat davomida amalga oshiriladi, qolgan 8 soat esa ikkita dam olish vaqtiga bo'linadi. Odatda jadvalga kiritilgan yana bir moslashuv nazariy jihatdan dekompressiyani belgilangan tezlikda, ya'ni 80 daqiqada yakunlashi va keyin dekompressiyani yuzasiga 1 fsw tezlikda tugatish uchun zarur bo'lgan vaqt uchun 4 fswda to'xtashdir. Bu past bosimli differentsialda eshik muhrini yo'qotish va oxirgi soat yoki shunga o'xshash dekompressiyani yo'qotish ehtimolini oldini olish uchun qilingan.[31]

Yaqinda o'tkazilgan ekskursiyadan so'ng dekompressiya

Hozirda foydalanilayotgan ekskursiyalar ham, dekompressiya protseduralari ham alohida dekompressiya muammolarini keltirib chiqarmagan. Biroq, ekskursiyalar natijasida simptomatik bo'lmagan pufakchalar to'liq echimidan oldin ekskursiyalar dekompressiya bilan boshlanganda sezilarli darajada yuqori xavf mavjud. Ko'piklar mavjud bo'lganda dekompressiyani boshlash odatdagi to'yingan dekompressiya paytida kutilmagan dekompressiya kasalligining ko'p holatlarida muhim omil bo'lib ko'rinadi.[30] Norvegiya standartlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ekskursiya paytida dekompressiyani amalga oshirishga yo'l qo'ymaydi.[27]

Sirtga to'yingan inshootning arxitekturasi

Odam ishg'oli uchun asosiy bosim tomirlarini ko'rsatadigan oddiy to'yinganlik tizimining sxematik rejasi
DDC - yashash xonasi
DTC - uzatish kamerasi
PTC - kadrlarni uzatish kamerasi (qo'ng'iroq)
RC - siqish kamerasi
SL - ta'minotni qulflash
AQSh dengiz kuchlarining to'yinganligi uchib ketadigan dekompressiya tizimining tasviri
Xodimlarni uzatish kapsulasi.
Turar joy kamerasi
Doygunlik tizimining boshqaruv paneli

"To'yinganlik tizimi", "to'yinganlik kompleksi" yoki "to'yinganlik tarqalishi" odatda ikkitasini o'z ichiga oladi suv osti yashash muhiti yoki tirik kameradan, uzatish kamerasidan va suv ostidan yasalgan sirt kompleksi dekompressiya kamerasi,[32] odatda bu erda tilga olinadi savdo sho'ng'in va harbiy sho'ng'in sifatida sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'i,[33] PTC (xodimlarni uzatish kapsulasi) yoki SDC (suv osti dekompressiya kamerasi).[1] Tizim doimiy ravishda kemada yoki okean platformasida joylashtirilishi mumkin, lekin ko'proq kran yordamida bir kemadan ikkinchisiga ko'chirilishi mumkin. Komponentlarni tashishni osonlashtirish uchun komponentlarni birliklar sifatida qurish odatiy amaliyotdir intermodal konteyner tizim, ulardan ba'zilari pastki maydonni tejash uchun stackable bo'lishi mumkin. Butun tizim boshqaruv xonasidan ("van") boshqariladi, u erda chuqurlik, kameralar atmosferasi va boshqa tizim parametrlari nazorat qilinadi va boshqariladi. Sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'i - bu sho'ng'inchilarni tizimdan ish joyiga o'tkazadigan lift yoki ko'taruvchi. Odatda, u olinadigan qisqich yordamida tizimga qo'shiladi va tizimning tankaj qismidan magistral bo'shliq bilan ajratiladi, tunnelning bir turi, bu orqali g'avvoslar qo'ng'iroqqa va orqaga o'tishadi. Ish yoki topshiriq tugagandan so'ng, to'yingan sho'ng'in jamoasi dekompressiyalangan asta-sekin qaytib atmosfera bosimi tizim bosimining sekin chiqishi bilan kuniga o'rtacha 15 metrdan (49 fut) 30 metrgacha (98 fut) (jadvallar har xil). Shunday qilib, jarayon faqat bitta ko'tarilishni o'z ichiga oladi, shu bilan odatda suvga to'yinmagan aralash gaz sho'ng'idi yoki sur-D O bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bosqichma-bosqich dekompressiya suvda vaqt talab qiladigan va nisbatan xavfli jarayonni yumshatadi.2 operatsiyalar.[2] Magistral kanalizatsiya orqali bir nechta yashash xonalarini bog'lash mumkin, shunda sho'ng'in guruhlari turli chuqurliklarda saqlanishi mumkin, bu logistika talabidir. Bosim ostida bo'lgan xodimlarni tizimga va tashqarisiga o'tkazish va agar kerak bo'lsa, dekompressiya kasalligi uchun sho'ng'inlarni davolash uchun qo'shimcha xonani o'rnatish mumkin.[34]

G'avvoslar foydalanadilar sirt bilan ta'minlangan chuqur sho'ng'inni ishlatib, kindik sho'ng'in uskunalari nafas olish gazi, geliy va kislorod aralashmalari kabi katta hajmda, yuqori bosimda saqlanadi tsilindrlar.[2] Gaz ta'minoti nazorat qismiga uzatilib, ular tizim qismlarini etkazib berish uchun yo'naltiriladi. Qo'ng'iroq gaz, elektr energiyasi, aloqa va issiq suv bilan ta'minlaydigan katta, ko'p qismli kindik orqali oziqlanadi. Qo'ng'iroq, shuningdek, favqulodda vaziyatlarda foydalanish uchun tashqi tomondan o'rnatilgan gaz ballonlari bilan jihozlangan.[34]

Suvda bo'lsa, g'avvoslar ko'pincha a dan foydalanadilar issiq suv kostyumi sovuqdan himoya qilish.[35] Issiq suv sirtdagi qozonlardan kelib chiqadi va sho'ng'in kindigi orqali, so'ngra g'avvosning kindigi orqali suv ostiga tushiriladi.[34]

Xodimlarni uzatish kapsulasi

A yopiq sho'ng'in qo'ng'irog'i, shuningdek, xodimlarni uzatish kapsulasi yoki suv osti dekompressiya kamerasi deb nomlanuvchi, ish joyi va turar joy xonalari o'rtasida g'avvoslarni tashish uchun ishlatiladi. Qo'ng'iroq silindrsimon yoki sharsimon bosimli idish bo'lib, pastki qismida lyuk bor va u pastki lyukda yoki yon eshikda sirtni uzatish kamerasi bilan juftlashishi mumkin. Qo'ng'iroqlar, odatda, ikkita yoki uchta g'avvosni tashish uchun mo'ljallangan, ulardan biri qo'ng'iroqchi, pastki qismida qo'ng'iroq ichida qoladi va bo'ladi kutib turgan dayver ishlaydigan g'avvoslarga. Har bir g'avvos qo'ng'iroq ichidan kindik bilan ta'minlanadi. Qo'ng'iroqda tashqi tomondan o'rnatilgan yuqori bosimli gazni saqlash ballonlari mavjud, bortda zaxira nafas olish gazi mavjud. Bortdagi gaz va magistral gaz ta'minoti qo'ng'iroqchi tomonidan boshqariladigan qo'ng'iroq gaz panelidan taqsimlanadi. Qo'ng'iroq ko'rinadigan va tashqi chiroqlarga ega bo'lishi mumkin.[31] G'avvoslarning kindiklari ko'chirish paytida qo'ng'iroq ichidagi javonlarda saqlanadi va sho'ng'in paytida qo'ng'iroqchi tomonidan parvarish qilinadi.[26]:ch.13

Qo'ng'iroqlarni boshqarish tizimi

Qo'ng'iroq a portiya yoki A-ramka qo'ng'iroq sifatida ham tanilgan ishga tushirish va tiklash tizimi (LARS),[26]:ch.13ustida idish yoki platforma tomonidan g'ildirak. Joylashtirish yon tomonda yoki a orqali bo'lishi mumkin oy hovuzi.[31]

  • Tizim tizimi har xil ob-havo sharoitida ishlash natijasida kelib chiqadigan dinamik yuklarni qo'llab-quvvatlashi kerak.
  • Qo'ng'iroqni havo / suv interfeysi (chayqalish zonasi) orqali boshqariladigan tarzda, to'lqin ta'siridan kelib chiqadigan ortiqcha harakatlanishni oldini olish uchun harakatlantirishi kerak.
  • A qo'ng'iroq kursori splash zonasi bo'ylab va yuqorisidagi lateral harakatni cheklash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.
  • Zarba shikastlanishiga yoki shikastlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun u qo'ng'iroqni idish yoki platformadan tozalab turishi kerak.
  • Favqulodda vaziyatda qo'ng'iroqni tezda qaytarib olish uchun etarli kuchga ega bo'lishi kerak va qo'ng'iroqning juftlashishini osonlashtirishi va gardishni uzatishi va qo'ng'iroqni pastki qismiga aniq joylashtirishi kerak.
  • It must include a system to move the bell between the mating flange of the transfer chamber and the launch/retrieval position.

Transfer chamber

The transfer chamber (or "TUP" Transfer-Under-Pressure) is where the bell is mated to the surface saturation system. It is a wet surface chamber where divers prepare for a dive and strip off and clean their gear after return. Connection to the bell may be overhead, through the bottom hatch of the bell, or lateral, through a side door.[34]

Accommodation chambers

The accommodation chambers may be as small as 100 square feet.[36] This part is generally made of multiple compartments, including living, sanitation, and rest facilities, each a separate unit, joined by short lengths of cylindrical trunking. It is usually possible to isolate each compartment from the others using internal pressure doors.[34] Catering and laundry are provided from outside the system and locked on and out as required.

Recompression chamber

A recompression chamber may be included in the system so that divers can be given treatment for decompression sickness without inconveniencing the rest of the occupants. The recompression chamber may also be used as an entry lock, and to decompress occupants who may need to leave before scheduled.[iqtibos kerak ]

Mating flange for transportable chamber

One or more of the external doors may be provided with a mating flange or collar to suit a portable or transportable chamber, which can be used to evacuate a diver under pressure. The closed bell can be used for this purpose, but lighter and more easily portable chambers are also available.[iqtibos kerak ] There will usually also be a mating flange for the hyperbaric rescue and escape system.

Supply lock

A small lock used for transfer of supplies into and out of the pressurized system. This would normally include food, medical supplies, clothing, bedding etc.[iqtibos kerak ]

Trunking

The pressurised compartments of the system are connected through access trunking - relatively short and small diameter spools bolted between the external flanges of the larger compartments, with pressure seals, forming passageways between the chambers, which can be isolated by pressure doors.[34]

Auxiliary and support equipment

Life support systems

The life support system provides breathing gas and other services to support life for the personnel under pressure. It includes the following components:[34]

  • Breathing gas supply, distribution and recycling equipment: scrubbers, filters, boosters, compressors, mixing, monitoring, and storage facilities
  • Chamber climate control system - control of temperature and humidity, and filtration of gas
  • Instrumentation, control, monitoring and communications equipment
  • Fire suppression systems
  • Sanitation systems

The life support system for the bell provides and monitors the main supply of breathing gas, and the control station monitors the deployment and communications with the divers. Primary gas supply, power and communications to the bell are through a bell umbilical, made up from a number of hoses and electrical cables twisted together and deployed as a unit.[31] This is extended to the divers through the diver umbilicals.[34]

The accommodation life support system maintains the chamber environment within the acceptable range for health and comfort of the occupants. Temperature, humidity, breathing gas quality sanitation systems and equipment function are monitored and controlled.[31]

Issiq suv tizimi

Shuningdek qarang: Hot water suit

Divers working in cold water, particularly when breathing helium based gases, which increase the rate of heat transfer, may rapidly lose body heat and suffer from hypothermia, which is unhealthy, can be life-threatening, and reduces diver effectiveness. This can be ameliorated with a hot water system. A diver hot water system heats filtered seawater and pumps it to the divers through the bell and diver umbilicals. This water is used to heat the breathing gas before it is inhaled, and flows through the diver's exposure suit to keep the diver warm.[31][34]

Communication systems

Asosiy maqola: Diver communications § Voice communications

Helium and high pressure both cause hyperbaric distortion of speech. The process of talking underwater is influenced by the internal geometry of the life support equipment and constraints on the communications systems as well as the physical and physiological influences of the environment on the processes of speaking and vocal sound production.[37] The use of breathing gases under pressure or containing helium causes problems in intelligibility of diver speech due to distortion caused by the different speed of sound in the gas and the different density of the gas compared to air at surface pressure. These parameters induce changes in the vocal tract formants, which affect the timbre, and a slight change of balandlik. Several studies indicate that the loss in intelligibility is mainly due to the change in the formants.[38]

The difference in density of the breathing gas causes a non-linear shift of low-pitch vocal resonance, due to resonance shifts in the vocal cavities, giving a nasal effect, and a linear shift of vocal resonances which is a function of the velocity of sound in the gas, known as the Donald Duck effect. Another effect of higher density is the relative increase in intensity of voiced sounds relative to unvoiced sounds. The contrast between closed and open voiced sounds and the contrast between voiced consonants and adjacent vowels decrease with increased pressure.[39] Change of the speed of sound is relatively large in relation to depth increase at shallower depths, but this effect reduces as the pressure increases, and at greater depths a change in depth makes a smaller difference.[38] Helium speech unscramblers are a partial technical solution. They improve intelligibility of transmitted speech to surface personnel.[39]

The communications system may have 4 component systems.[31]

  • The hardwired intercom system, an amplified voice system with speech unscrambler to reduce the pitch of the speech of the occupants of the pressurized system. This system will provide communications between the main control console and the bell and accommodation chambers. This two-way system is the primary communications mode.
  • Wireless through-water communications between bell and main control console is a backup system in case of failure of the hardwired system with the bell.
  • Closed circuit video from cameras on the bell and diver helmets allow visual monitoring of the dive and the divers by the supervisor.
  • A sound powered phone system may be provided as a backup voice communication system between bell and control console

Bulk gas supplies

Helium Quad - Breathing gas storage asset

Gas storage and blending equipment are provided to pressurize and flush the system, and treatment gases should be available appropriate to the planned storage depths. Bulk stock of premixed gas is usually provided to suit the planned depth of the operation, and separate bulk stock of helium and oxygen to make up additional requirements, adjust chamber gas composition as the oxygen is used up, and mix decompression gas.[34]

Bulk gas is usually stored in manifolded groups of storage cylinders known as "quads", which usually carry about 16 high pressure cylinders, each of about 50 litres internal volume mounted on a frame for ease of transport, or larger frames carrying larger capacity high pressure "tubes". These tube frames are usually designed to be handled by intermodal container handling equipment, so are usually made in one of the standard sizes for intermodal containers.[iqtibos kerak ]

Gas reclaim systems

Schematic diagram of a heliox breathing gas reclaim system
  • BGP: bell gas panel
  • S1: first water separator
  • BP1: bell back-pressure regulator
  • U: bell umbilical
  • F1: first gas filter
  • BP2: topside back-pressure regulator
  • R1, R2: serial gas receivers
  • F2: second gas filter
  • B: booster pump
  • Sc1, Sc2: parallel scrubbers
  • C: gas cooler
  • S2: last water separator
  • VT: volume tank
  • PR: pressure regulator
  • MGP: main gas panel
Shuningdek qarang: Diving helmet § Reclaim helmets

A helium reclaim system (or push-pull system) may be used to recover helium based breathing gas after use by the divers as this is more economical than losing it to the environment in open circuit systems.[32] The recovered gas is passed through a scrubber system to remove carbon dioxide, filtered to remove odours and other impurities, and pressurised into storage containers, where it may be mixed with oxygen to the required composition.[40] Alternatively the recycled gas can be more directly recirculated to the divers.[41]

During extended diving operation very large amounts of breathing gas are used. Helium is an expensive gas and can be difficult to source and supply to offshore vessels in some parts of the world. A closed circuit gas reclaim system can save around 80% of gas costs by recovering about 90% of the helium based breathing mixture. Reclaim also reduces the amount of gas storage required on board, which can be important where storage capacity is limited. Reclaim systems are also used to recover gas discharged from the saturation system during decompression.[40]

A reclaim system will typically consist of the following components:[40][41]

Topside components:

  • A reclaim control console, which controls and monitors the booster pump, oxygen addition, diver supply pressure, exhaust hose pressure and make-up gas addition.
  • A gas reprocessing unit, with low-pressure carbon dioxide scrubber towers, filters' receivers and back-pressure regulator which will remove carbon dioxide and excess moisture in a condensation water trap. Other gases and odours can be removed by activated carbon filters.
  • A gas booster, to boost the pressure of the reclaimed gas to the storage pressure.
  • A gas volume tank
  • A storage system of pressure vessels to hold the boosted and reconstituted gas mixture until it is used. This functions as a buffer to allow for the variations of gas volume in the rest of the system due to pressure changes.
  • Dive control panel
  • A bell gas supply panel, to control the supply of gas to the bell.

Underwater components:

  • The bell umbilical, with the supply and exhaust hoses between the topside system and the bell.
  • Internal bell gas panel to supply the gas to the divers, and bell reclaim equipment, which controls the exhaust hose back-pressure, and can shut off the reclaim hose if the diver's gas supply is interrupted. A scrubber for the bell atmosphere and water trap would be included.
  • Diver excursion umbilicals, with supply and exhaust hoses between the bell and the divers
  • Reclaim helmets which supply gas to the divers on demand, with reclaim back-pressure regulators which exhaust the exhaled gas to the return line.
  • Bell back-pressure regulator with water trap

In operation the gas supply from the reclaim system is connected to the topside gas panel, with a backup supply at a slightly lower pressure from mixed gas storage which will automatically cut in if the reclaim supply pressure drops. The bellman will set onboard gas supply to a slightly lower pressure than surface supply pressure to the bell gas panel, so that it will automatically cut in if surface supply is lost. After locking out of the bell the diver will close the diverter valve and open the return valve on the helmet, to start the gas reclaim process. Once this is running, the reclaim control panel will be adjusted to make up the metabolic oxygen usage of the diver into the returned gas. This system will automatically shut down oxygen addition if the flow of exhaled gas from the diver fails, to avoid an excessive oxygen fraction in the recycled gas. There is an indicator light to show whether the return gas is flowing.[41]

The gas supplied to the diver's helmet passes through the same hoses and demand valve as for the open circuit system, but the exhaled gas passes out into the reclaim valve at slightly above ambient pressure, which is considerably above atmospheric pressure, so the flow must be controlled to prevent dropping the helmet internal pressure and causing the demand valve to free-flow. This is achieved by using back-pressure regulators to control the pressure drop in stages. The reclaim valve itself is a demand triggered back-pressure regulator, and there is another back pressure regulator at the bell gas panel, and one at the surface before the receiver tanks. Each of these back-pressure regulators is set to allow about a 1 bar pressure drop.[41]

Exhaust gas returns to the bell through the diver's umbilical exhaust hose, where it passes through a water separator and trap then through a back-pressure regulator which controls the pressure in the exhaust hose and which can be monitored on a pressure gauge in the bell and adjusted by the bellman to suit the excursion depth of the diver. The gas then passes through the bell umbilical exhaust hose to the surface via a non-return valve and another water trap. When the gas enters the surface unit it goes through a coalescing water separator and micron particle filter, and a float valve, which protects the reclaim system from large volumes of water in the event of a leak at depth. Another back-pressure regulator at the surface controls the pressure in the bell umbilical. The gas then passes into the receiver tanks, where oxygen is added at a flow rate calculated to compensate for metabolic use by the diver.[34]

Before entering the boosters, the gas passes through a 0.1 micron filter. The gas is then boosted to storage pressure. Redundant boosters are provided to keep the system running while a booster is serviced. The boosters are automatically controlled to match the diver's gas consumption, and the boosted gas passes through a scrubber where the carbon dioxide is removed by a material like sodalime. Like the boosters, there are at least two scrubbers in parallel, so that they can be isolated, vented and repacked alternately while the system remains in operation. The gas then passes through a cooling heat exchanger to condense out any remaining moisture, which is removed by another 1 micon coalescing filter before it reaches the volume storage tank, where it remains until returned to the gas panel to be used by the divers. While in the volume tank, the gas can be analysed to ensure that it is suitable for re-use, and that the oxygen fraction is correct and carbon dioxide has been removed to specification before it is delivered to the divers.[34] If necessary any lost gas can be compensated by topping up the volume tank from the high pressure storage. Gas from the volume tank is fed to the topside gas panel to be routed back to the bell and diver.[41]

Sanitation system

The sanitation system includes hot and cold water supply for washbasins and showers, drainage, and marine toilets with holding tank and discharge system.[31]

Control consoles

It is common for the control room to be installed in an ISO intermode container for convenience of transport.There are three main control panels, for life support, dive control and gas management.[42]

Gas management panel

The gas management panel includes pressure regulation of gases from high pressure storage, and distribution to the consumers. Gases will include air, oxygen and heliox mixes[42]

Saturation control panel

The chamber control panel will typically include depth gauges for each compartment, including trunking, blowdown and exhaust valves, oxygen monitoring and other gas analysis equipment, make-up system for oxygen replenishment, valves for supplying therapeutic breathing mixture, closed circuit television monitoring displays, and monitoring systems with alarms for temperature and pressure in the system chambers.[42]

Dive control panel

The dive control panel will include depth gauges for bell internal and external pressure, diver and bellman depth, and trunking pressure for transfer to the accommodation chambers. There will also be breathing gas pressure gauges and control valves for each diver, and blowdown and exhaust valves for the bell interior, diver communications systems with speech unscramblers, a through-water emergency communications system to the bell, controls, monitors and recording equipment for helmet and bell mounted video cameras, oxygen analysers for diver breathing gas, oxygen and carbon dioxide analysers for bell and reclaim gas, alarms for reclaim gas flow, dynamic positioning and hot water supply.[42]

Fire suppression system

Firefighting systems include hand held fire extinguishers to automatic deluge systems. Special fire extinguishers which do not use toxic materials must be used. In the event of a fire, toxic gases may be released by burning materials, and the occupants will have to use the built-in breathing systems (BIBS) until the chamber gas has been flushed sufficiently. When a system with oxygen partial pressure 0.48 bar is pressurized below about 70 msw (231fsw), the oxygen fraction is too low to support combustion (less than 6%), and the fire risk is low. During the early stages of compression and towards the end of decompression the oxygen levels will support combustion, and greater care must be taken.[31]

Built in breathing systems

Asosiy maqola: Ichki nafas olish tizimi

Built in breathing systems are installed for emergency use and for treatment of decompression sickness. They supply breathing gas appropriate to the current function, which is supplied from outside the pressurized system and also vented to the exterior, so the exhaled gases do not contaminate the chamber atmosphere.[31]

Hyperbaric rescue and escape systems

Hyperbaric escape module
Launching gear for hyperbaric escape module
Hyperbaric escape module launch control room
Hyperbaric rescue chamber recovery drill

A saturated diver who needs to be evacuated should preferably be transported without a significant change in ambient pressure. Hyperbaric evacuation requires pressurised transportation equipment, and could be required in a range of situations:[43]

  • The support vessel at risk of capsize or sinking.
  • Unacceptable fire or explosion hazard.
  • Failure of the hyperbaric life support system.
  • A medical problem which cannot be dealt with on site.
  • A "lost" bell (a bell which has been broken free of lifting cables and umbilical - the actual position of the bell is usually still known with considerable accuracy).

A hyperbaric lifeboat or rescue chamber may be provided for emergency evacuation of saturation divers from a saturation system.[32] This would be used if the platform is at immediate risk due to fire or sinking, and allows the divers under saturation to get clear of the immediate danger. A hyperbaric lifeboat is self-contained and can be operated by a surface pressure crew while the chamber occupants are under pressure. It must be self-sufficient for several days at sea, in case of a delay in rescue due to sea conditions. It is possible to start decompression after launching if the occupants are medically stable, but seasickness and dehydration may delay the decompression until the module has been recovered.[44]:Ch. 2018-04-02 121 2

The rescue chamber or hyperbaric lifeboat will generally be recovered for completion of decompression due to the limited onboard life support and facilities. The recovery plan will include a standby vessel to perform the recovery.[45]

IMCA recognises that though the number of hyperbaric evacuations which have been successfully carried out is small, and the likelihood of an incident needing hyperbaric evacuation is extremely low, the risk is sufficient to justify requiring the equipment to be available. The original meaning for the term hyperbaric evacuation system covered the system that actually transported the divers away from the working hyperbaric system such as a hyperbaric rescue chamber, a self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboat, or hyperbaric rescue vessel, all of which float and carry short term life-support systems of varied endurance, but it has more recently come to include all of the equipment that would support a hyperbaric evacuation, such as a life support package that can be connected to a recovered hyperbaric rescue unit, to provide interim life support until decompression facilities are available, and the hyperbaric reception facility where divers can be decompressed and treated in relative comfort. The four main classes of problem that must be managed during a hyperbaric evacuation are thermal balance, motion sickness, dealing with metabolic waste products, and severely cramped and confined conditions.[44]:Ch. 2018-04-02 121 2

Bell to bell transfer may be used to rescue divers from a lost or entrapped bell. This will generally occur at or near the bottom, and the divers transfer between bells at ambient pressure.[43] It is possible in some circumstances to use a bell as a rescue chamber to transport divers from one saturation system to another. This may require temporary modifications to the bell, and is only possible if the mating flanges of the systems are compatible.[43]

Evacuation of a single diver who is medically stable, or a single diver with an attendant, may be possible using a hyperbaric stretcher or a small portable chamber if the duration of the trip is short, the pressure is suitable and the locking flanges are compatible.

Underwater habitats

Asosiy maqola: Suv ostida yashash muhiti
The German saturation habitat Helgoland

Scientific saturation diving is usually conducted by researchers and technicians known as aquanauts living in an underwater habitat, a structure designed for people to live in for extended periods, where they can carry out almost all basic human functions: working, resting, eating, attending to personal hygiene, and sleeping, all while remaining under pressure beneath the surface.[11][46]

Depth records

The diving depth record for offshore diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of professional divers (Th. Arnold, S. Icart, J.G. Marcel Auda, R. Peilho, P. Raude, L. Schneider) of the Comex S.A. industrial deep-sea diving company performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 meters of sea water (msw) (1752 fsw) in the O'rtayer dengizi during a record scientific dive.[47][48]

In the real working conditions of the offshore oil industry, in Campos Basin, Brazil, Brazilian saturation divers from the DSV Stena Marianos (keyinroq Mermaid Commander (2006)) performed a manifold installation for Petrobralar at 316 metres (1,037 ft) depth on February 1990. When a lift bag attachment failed, the equipment was carried by the bottom currents to 328 metres (1,076 ft) depth, and the Brazilian diver Adelson D'Araujo Santos Jr. made the recovery and installation.[49]

In 1992 Greek diver Theodoros Mavrostomos achieved a record of 701 msw (2300 fsw) in an on shore hyperbaric chamber. He took 43 days to complete the record experimental dive, where a hydrogen–helium–oxygen gas mixture was used as breathing gas.[22][50][51][52]

The complexity, medical problems and accompanying high costs of professional diving to such extreme depths and the development of deep water atmospheric diving suits va ROVs in offshore oilfield drilling and production have effectively eliminated the need for ambient pressure manned intervention at extreme depths.

O'qitish va ro'yxatdan o'tish

Shuningdek qarang: Sho'ng'in mashqlari

Training of saturation divers generally takes place at commercial diving schools registered to train saturation divers, and having the required infrastructure and equipment.[53]Diver training standards for saturation divers are published by a small number of organisations, and there is some international recognition of equivalence. The prerequisites for starting training are generally that the diver is already qualified as a bell diver and has a specified number of dives and hours of experience since qualifying.[42]

Training of saturation divers generally starts with a competent and at least moderately experienced surface oriented bell diver and concentrates on the additional knowledge and skills required for saturation diving. There is a large additional technical component related to the specialised equipment.For the South African Department of Labour Class I Diver, the additional knowledge and skills include:[54]

  • A basic knowledge of the history of mixed gas and saturation diving,
  • An understanding of modular and diving support vessel based saturation diving systems, saturation life-support systems including environmental control, diver heating systems, sump drains and hyperbaric toilet discharges
  • An understanding and practical operating skills for closed diving bells, their standard and emergency equipment, handling systems, bell and excursion umbilicals and personal diving equipment, and their testing and maintenance requirements,
  • An understanding and practical operating skills for transfer under pressure and closed bell diving from 4-point moored and dynamically positioned vessels
  • An understanding of gas supplies and saturation consumables, including minimum gas requirements, gas transfer pumps, gas blending, and gas reclaim systems,
  • An understanding and practical experience in committing divers to saturation, and pressurisation
  • An understanding of split level saturation diving
  • Knowledge of the minimum personnel requirements for saturation diving operations and the responsibilities of the diving team members, including the superintendent, supervisor, life support supervisor, life support technician, support and systems technicians, gas man, and the bellman and diver, and experience and skills as diver and bellman
  • Knowledge of saturation decompression procedures, emergency saturation decompression and hyperbaric evacuation and practical experience of standard procedures and simulated emergency procedures.
  • Certification as a level 2 first aider, with additional knowledge of saturation hygeine, saturation first aid requirements and the deep diving compression disorders, high pressure nervous syndrome and compression arthralgia.

Safety and risk

Shuningdek qarang: Commercial offshore diving § Health and safety va Commercial offshore diving § Historical issues

The purpose of saturation diving is to extend the useful working time for dives without increasing the exposure to risk of decompression sickness. There is a trade-off against other risks associated with living under high-pressure saturation conditions, and the financial cost is high due to the complex infrastructure and expensive equipment and consumables required. The risk of decompression sickness is reduced at the cost of increased risk due to being committed to the saturation environment for the duration of the decompression schedule associated with the storage depth. Hyperbaric evacuation from saturation is possible, but not universally available, and is logistically complicated. Having an evacuation system on standby is expensive.[44]

Some notable saturation diving incidents include:

In arts and media

Asosiy maqola: Ommaviy madaniyatda suv osti sho'ng'inlari

For saturation diving in fiction, see Bosim (2015), The Abyss (1989), Sfera (1987), Goliath Awaits (1981), Dykket (The Dive) (1989), Pioneer (Pionér) (2013) va The Neptune Factor (1973).

2019 yilda, Netflix ozod qilindi Last Breath, a documentary which tells the story of Chris Lemons, a saturation diver who survived 30 minutes without a surface-supplied breathing gas supply after the vessel's dinamik joylashishni aniqlash system failed during a storm, setting off a red alert. The two working divers started returning to the bell, but the ship drifted from the work site, dragging the bell with it, and his umbilical was snagged and severed under the load. He was able to return to the workplace using his bailout set, so was easily found by an ROV from the ship, but his bailout gas was insufficient for the time it took to get the ship back on position for a rescue attempt from the bell. Although presumed dead by support crew aboard the vessel, he was recovered by the second diver and successfully resuscitated in the bell. It has been hypothesised that his survival may have been a result of gipotermiya, high partial pressure of oxygen in the bailout gas, or a combination. The ROV video footage shows him twitching while unconscious, which is consistent with an oxygen toxicity blackout.[55][56]

Shuningdek qarang

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Subsea Manned Engineering by Gerhard Haux, Carson, California U.S.A., Best Publishing Company, 1982, ISBN  0-941332-00-4
  • Crawford, J (2016). Offshore Installation Practice (revised ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN  9781483163192.

Tashqi havolalar